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Contents
Language Focus Reading English in Use
UNIT 1 means of communication; facial multiple choice (reading for content, modal verbs; open cloze; key word
Getting the expressions; ways of speaking; opinion, purpose, tone, reference, transformations; word formation
Message Across the Internet; prepositions; fixed implication); gapped text (reading for passage
(pp. 7-26) phrases; idioms cohesion, coherence and text structure)
phrasal verbs: act, break
Module 1
UNIT 2 education; literacy; university multiple choice (reading for content, conditionals; open cloze; key word
The Happiest Days studies; educational systems; opinion, attitude, purpose, implication, transformations; word formation
of your Life? prepositions; fixed phrases; text organisation); multiple matching passage; multiple choice passage
(pp. 27-46) idioms (reading for specific information)
phrasal verbs: come, call
Self-Assessment Module 1 (pp. 47-50)

UNIT 3 media; journalism; newspapers; multiple choice (reading for content, the passive; open cloze; key word
Extra! Extra! advertising; reporting news; detail, attitude, opinion, tone, implication, transformations; word formation
(pp. 53-72) prepositions; fixed phrases; text organisation); gapped text (reading passage; multiple choice passage
idioms for content, text organisation)
phrasal verbs: do, drive
Module 2
UNIT 4 means of transport; multiple choice (reading for attitude, inversion; open cloze; key word
Planes, Trains and technology; travel; places to inference, implication, detail, content, transformations; word formation
Automobiles visit; signs; air travel; sea travel; opinion, attitude, tone); multiple passage; multiple choice passage
(pp. 73-92) prepositions; fixed phrases; matching (reading for specific
idioms information)
phrasal verbs: get, fall
UNIT 5 health; illnesses; medicine; multiple choice (reading for content, reported speech; tense revision;
The Science of Life exercising; healthy eating; detail, implication, reference); multiple open cloze; key word
(pp. 99-118) prepositions; fixed phrases; matching (reading for specific transformations; word formation
idioms information) passage; words with multiple
phrasal verbs: hold, keep meanings; multiple choice passage
Module 3
UNIT 6 the arts; music; forms of multiple choice (reading for detail, gerund/infinitive; open cloze; key
The Art of entertainment; festivals; cultural implication, content, opinion, inference); word transformations; word
Entertainment events; prepositions; fixed multiple matching (reading for specific formation passage; words with
(pp. 119-138) phrases; idioms information) multiple meanings; multiple choice
phrasal verbs: make, look passage
UNIT 7 sports personalities; world multiple choice (reading for content, relative clauses; open cloze; key
Born to Win! records; sports; prepositions; detail, attitude, opinion, tone, purpose, word transformations; word
(pp. 145-164) fixed phrases; idioms reference); multiple matching (reading formation passage; multiple choice
phrasal verbs: put, run for specific information) passage
Module 4
UNIT 8 social issues; historical events; multiple choice (reading for attitude, future tenses; open cloze; key word
Respect! racism; politics; human rights; purpose, content, opinion, transformations; word formation
(pp. 165-184) globalisation; ageism; exemplification, implication); multiple passage; multiple choice passage
prepositions; fixed phrases; matching (reading for specific
idioms phrasal verbs: see, settle information)
UNIT 9 work and business; the multiple choice (reading for tone, participles; open cloze; key word
Another Day, workplace; careers; professional purpose, implication, content, reference); transformations; word formation
Another Dollar skills; prepositions; fixed phrases; gapped text (reading for content, passage; multiple choice passage
(pp. 191-212) idioms phrasal verbs: take, tell text organisation)
Module 5
UNIT 10 the environment; recycling; multiple choice (reading for content, concession/comparison; open cloze; key
Our Planet, environmental problems; ecology; attitude, reference); multiple matching word transformations; word formation
Our Home prepositions; fixed phrases; (reading for specific information) passage; multiple choice passage
(pp. 213-234) idioms phrasal verbs: turn, wear
Practice Test (pp. 239-250); Grammar Reference (pp. 251-265)
Appendix 1 (pp. 269-272); Appendix 2 (p. 273); Appendix 3 (pp. 266-272)
2
Listening Speaking Writing
multiple matching (listening for opinion, specific telephone conversations; asking for and expressing opinions in essays,
information); sentence completion (listening for promising discretion; introducing news; letters and articles
specific information); multiple choice questions expressing surprise; speculating; evaluating;
(listening for opinion, gist, detail, inference) suggesting alternatives
multiple matching (listening for opinion, specific discussing opinions; making suggestions; making suggestions and
information); multiple choice questions (listening making recommendations; recommendations in letters and
for opinion, gist, detail, inference) debating; inviting somebody to give their essays
opinion; interrupting; monologues
sentence completion (listening for specific discussing TV programmes; making letters to the press/authorities;
information); multiple choice questions (listening suggestions; asking for further information; balanced arguments
for opinion, gist, detail, inference) accepting/rejecting suggestions; speculating;
evaluating; suggesting alternatives
sentence completion (listening for specific giving advice; giving instructions; descriptive and narrative
information); multiple choice questions (listening monologues articles
for opinion, gist, detail, inference); multiple
matching (listening for opinion, specific
information)
sentence completion (listening for specific making decisions; expressing opinions; assessment reports
information); multiple choice questions (listening expressing agreement/disagreement; reports making suggestions
for opinion, gist, detail, inference) making, rearranging & cancelling
appointments; comparing; evaluating;
suggesting alternatives
sentence completion (listening for specific talking about films & music; monologues; reviews (reviewing films,
information); multiple choice questions (listening evaluating; making choices; festivals, books, restaurants
for opinion, gist, detail, inference); multiple making recommendations and products)
matching (listening for opinion, specific
information)
sentence completion (listening for specific making decisions; exchanging opinions; essays
information); multiple choice questions (listening making suggestions; making predictions;
for opinion, gist, detail, inference) insisting on a point; speculating; evaluating;
suggesting alternatives
multiple matching (listening for opinion, specific expressing agreement/disagreement; discursive essays (developing an
information); sentence completion (listening for discussing pros & cons; expressing argument, balancing both
specific information); multiple choice questions hesitation; expressing an alternative sides, discussion clock)
(listening for opinion, gist, detail, inference) viewpoint; monologues
multiple matching (listening for opinion, specific expressing approval and disapproval; formal letters: letters of
information); multiple choice questions (listening making assumptions; evaluating; application, recommendation,
for opinion, gist, detail, inference) speculating; suggesting alternatives; complaint, apology
multiple matching (listening for opinion, specific sharing information; giving instructions; review of writing tasks
information); sentence completion (listening for monologues
specific information)
3
Introduction
Upstream Proficiency C2 is a complete course for students English in Use
preparing for the Cambridge Proficiency in English examination or This section focuses on the use of lexico-grammatical patterns in
other examinations of similar level. All four language skills are standard written English. Key word transformation exercises,
covered thoroughly and systematically through original, engaging grammar activation tasks, cloze passages, as well as other
material. Students acquire full familiarity with task formats thanks activities allow students to practise structures in a thorough and
to clearly labelled exercises and sections; skills are further systematic manner.
developed through guidelines found in "Strategy Point" boxes.
Writing
Each unit ends with a writing section dedicated to developing
Unit Structure
students all-important writing skills. A wide range of writing
tasks is covered (articles, essays, reports, reviews, proposals,
Lead-in
letters). Before they write, students practise their writing
In this section, students are introduced to the theme and ideas of techniques in specially designed exercises, focusing on rubric
each unit. Through the use of pictures, lexical prompts and interpretation, planning, beginnings and endings, paragraph
specially designed listening activities, students are given the structure and content, recognising the target reader, style and
vocabulary and notions which help them discuss issues related to achieving the appropriate level of formality. Upstream Proficiency
the theme before progressing to the rest of the unit. Lead-in therefore offers a complete writing course within a coursebook
sections end with well-known quotations which further framework.
encourage class discussion.
Easy to use
Reading
Upstream Proficiency C2 is a clearly structured book which is easily
Every unit features two reading sections. Each one is designed to accessible for both students and teachers. The colour-coded
practise a different kind of reading comprehension task. With the sections and clearly labelled tasks make it easy for the teacher to
help of pre-reading and post-reading activities, students master a focus on what he or she judges to be the needs of a particular
large number of reading comprehension techniques. The reading group of students. Students find the book design and structure of
passages are rich in valuable vocabulary, which is exploited in the book facilitate homework and revision.
accompanying exercises. A great deal of attention has been paid
to the themes and content of the passages, ensuring that they
are interesting, informative and motivating. Covering everyones learning needs
Prospective language examination takers are not the only ones
who will benefit from using Upstream Proficiency C2. Language
Language Focus
skills which are much sought-after by professionals, university
This section familiarises students with topic-related vocabulary students and non-native speakers living and working in English-
through a wide variety of exercises and tasks. The vocabulary is speaking countries are also covered.
activated in accompanying speaking tasks, where students use
the new language in specially structured activities.
Stimulating and thought-provoking
The reading texts, listening passages, tasks and activities found in
Listening & Speaking
the book go well beyond teaching the language; discussion in the
A variety of contextualised listening activities build up the classroom is encouraged by the range of topics covered, which
students listening skills in this section. At the same time, they are are there to involve the students and help them think, talk and
introduced to vocabulary and ideas which they need to use in the use English creatively.
speaking task which follows each listening activity. Students are
trained to comfortably sustain a monologue, as well as to interact
with others in tasks involving making assumptions, evaluating,
suggesting alternatives and so on.
4
A
1
Getting the Message Across
B
4 a. Read the following headlines and
guess the content of each report.
1 WEB EARTHQUAKE 2 INTERNET NOT

H,
CHARITY RAISES 4M SECURE ENOUG
Lead-in OVERNIGHT SAY BANKERS
1 What is good communication? Rank the following 3 150-YEAR-OLD TECHNOLOGY

according to how important you think they are. SAVES STRANDED FISHERMEN
Compare your answers with a partner.
1 getting the message across quickly and efficiently .... RSONAL

4 E-MAILS TOO IMPE
2 developing an interesting exchange of ideas .... PHONES
TO COMPETE WITH
3 using language correctly ....
4 having time to think before you speak ....
5 being able to express your feelings ....
b. Now listen to four extracts from news
programmes and complete each sentence with a
short phrase.
2 In what situations would you use the means of
communication shown in the pictures? 1 The Internet community showed great ................
........ when asked to help the earthquake victims.
I would write a letter if I wanted my message to be warm
2 Financial transactions which are ...........................
and personal.
........... can go wrong because of network failures.
3 The fishermen used a morse radio to send out a
3 Match the following to one or more of the ......................................................... .
photographs, then make sentences, as in the example. 4 Research showed that people value the ...............
1 intrusive/be disturbed when trying to relax E .................................................. speech provides.
2 personal/take time to express yourself ....
5 Think! Discuss the following quotations.
Think!
3 slow/take weeks to reach destination ....
tion,
4 efficient/be reached wherever you are .... The more elaborate our means of communica
5 versatile/send sound or pictures .... the less we communica
te.
st)
Joseph Priestley (British political theori
6 impersonal/not communicate meaningfully ....
7 artistic/use customised paper/handwriting
personal .... Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee
and just as hard to sleep after.
8 limited/only send brief messages ....
Anne Morrow Lindbergh (US author)
I believe mobile phones can be intrusive because you can be

Write a paraphrase of each quotation.
disturbed when youre trying to relax.
Say whether you agree or not, and why.
7
Reading
6 a. You are going to read a passage about Morse telegraphy. Before you read, look at the following words and
phrases which have been taken from the passage. In what context might they be mentioned?
back-up plan short and long tones tedious procedure dying art distress calls military services
b. Think of three things you would like to know about Morse telegraphy.
7 Skim the article to see if your questions were answered. What is the topic of each paragraph?
8 Read the passage and answer the questions that follow (1-6), choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.
In orbit high above Earth, a multi-billion- The enduring use of Morse telegraphy is the legacy of a
dollar formation of communications burst of industrialisation in 19th-Century America, when the 50
satellites stands ready to instantly connect railway and telegraph developed side by side. Most of those
pilots, seamen and all kinds of navigators to railway telegraph lines were used well into the mid-20th
5 every available aid when they find themselves century, well after radio, television and computers became
in an emergency. But what if the commonplace. Until 1985, the Milwaukee Road had a Morse
communication computers on board these telegraph line between Milwaukee and La Crosse that was 55
ships and aircraft started acting up or even used routinely to relay orders to train crews. This Milwaukee
broke down? The world could go silent, and operation was shut down quietly in the late Eighties. In many
10 leave travellers groping around for directions. other countries, however, railway Morse is still used.
Not to worry. There is a backup plan, using The military services continue to be the most serious users
technology that was invented in 1835. It's of Morse telegraphy. While billion-dollar satellites and 60
Morse code, the language of dots and dashes sophisticated ground networks are good in theory, such
that has survived the assault of higher communication systems can break down on the battlefield. As
15 technology for a century and a half. a matter of prudence, the Army keeps a functional Morse
Named after its inventor, Samuel F B Morse, the code is a capability. Morse code signals require much less
series of combinations of short and long tones (dots and broadcasting power to transmit than voice messages. In 65
dashes) representing letters of the alphabet that can be addition, even an unclear Morse signal can be interpreted,
transmitted manually by a key operator. A telegrapher whereas a distorted voice transmission is virtually useless.
20 combines the dots and dashes to form letters and words. It is The Army annually trains about 2,800 men and women in
a seemingly tedious procedure, but skilled operators can Morse code for a variety of signal jobs in infantry, artillery,
transmit and receive faster than most secretaries can type. intelligence and even Special Forces. A Morse transmission 70
The fastest Morse transmission ever recorded is an amazing will get through when all else fails, and especially in military
84 words per minute, sent by an operator named T L McElroy conflicts, he who communicates first, no matter how
25 in 1951. primitively, will come out on top, says Major General Childs.
Morse telegraphy may seem like a quaint anachronism, In that case, retired railway telegraph operators will
with its brass sounder and key operated by the world's most probably take over the world. Each evening, the amateur radio 75
basic tool, the human finger. However, it is sometimes vital to waves come alive with the Morse transmissions of the retired
worldwide communications. When the Mexico City earthquake operators known among themselves as old heads. I get on
30 occurred in 1985 and all the power went off, calls for help were the air and use the code every night to chat to other old
transmitted in Morse by an amateur radio operator. We see heads, says Craig Becker, the retired Milwaukee telegraph
the Morse code as a dying art, but we refuse to let it die operator who received the railways final telegraph message in 80
completely, says Major General Leo M Childs, the US Army's 1985. There are a lot of telegraphers around. Every night you
Chief Signal Officer. Newer isn't always better. Even though it hear them pecking. Experienced Morse operators say the
35 is old and slow, Morse is still the most reliable in difficult code is not so much a clatter of sounds as a language,
conditions. because operators don't hear dots and dashes. You can sit
Every merchant vessel bearing the US flag must carry a back and hear a conversation, says Becker. 85
radio officer who can both transmit and receive Morse code. When Morse inaugurated the telegraph service in 1844, he
Under US law, the officer must spend eight hours every day at wired from Baltimore to Washington the now-famed message:
40 sea monitoring the radio for Morse distress signals. Should you What hath God wrought! Ever since, the death of Morse
ever find yourself adrift at sea in a lifeboat launched from a code has been predicted regularly. However, although the
sinking passenger cruise ship, it will be equipped with a single telegraph has receded from public view, experts say that 90
communications device: a Morse transmitter that automatically they cannot envision an end to its use any time soon. I can
signals a distress call, but is also equipped with a keyboard in carry a very small Morse key in my pocket and transmit
45 case you happen to know Morse code. Perhaps the best-known around the world, says Burke Stinson, a public relations man
bit of Morse code is the call for help SOS. In the code, these for American Telephone & Telegraph Co. I don't think you will
letters form a distinctive pattern (dot dot dot, dash dash dash, ever see Morse code die. It is going to be difficult to find 95
dot dot dot) easily recognised in an emergency. another method that is as flexible and reliable.
8
1
Follow-up
STRATEGY POINT
Get the gist by looking at the title and skimming the text. 9 a. Read the text again and underline any words
Read the question stems (rather than the choices) carefully.
associated with communication. Make sentences
Read the passage thoroughly, underlining the parts of the
using the verbs.
text which are relevant to the questions. Select your b. Explain the words/phrases in bold from the text,
answer to each question. Bear in mind that answer choices then use them in sentences. Use a dictionary if
which reproduce sentences or long phrases from the text you wish. Suggest synonyms for the highlighted
are usually distractors. words.
Some traps to watch out for:
Some wrong choices are generally true statements, but
they dont answer the question.
Some wrong choices are almost correct, except for one
10 Underline the word or phrase which best completes
each of the sentences below.
word (e.g. an adverb like always).
1 The old man groped around/searched about the
dimly-lit room for his slippers.
1 The reason the writer mentions the possibility of
2 I wanted to get up and leave because the speech
satellite-based communication systems failing is to
was so tedious/strenuous.
A underline the importance of a reliable alternative. 3 Good letter writing is fast becoming a rare thing/
B suggest that satellite communications are unreliable. dying art.
C emphasise the drawbacks of satellite communications. 4 The sailor was adrift at/out to sea for four days
D compare Morse to communication satellites. before he was rescued.
5 The sinking ship sent out a distress message/ call.
2 The process of communicating using Morse code
6 The secretary busily pressed/pecked away at the
A involves more than transmitting tones.
keyboard of her word processor.
B is tedious even for experienced users.
C is not as laborious as people think.
D is simple enough for anyone who can type.
3 In the third paragraph, the writer implies that the

11 Read the table and answer the following questions.
use of Morse code is

A old-fashioned, but attracts many enthusiasts.
B only useful to the armed forces and some hobbyists. STRATEGY POINT
C being revived by amateur radio operators. When you are asked to explain the meaning of a
D often the only way to communicate during a crisis. phrase (as in questions 1 and 3 below) or to locate
and reproduce information from the passage (as in
4 In the fifth paragraph, the writer
question 4 below), do so in your own words and
A implies that Morse telegraphy developed faster than
not by repeating words or phrases from the text.
the railway.
With back-reference questions (like question 2
B implies that Morse has survived for so long because below), bear in mind that you may be looking for a
of the railway. noun or a whole clause (e.g. it might refer to
C suggests that the railway developed because of the fact that Japanese is difficult to learn).
Morse telegraphy.
D explains why Morse telegraphy eventually became
redundant. 1 What does the writer mean by saying that Morse code
has survived the assault of higher technology for a
5 The American military
century and a half(lines 14-15)?
A needs simple communication methods. 2 What does the word it refer to in the phrase It is a
B has recently neglected its Morse capability. seemingly tedious procedure (lines 21-22)?
C allows its forces some Morse equipment. 3 What does the writer mean by saying that the military
D offers training for recognising distorted Morse. are the most serious users of Morse telegraphy
(lines 59-60)?
6 The first message to be transmitted in Morse code
4 What are the two major advantages of Morse
A symbolised the codes flexibility.
transmissions over voice transmissions, as discussed in
B was used for commercial purposes.
paragraph 6?
C took a long time to reach its destination.
D was sent by Samuel Morse himself.
9
Language Focus
Facial Expressions Collocations

12 The following verbs are used to describe facial 14 a. Fill in : information, language, report, discussion,
expressions. Match them to the pictures. Why do conversation, speech, words
you think the people in the pictures feel the way
they do? a dead, colloquial ....................................................
b damaging, informative ..........................................
beam glare smirk frown wince grimace c animated, heated .................................................
d kind, profound .....................................................
e political, rousing ...................................................
f confidential, pertinent ..........................................
g informal, intellectual .............................................
B b. Use one adjective from each pair to complete

A each of the sentences.
The man in photograph A is glaring. He may be having an 1 The coach gave a ............................................ speech
argument with someone. to his team as they prepared for the game.
2 The students had a(n) .................................... discussion
Styles of Communicating
on text messaging, which is one of their favourite
pastimes.
3 Despite his lack of formal education, he was perfectly
13 a. Match verbs from list A to adverbs from list B to
capable of engaging in ..................................................
make collocations. There may be several
possible combinations. conversation.
4 You must avoid using .....................................................
A: pause retort cheer smile language when writing a university essay.
instruct (sb) comfort sb shrug 5 Thank you for your ........................................... words,
but I really feel that Ian also deserves some praise.
B: angrily gently abruptly firmly 6 The factory was closed down after the publication of the
..................................................... report.
diplomatically indifferently enthusiastically
7 Im sorry, but I am really not at liberty to reveal such
pause abruptly / diplomatically / angrily .................................................... information.
b. Chain story. Take it in turns to continue the story

below using verb-adverb combinations from Cloze texts
Ex. 13a. 15 Read the extracts and choose the most suitable
word to fill in each gap. Consult a dictionary if you
Paul Smith had been briefing his colleagues for about wish. What is each text about? Where could you
five minutes when he paused abruptly. read it?
10
1
A
Commonly Confused Words
16 Circle the two suitable words in bold which best
complete each sentence correctly.
First locate the grey twin cable

and 1) ....................... it into
your wall mounted telephone
2) ............................. . Next,
insert the auto-
rechargeable battery into
the 3) ....................... in
the back of the 1 When she saw the spider, she let out a piercing
telephone. Place the scream / yelp / shout / shriek.
4) ....................... on 2 When reading, you have more time to appreciate
the telephone base the shadows / subtleties / nuances / tones of
and look at the meaning than when you're listening.
electronic 5) ...............
3 It is sometimes difficult to absorb / interest /
at the top right. It should
read ready to connect. 6) ....................... 000 using the capture / comprehend all the necessary information
telephone 7) ........................ After a few seconds, you if someone is talking too fast.
should see the message ready on the telephone. Your 4 Some people like the straightforward / shortcut /
cordless phone is operated in the same way as a modest / minimalist style of Internet conversations.
8) ....................... phone.
5 Her novel wasnt bad but her verbose / long-
1 A thrust B plug C check D push winded / elongated / stretched-out style bored
2 A catch B section C nook D jack me at times.
3 A niche B gap C void D compartment 6 She mumbled / muttered / stuttered / spluttered
4 A receiver B headset C handle D recipient something under her breath about being bored
5 A screen B reel C display D picture and walked out of the lecture hall.
6 A Phone B Call C Form D Dial 7 His tendency / pitch / expression / tone was
7 A controls B keypad C dialler D switchboard sarcastic; he obviously thought very little of his
8 A usual B common C conventional D typical colleagues.
8 I have read through his work and I haven't found
any clear / clean / hard / striking examples of a
B text which is hard to understand.
MR MOORE
What made Sandra fear Mr Moore the most was

Prepositions (Appendix 1)
neither his 1) ............. appearance nor his 2) ............. 17 a. Fill in on or about, then make sentences.
manners. Rather, she was terrified by the way he 1 argue ......... sth; 2 be intent .......... sth; 3 boast ...........
would suddenly materialise out of nowhere. He'd sth; 4 lecture ........... politics; 5 lecture sb ............ his bad
suddenly be standing there, often 3) ............. at her
habits; 6 act .......... sth; 7 experiment ........... sth; 8 insist
with what could equally well be silent contempt or
........... sth; 9 be excited .......... sth; 10 comment .......... sth
hatred. He would 4) ............. an instruction and,
after 5) ............. at her menacingly for a few seconds
that always seemed like eternity, he would b. Fill in for or from, then make sentences.
disappear into his office again.
1 ................. fear of sth; 2 ................ sbs sake; 3 ...............
time to time; 4 ............. the time being; 5 ............. memory;
6 take ............ granted; 7 ............ now on; 8 ............ sure
1 A stern B severe C firm D fixed
2 A rash B careless C abrupt D sharp
c. Fill in on or in, then make sentences.
3 A scowling B jeering C simpering D growling
4 A munch B mumble C muddle D muster 1 ............ the premises; 2 ............ duty; 3 ............ an island;
5 A gaping B ogling C glancing D staring 4 ............ recession; 5 ............ the name of; 6 ............ leave
(=not at work); 7 ............ jest; 8 ............ strike
11
Language Focus
Idioms b. Choose five idioms from Exs 18 & 19 and write

sentences of your own.
18 Match A to B to make idiomatic phrases. Then use
Hes not a man to mince his words; hell tell you if he
the phrases to complete the sentences that follow.
thinks the ideas no good.
A
mince my
B
of mouth
Phrasal Verbs (Appendix 2)
a man of in on a secret 20 Fill in the gaps with an appropriate particle, then
paint a words explain the meaning of the completed phrasal verbs.
by word small talk
1 My computer has been acting
speak your few words
............... lately. It keeps crashing.
let you of the town
2 The signal started to break
making cheap
............... and then
hold my pretty picture
the radio went dead.
the talk mind
3 Negotiations between
talk is tongue
the two organisations
1 He tries to paint a pretty picture of being an actor, appear to have broken ............... .
but hes been unemployed for six months. 4 Communication often involves performance: that
2 If you can promise to be discreet, Ill ..................... is, the acting ............... of the roles of transmitter
............................................................................ . and receiver.
3 Im not going to .................................................... 5 A computer at the main telephone exchange has
I think your behaviour was absolutely disgraceful. broken ............... , causing a lot of problems.
4 Let me show you how the fax machine works 6 The operator broke ................. ................. our
rather than talk about it. After all, ......................... conversation to tell me I had an emergency call.
............................................................................ . 7 She broke ............... in mid-sentence when she
5 I was very angry with him, but I decided to ............. heard someone enter the room.
............................................ because hes very old. 8 Several leading members broke ............. from the
6 The local boy who won the National Lottery is ....... party and set up an independent parliamentary bloc.
.......................................................................... . 9 The flu epidemic which has broken ............... in
7 On the rare occasions Arnold speaks, he never says Asia and Europe is caused by a new type of virus.
much; he is .......................................................... .
8 We spent most of our date talking about the Fixed Phrases
weather, and generally ......................................... . 21 Rewrite the following sentences using a fixed
9 Feel free to ................................................. about the phrase containing the verbs act or break. Use
proposal; I value your opinion, even if you disagree. the words in brackets.
10 This restaurant doesnt advertise; its reputation has 1 Mary told her brother to stop behaving so
grown ........................................................ alone. childishly. (age)
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
19 a. Choose a word to complete the following 2 Her sister took her aside to tell her what had
sentences and explain the idiomatic phrases in happened. (news)
bold. .............................................................................
.............................................................................
1 The letter doesnt mention Bobs name, but when
3 If you want to convince them you really are a tough
you (look/read) between the lines you can tell its
businessman, youll have to behave like one. (part)
about him.
.............................................................................
2 Its been such a long time since I saw Jo; Im dying
.............................................................................
to (catch/reach) up with her news.
4 Although it is not yet making a profit, the company
3 I've really enjoyed my visit. If you ever come to New does not owe any money. (even)
York, (send/drop) me a line so I can return the .............................................................................
hospitality. .............................................................................
4 She had that mans name on the tip of her 5 We were told not to communicate by radio except
(mouth/tongue), but she couldnt remember it. in an emergency. (silence)
5 Everyone in the office knew about her illness; bad .............................................................................
news (spreads/travels) fast. .............................................................................
12
1
Telephone Conversations In pairs, use language from the boxes and follow
this outline to act out dialogues about the
22 a. Listen to five extracts from telephone situations described below.
conversations and match them to the situations.
Speaker A Speaker B
Call 1 leaving a message
Greet Speaker B
Call 2 making a booking
Return greeting, introduce news
Call 3 returning a call Encourage B to continue
Call 4 taking a message Give more information
Call 5 cancelling an arrangement Express surprise
Finish the news
b. Match the sentences to the phone calls (1-5).
A mutual acquaintance of yours is getting married to a
What can I do for you? ..... famous pop star.
Im afraid I cant make it. ..... A boy you havent seen since primary
Ill be at work for another couple of hours. ..... school has announced that he is going
Sorry I couldnt talk earlier. ..... to run for Parliament.
Ill be with you in a moment. .....
Thats a pity. ..... A: Hi, Jenny.
He should be back any minute now. B: Oh, hi, Bob. Listen,
Ill pass that on for you. ..... youll never guess
Give me a ring when you get a chance. ..... who Susans getting
How may I help you? ..... married to!
B: Okay tell me more!
c. Act out the following telephone conversations, A: Well, Helen tells me
using some of the phrases above. that shes getting
married to ...
make an appointment with your doctor
B: Are you serious? ...
return a telephone call from your boss
cancel a lunch date with a friend
leave a message on your home answering
Asking for / Promising Discretion

machine
A: Stairhill Medical Centre how may I help you?

B: Hello. I would like ... 24 With a partner, act out dialogues based on the
following situations. Use phrases from the boxes in
Gossip
Ex. 23, as well as from the boxes below to ask for
and promise discretion.
23 Below are boxes which contain useful language for

Asking for Discretion Promising Discretion
giving and reacting to surprising news.
Can you keep a secret? We never had this
Introducing a Piece of News Expressing Surprise
Keep it under your hat. conversation.
Youll never believe this Are you serious? Lets keep this between I wont tell a soul.
Did you hear about ? Youre joking! ourselves. My lips are sealed.
Youll never guess who Are you having me on? Mums the word. I wont breathe a word.
Have you heard that/about ? Youve got to be kidding!
Your supervisor has inherited a million pounds. He has
Encouraging Somebody to Continue asked you not to tell anyone, but you just have to share it
with your closest colleague.
Go on ...
You overheard a conversation at school about your
Im all ears ...
teacher retiring. Tell your best friend, but make sure he
Okay, tell me more!
keeps it a secret.
And then what?
A person you both know is going to marry someone
without his/her parents knowing. Discuss it with your
neighbour, but make sure the news doesnt spread.
A neighbour has been arrested for tax evasion. Tell your
friend in strictest confidence.
13
Listening & Speaking
25 a. You are applying for the post of Executive 26 a. What impression do you get from someone
Assistant in a large organisation. Which of the during a conversation if they are:
following would you choose to wear? Why?
leaning forward towards you?
scruffy jeans lounge suit tie-dye T-shirt leaning away from you?
pin-striped suit trench coat bomber jacket staring at the ceiling?
baggy cords tuxedo jacket fashionable tie
sandals matching skirt and jacket low-cut b. Complete the phrases (1-4) about yourself. Use
dress well-polished shoes the words/phrases below if you wish.
Obviously, if I were applying for such an important gaze upward wide-eyed point accusingly
position I wouldn't wear a bomber jacket as I would give frown touch chin with hand scratch head
the interviewer the impression that I was not taking the
interview seriously.
b. You will hear five short extracts in which

different people are talking about job interviews
they have attended.
Task One
For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-H) what
each speaker did at their job interview.
A confronted the interviewer

1 When Im feeling anxious, I ...
B steered the interview Speaker 1 1
2 On the rare occasions that I lose my temper, I
C tried to make the Speaker 2 2 3 When Im confused by something, I
interviewer laugh
Speaker 3 3 4 Whenever Im deep in thought, I tend to ...
D stuck to classic interview
guidelines Speaker 4 4
E had a frank discussion Speaker 5 5
27 You will hear a psychologist talking about
F hid their emotions Impression Management. For questions 1-9
G became tongue tied complete the sentences with a short word or phrase.
H used bad language.
Task Two
Impression management is the science of
For questions 6-10, choose from the list (A-H) how 1 appropriately to another
each speaker felt about the interview.
persons body language.
A A extremely uncomfortable An open posture involves a speaker standing
and awkward. 2 his audience.
B surprised at the negative
impression they gave Speaker 1 6 An open posture projects 3
C disappointed that it ended Speaker 2 7 to listeners.
too soon Speaker 3 8 Crossed legs and 4 arms are
D laid back and self assured 9 characteristics of a closed posture.
Speaker 4
E justified in being angry A closed posture suggests that the person is afraid of
Speaker 5 10
F ashamed of themselves
5 .
G quietly determined
H tearful and upset 6 when listening indicates that
the person is accepting what you are saying, and that he
c. What would be the accepted norm regarding is ready to 7 affirmatively.
dress in your country in the following situations? When someone stares at the ceiling, it may be a good idea to
attending an interview for a job as a Personal 8 for a little or end the discussion.
Assistant (PA) Observations of people under 9
attending an official ceremony have shown that most of us do not understand the basics
going to the college disco of impression management.
visiting relatives
socialising with friends
14
1
28 a. Read the following sentences and say how they
are related. Then try to explain the underlined Speculating Part 1
phrases. 29 a. With a partner, look at pictures A and D. How

do the people in the pictures feel, and what
Growing up in a multi-lingual society must be might have made them feel this way?
interesting.
B
Latin and Ancient Greek are considered to be
dead languages.
Esperanto is a constructed/planned language.
English has become the lingua franca of the
modern world.
As a native speaker of French, she has an advantage A
over non-native speakers. D
STRATEGY POINT
Read through the question stems and underline the key
words before you start listening. Listen to the piece once C
and make your choices. Listen again to check your answers.
Useful language: Speculating
I cant say for certain, but I believe .
b. You will hear a discussion with a linguist about Its difficult to say for sure, but it looks as though
a language called Esperanto. For questions 1-5 I cant be positive, but he might have .
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best Its hard to tell from the picture, but they could be
according to what you hear.
1 Zamenhof invented his language because he felt

A there was too much linguistic rivalry.
Evaluating Part 2
b. Now look at all the pictures. Imagine they come

B familiar languages had been rejected.
from a photographic exhibition entitled Talk is
C it would promote world understanding.
Good for the Soul. Together, decide on the two
D so many languages were dying out.
pictures which best exemplify the importance of
2 The first book written on Esperanto being able to talk to loved ones. Say why the
A was of an academic nature. other pictures are not so successful.
B was written very quickly.
C was published by a student. Useful language: Evaluating
D concerned medical matters. I fail to see the point of picture ...
Picture ... does not show ... quite as clearly as ...
3 The name of the language, Esperanto,
Picture ... is by far the best to show ...
A can be translated as inspiration.
All the pictures are interesting, but ... gives a stronger idea of ...
B was originally a book title.
Suggesting Alternatives
C was Zamenhofs pen name.
D changed several times.
4 Bahasa Indonesian c. Suggest two other photographs which you

A is widely spoken in Holland. would like to have seen in the exhibition. What
B was created by a language specialist. would their themes be, and what would they
C has been used in films. have added to the exhibition as a whole?
D was intended to be an international language.
5 Compared with other planned languages, Useful language: Suggesting Alternatives

Esperanto is Perhaps if there were a picture showing ...
A more effective. A picture showing ... would illustrate the aspect of ...
B inferior. Im surprised theres no picture showing
C better known. A picture of ... would get the message across more efficiently.
D more personal.
d. Listen to two students doing the speaking tasks
above. How similar were their ideas to yours?
15
Reading
30 What does the title of the article refer to? How do you think the Internet evolved? Read the article to check. Seven
paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose, from paragraphs A-H on the opposite page, the one which
fits each gap (1-7). The first one has been done for you. There is one paragraph which you do not need to use.
RAND
In the summer of 1968, experts at the 4
War think tank,
Corporation, America's foremost Cold As early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used
by other
lem. How could
were considering a strange strategic prob networks to link to ARPANET. ARPANE
T itself
after a
the US authorities successfully communicate remained fairly tightly controlled, at least until
1983,
netw ork was
nuclear war? No matter how thoroughly a when its military segment broke off and became
MILNET.
g woul d
armoured or protected, its switches and wirin But TCP/IP linked everyone to everyone
else. And
reduc e
always be vulnerable to bombs. An attack could ARPANET itself , thoug h it was growing, became a
any conceivable network to tatters. smaller and smaller neighbourhood amid
the vastly
1 D growing constellation of other linke d machines.
network
The principles were simple. All the nodes in the 5
statu s, each with its own autho rity to
would be equal in In 1984 the National Science Foundation got into
the act.
recei ve mess ages. The mess ages
originate, pass and The new NSFNET set a bliste ring pace for techn ical
ed into pack ets. Each pack et
themselves would be divid advancement, linking newer, faster, shinier super comp uters ,
fied sourc e node , and end at
would begin at some speci through thicker, faster links, upgra ded and expan ded,
natio n node . It woul d wind its
some other specified desti again and again, in 1986, 1988 and 1990. And
other
.
way through the network on an individual basis government agencies leapt in: NAS A, the Natio nal
of Ener gy, each of
2 Institutes of Health, the Department
kingd om in the
sound them maintaining their own digital
This excited and intrigued many, because it did Internet confederation. A mere twenty years had
passed
netw ork. In the
like a theory for an indestructible since the invention of the ARPANET, but few peop le
lled in UCL A. By
autumn of 1969, the first node was insta remembered it now.
s on the infan t
December 1969, there were four node
its Penta gon
network, which was named ARPANET, after 6
cy). An
sponsor (the Advanced Research Projects Agen The Internet's pace of growth in the early
1990s was
s could
added bonus was that scientists and researcher spectacularly ferocious, at some point achie
ving a
a great
share one another's computer facilities from monthly growth of 20%. The number of host
machines
e, for
distance away. This was a very handy servic with direct connectio n to TCP/ IP doub led every year
In 1971
computer time was precious in the early '70s. from 1988 to 1997. The Inter net move d out of its original
n node s in ARP ANE T; by 1972 , thirty-
there were fiftee base in military and resea rch institution s, into elem entar y
seven nodes. And it was good. and high schools, as well as into publi c librar ies and the
of homes.
3 commercial sector and, of course, into millions
ally. This
The invention of the mailing list followed natur 7
casting techn ique in which an
was an ARPANET broad And so the story goes. The real Internet of the futur
e may
be sent autom atica lly to large
identical message could bear very little resemblance to today s, or even today s
s. Inter estin gly, one of the
numbers of network subscriber predictions. Predictions have never seem ed to have much
was SF-L OVE RS, for
first really big mailing lists to do with the seething, fungal developme
nt of the
scien ce fictio n on the
science fiction fans. Discussing Internet. After all, today's Internet bears little
upon by
network was not work-related and was frowned resemblance to those original grim plans for RAN D's
nistrators, but this
many ARPANET computer admi post-holocaust command grid. It's a fine and happ y irony .
didn't stop it from happening.
16
1
E The ARPA's original software for communication
STRATEGY POINT was known as NCP, Network Control Protocol, but
Read through the whole of the gapped text. Get a as time passed and the technique advanced, NCP
general idea of the text. was superceded by a higher-level, more
Read again and focus on one gap at a time. Look sophisticated standard known as TCP/IP. This
software converted messages into streams of packets
carefully at the paragraphs before and after the gap.
at the source, then reassembled them back into
Go through the jumbled paragraphs and try to find
messages at the destination.
the one that fits the gap. Discourse markers (e.g.
reference words, time words and linking words) may F Why did so many people want to be on the Internet?
help, but text organisation, cohesion and coherence One of the main reasons was simply freedom. The
are more important. Internet is a rare example of a truly, modern,
Once you have inserted a paragraph in a gap, read functional anarchy. There is no Internet Inc. There
the three paragraphs (before and after) to see if the are no official censors, no bosses, no board of
text flows. directors, no stockholders. This virtual freedom,
If you cannot find the answer for a gap, move on many hold, was the major reason why this form of
and return to it later. communication attracted so many users so quickly.
Be flexible: be prepared to change your answers later
G For it had become a happy victim of its own
if necessary.
overwhelming success. Its users scarcely noticed, for
ARPANET's functions not only continued but
steadily improved. The use of TCP/IP standards for
A By the second year of operation, however, an odd computer networking is now global. In 1971, there
fact became clear. ARPANET's users had warped were only a handful of nodes in the ARPANET
the computer-sharing network into a dedicated, network. Today there are hundreds of thousands of
high-speed, federally subsidised electronic postal nodes, scattered over virtually every country in the
service. The main traffic was not long-distance world. Five hundred million people use this gigantic
computing, but news and personal messages. mother of all computer networks.
B All these sources of conflict remain in a stumbling H The route that the packet took would be
balance today, and the Internet, so far, remains in a unimportant. Only reaching its final destination
thrivingly anarchical condition. Once upon a time, would count. Basically, the packet would be tossed
the NSFNET's high-speed, high-capacity lines were like a hot potato from node to node to node, until it
known as the Internet Backbone, and their owners ended up in the proper place. If big pieces of the
could rather lord it over the rest of the Internet; but network had been blown away, that simply wouldn't
today there are backbones in Canada, Japan, and matter.
Europe.
Follow-up
C As the '70s and '80s advanced, other entire networks Answer the following questions.
fell into the digital embrace of this ever-growing web
of computers. Since TCP/IP was public domain, and 1 Which parts of the text helped you insert the missing paragraphs?
the basic technology was decentralised and rather Underline them and compare answers with a classmate.
anarchic by its very nature, it was difficult to stop 2 What is meant by the phrase reduce any conceivable
people from barging in and linking up. In fact, network to tatters (paragraph 1)?
nobody really wanted to stop them from joining this 3 What does got into the act mean (in the first line of the
branching complex of networks, which came to be paragraph after gap 5)?
known as the Internet. 4 In your own words, explain why the writer calls the Internet a
functional anarchy (paragraph F).
D And how would the network itself be commanded
5 According to the last paragraph, what can we expect from
and controlled? Any central authority would be an
the Internet of tomorrow?
obvious and immediate target for an enemy missile.
6 T hink! Imagine a day in your life without Internet. What
Think!
RAND mulled over this grim puzzle in deep military
secrecy, and arrived at a daring solution. In the first would it be like? In five minutes write a few sentences. Tell
place, they would design a network with no central your partner.
authority. Furthermore, they would design it to
operate while in tatters.
17
Use of English
8 Will Barry be able to play tonight even though he

Modal Verbs has a cold?
Grammar Reference
ability Will Barry's cold affect ........................
31 Fill in the gaps with suitable modal verbs. ..................................... play tonight?
1 Mary has trained as a private pilot therefore she 9 I found it impossible to accept that Janice and
can fly small planes. (ability) Graham had broken up.
2 It looks like it .......................... / ....................... / couldn't Janice and Grahams ..........................
.......................... rain. We'd better take our ........................................ terms with.
umbrellas. (possibility) 10 You don't need to water the plants today.
3 When I was little, I ........................... stand on my necessary It .......................................................
head. (ability in the past) ..................... water the plants today.
4 .......................... / .......................... / .....................
I borrow some sugar? (asking permission)
5 You ............................................ pay the rent on
33 Look at the pictures and make as many logical
assumptions about each one as possible. Use could,
the first working day of each month. (obligation) cant, might, may and must.
6 You ...................... / ...................... see a doctor
about those headaches. (advice)
7 You ........................ / ..................... / ..................... A B
eat or drink in this room. (prohibition)
8 She ........................... be only 15 she's a
university student. (impossibility)
9 We ........................... have started earlier we're
running very late. (criticism for past actions)
10 I ............ / ......... give you a lift, if you want. (offer)
Key Word Transformations C

32 For questions 1-10 complete the second sentence
so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence
using the word given. Do no change the word
given. You must use between three and eight
words including the word given.
1 Becoming a member of the library requires you to
fill in this form.
must You .................................................... The man in picture A must have ...
.................... a member of the library.
2 It was his duty to tell us about her resignation.
ought He ..................................................... Word Formation
....................... about her resignation.
34 Form adjectives from the following verbs using
3 We must reduce the company's outgoings. -able, -ing or -ive. You may have to change the form
choice Our .................................................... of some words.
...... reduce the company's outgoings.
4 Anyone can attend the conference. desire relax cleanse respond die intrigue
open The conference .................................. invade strike conclude dismiss commend
............................................. anyone. avoid support assert electrify please
5 We must start spending more on advertising.
alternative We .................................................... 35 Form adjectives from the following nouns using
.......................... more on advertising. -al, -ic or -ous. You may have to change the form
6 Alan was unfit, and that's why he didn't finish the of some of the words.
run. finance problem torture drama trauma
couldn't Alan .................................................. critic religion art poison adventure
.................................. not fit enough. surgery system dogma mischief liberty
7 They would have been unable to succeed without diplomacy advantage margin monster
Mark's help. coast
been If it ....................................................
.......................... not have succeeded.
18
1
36 Fill in the gaps with words derived from the ones in
capitals.
Open Cloze
37 For questions 1-8 read the text below and think of the
word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space. There is an example at the beginning.
STRATEGY POINT
The title is there to give you a general idea of the
passage. Read for gist first, ignoring the gaps.
Both grammatical and lexical items are tested in this
part. Grammatical items tested include auxiliary
verbs, modals, standard parts of easily recognisable
structures (such as if in conditional sentences), etc.
Lexical items tested include parts of fixed phrases
(e.g. once in a while), parallel structures (e.g. on the
one hand ... but on the other), etc.
Dont look for difficult words; vocabulary is not
tested here.
Trying to understand what part of speech a missing
Both scientific and sociological word is can sometimes help.
research 0) clearly indicate that, CLEAR When finished, read the passage again to check your
although the Internet has answers.
1) ........................ the way people work, FORM
at a more personal level the more old-
fashioned ways of communication are
not being 2) ..................... by the new THREAT
technologies.
3) .......................... to statistics, a ACCORD
person who uses the Net at home
I remember it well. 0) There was a time in the past when
to send and receive e-mails talks I 1) ............................. go to lunch without having to
on the phone for 19 minutes on a answer calls from my boss, my wife, my children and my
Sunday a mere one and a half bank manager. There 2) ........................ to be a time
minutes less than someone who when notions such as peace' and privacy' actually had
does not use the Internet 4) a literal meaning. And when there was someone that you
............................ . DOMESTIC didn't want to speak to, never mind the reasons, you had
Keele Universitys Psychology the freedom not to 3) ............................. . Excuses were
Professor Tim Baxter says its all to easy: I was out, I was sleeping, the phone was off the
hook, and so on.
do with how 5) ........................ the PERSON
It's all changed now. None of those old defences work.
Internet is, as opposed to the much The callers simply come back at you with something like
greater 6) ......................... of the ABLE but didn't you see my unanswered call on your
human voice to convey a persons mobile? 4) ................................. about the very phrase
emotions. Only the greatest writers for a moment: to see one's unanswered call.
can actually put their feelings on I'm not a technophobe, I'm really not. It's
paper, he says, and when people just that I've 5) ............................. shown to
talk to friends or 7) .................... they RELATE be tragically wrong about this one. I once
want them to know how they feel. said It's just a fad it'll go away. That
was more than ten years ago, and the
Things are very different at the
people that walked around the
workplace. It is estimated that streets talking away on those clumsy-
corporate telephone usage in the looking devices were few and far
UK has fallen dramatically (by 6) ............................. and they looked
more than 40%) since 1995, ridiculous to everyone else. Now it's the
indicating that the Internet is seen other way around. 7) .............................
as a more 8) ......................... way to RELY you don't have a mobile phone, you're the
communicate with colleagues. 8) ............................. one out, and others
look at you as though you're walking
around without any trousers.
19
Use of English
38 a. For questions 1-8, read the text below and b. For questions 1-8, read the text below. Use the
decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each word given in capitals at the end of some of the
gap. There is an example at the beginning. lines to form a word that fits in the space in the
same line. There is an example at the beginning.
The revolution over the past
few years in communication When the ancient treasures of Egypt
has been twofold. The first began to be 0) discovered in the 19th COVER
development has been in 0) B of century one great mystery was the
hardware and the rise of hand held devices with meaning of the ancient Egyptian
1) ................. functions. Phones are also MP3 players, language that was written in
cameras and even email devices and tablet PCs are also hieroglyphs. The key to 1) ................... CODE
becoming increasingly popular. The other development is to these ancient symbols was the discovery
do with the different ways people now have of of a granite tablet covered in 2) ............... SCRIPT
2) ................. and maintaining contact with others. Social in three different languages. As each bit
networking sites have exploded over the Internet and there of text was basically the same in all the
are few people who do not use them in one languages 3) ................... experts were LINGUIST
3) ................. or another. The most popular of these is able to eventually work out what the
undoubtedly Facebook, which allows friends to hieroglyphs meant. The Rosetta Stone,
4) ................. to date with each others lives via messages with its 4) ................... bits of text, was FRAGMENT
and the use of photographs or video. Another site that has key to the understanding of all ancient
made its 5) ................. on the world of digital communication Egyptian history and culture. Without it,
is Twitter. Twitter is known as a microblogging site where we may never have been able to
users tweet short messages of 140 6) ................. for their comprehend the 5) .................. of ancient INTRICATE
followers to read. Twitter is often described as nothing Egyptian life, or it would have taken us
more than a site for the most inane of Internet users to 6) ................. longer to COMPARE
7) ................. the banalities of their life. But theres more to it
do so. The stone is now
than that. Basically, it depends on what you want. You can
in the British museum
follow celebrities and learn what they had for lunch or follow
where it is the most
journalists who are tweeting live from war 8) ................. .
visited object of all the
displays on permanent
B terms C light D view 7) ................... at the EXHIBIT
0 A order
B profuse C untold D multiple museum. The term
1 A abundant
B founding C setting D fashioning Rosetta Stone is now
2 A establishing
B volume C capacity D dimension also used to describe
3 A magnitude
B keep up C last for D stand in anything that is
4 A carry on
B sign C stain D blot 8) ................... as an DESIGN
5 A mark
B figures C digits D characters essential clue in the
6 A symbols
B enter C record D account discovery of a new
7 A tape
C belts D realms field of knowledge.
8 A sections B zones
39 Complete the gaps in the sentences with the correct form of the idioms below.
speak volumes have words with sb go back on ones word talk the hind legs off a donkey have the gift of the gab
put words in ones mouth bite your tongue straight from the horses mouth have a frog in ones throat
go without saying
1 John heard about his promotion ........................... 6 Susan can ........................... if she gets onto the
when he met with his boss this morning. (from subject of online shopping. (talk for a long time,
the most direct source) uninterrupted)
2 I didnt say he needed to lose weight, you 7 Im sorry, Ill repeat that as I didnt say it very
........................... . (claim that sb has said sth clearly. I ........................... . (speaking with a
that they havent actually said) croaky voice because of a dry throat or a cough)
3 The turnout at his retirement dinner 8 Edward certainly ..........................., he could sell
........................... about how well respected he was. honey to bees. (be able to talk well, persuasively)
(be strong evidence of sbs feelings, merits, etc) 9 It ........................... that the Internet is an
4 I had to ........................... when he was talking important tool for businesses these days. (be a
about how intelligent he is. (avoid talking) foregone conclusion)
5 Roberts manager ........................... over his use of 10 If you said you would help with the project, you
the company phone. (have an argument) cant ........................... now. (not fulfil a promise)
20
1
40 You are going to read short texts on the subject of communication. For questions 1-10, choose from the sections
(A-D). The sections may be chosen more than once.
In which SECTION are the following mentioned?

a unique feature of a particular payment method. 1 a language yet to be understood. 7
an item that works from vocal commands. 2 the societal significance of communication systems. 8
a prediction for a technological development. 3 a device that communicates via visual projection. 9
the collapse of a civilisation. 4 5 facts about a longstanding service. 10
items saved by contact with fire. 6
C
Mobile communication tec
hnology has moved so fas
A ng in the past few years tha t
Linear B was an early form of Greek writi difficult to imagine just wh
t it is becoming increasin
gly
that
of the era of the Mycenean civilisation be. It only seems a few yea
at the next development
may
k
preceded the introduction of the Gree screens was far-fetched.
rs ago that the idea of tou
ch
d in
alphabet. Examples of this script were foun forgotten how to use ma
But now many of us
hav e
and
Knossos, Thebes, Pylos and Mycenae quickly have we become
nual buttons on our phon
es so
used
leading theories suggest that the script was So what is the next likely
accustomed to the touch
screen.
the
by professional scribes associated with accustomed to seeing peo
idea that will take hold?
Were
rative
various Mycenaean palaces for administ so what about Google gog
ple with a Blue Tooth ear
piece
oyed
purposes. Once the palaces had been destr come from the tech
gles? This is the latest ide
a to
and it
there was no further use for the language information are projected
giant whereby messages
and
uries,
fell into disuse. The succeeding cent layering the information
before your eyes, in eff
ect,
to
known as the Greek dark ages, from 1200 glasses, which are voice act
over your real world vision
. The
of
800 BC, provide no evidence for any form see messages as you receiv
ivated, allow you to instan
tly
t has
written language. The linear B scrip as street directions to lite
e them and information
such
man y thousand s of fragments found rally point you in the rig
survived in direction. Could these gla ht
d.
in the palace rooms where they were store accessory and tech gadget
sses become the next fas
hion
which
Many survived due to the conflagrations a little early to tell, it app
must-have? Though, it ma
y be
and
destroyed the palaces firing the clay tablets limits to what people are
ears that there really are
no
ts
thus preserving them. The Linear B scrip always be wired into the net
prepared to use in order
to
The
were finally deciphered in the early 1950s. work.
oan
earlier Linear A script, which was a Min
been
language has, by contrast, never
ery.
successfully interpreted and remains a myst
on
D Its often asked if weve become too reliant
B The Royal Mail delivers millions of letters world , that mach ines have taken
technology in the modern
society
and parcels to households and businesses all too central a role in every aspect of life and that our
over Britain every day. It is an institution se if, for some unfor eseen reaso n,
would now simply collap
with a very long history and can be trace to use them. There s no doubt
d we suddenly lost the ability
society
back to King Henry the 8th establishing
a that many of the most significant systems of our
Master of Posts in the 16th century. Over ut comp uters. It would be the end
would cease to exist witho
subsequent centuries the postal service bega world wide comm unica tion. It is
n of banking. No more
to evolve and in 1840 Britain became the first imagi ne a world witho ut these
almost inconceivable to
thing
country in the world to issue a postage stam
p machines. But Im not sure that it really is such a bad
as a means of paying for delivery. The first e centra l to our lives. Witho ut
that machines have becom
stamp was known as the Penny Black. As seem rathe r dull and slow. The fact
them life would perhaps
tion
Britain was, at the time, the only country that is that we thrive on the vast array of instant communica
issued prepaid postage stamps they are the set up. There simpl y is no turnin g
networks that we have
only stamps in the world that do not bear the , in truth, actua lly want to.
back and I doubt many would
country of issue on them to this day. The 19th
century was the golden era of the posta
l
service as it was the only available method of
long distance communication. In London,
there were up to twelve deliveries a day
allowing correspondents to exchange multiple
letters within just one day.
21
Writing: xpressing your opinion
OPINION-BASED WRITING Analysing the Model

Linking Words & Phrases
Many writing tasks ask you to express your opinion on one
or more issues. In particular, opinion-based writing can be
42 a. Read the model and fill in the gaps with the
found in articles, reviews, essays and letters to the appropriate linking word or phrase. Then
press/authorities. When writing, the following factors suggest your own alternatives.
should be remembered:
Relevance it is essential that you address all the for instance first of all finally to sum up
main points in the rubric. secondly particularly by this I mean
Target reader and style the style of writing used
should always be appropriate to the reader(s).
Organisation usually you start a new paragraph ARE E-MAILS AND
with each new opinion. Each opinion should be stated
clearly using a topic sentence. Supporting sentences TEXT MESSAGES
should then be added to explain and/or give examples.
I believe that mobile phones are a tremendously useful
invention. [Topic sentence]
DESTROYING THE
Not only do they enable you to stay in touch wherever you
are, but they are also indispensable in emergencies. [Explanation]
LANGUAGE?
If, for example, your car breaks down in a remote place, you
could use your mobile to call for help. [Example] Technology has undoubtedly brought about a
Linking you should make use of linking words and revolution in communication. Most people would agree
phrases, such as furthermore, however, in contrast, in this that this has been a positive development. Recently,
however, there has been concern over the negative effect
way, etc, in order to connect your ideas.
that modern methods of communication are having on
the English language.
Understanding the Rubric 1) ................................ , the increasing use of e-mails

and text messages is changing the way we use grammar.
2) .......................... that certain words are dropped in
41 Read the rubric below, paying careful attention to
order to keep messages short. In my view, this cannot be
the underlined words and phrases. Then answer the avoided. In a text message, 3) ................................... , there
questions that follow. is neither the time nor the space to write complete
sentences. The same applies to e-mails, which are
A magazine for students of English has invited readers supposed to be a shorter, more direct form of
to send in articles for a feature entitled Are e-mails communication. In both cases, the need to be brief often
and text messages destroying the language? Write means that the grammar is changed in some way.
your article for the feature, giving your opinion. Your
4) ............................. , it is fashionable nowadays to
shorten the spelling of words, 5) ............................. in text
article should make reference to the effect that e-mails
messages. One example of this is when people write CU
and text messages have on such things as spelling and l8r instead of See you later. To purists or to people who
grammar. are not used to such abbreviations, this might be seen as a
threat to the language. To my mind, it simply shows that
a. What do you have to write? the language is changing in much the same way as it has
done for centuries.
6) ............................. , in my opinion, writing English
b. What kind of publication are you writing for? correctly is not as important as getting the message
Who are the target readers? What style is across. If, for example, you send someone an e-mail or a
appropriate? text message telling them to meet you in a specified place
at a certain time, making yourself understood is much
c. Tick the boxes below to show which of the more important than your grammar and spelling. As far
as I am concerned, we should allow a certain amount of
points are relevant to the question. Try to
flexibility. Not everyone has a perfect command of the
suggest other points of your own. language but that should not stop them from being able
to communicate.
When sending text messages and e-mails, people 7) ............................. , the effect that e-mails and text
do not always use correct grammar. messages are having on written English is a significant
one. This may, in the future, result in major changes to
Writing correctly is not as important as getting the the language. However, we should not let rules get in the
message across. way of communication. After all, isnt that the reason
Text messages and e-mails are more fun than language was developed in the first place so that we
could communicate?
letters.
22
1
b. The expressions in italics in the text have been C .................................................................................................
used to introduce the writers opinion. Look .................................................................................................
again at these expressions and suggest suitable .................................................................................................
alternatives. There is no need for this at all. School is a place of learning,
and talking to their friends or sending text messages is
Paragraph Planning
something that students should do in their own time.
Furthermore, they cannot use the excuse that they need them
for emergencies, since in a real emergency, they can use the
c. Put the points from the model into the
school phone.
appropriate boxes.
A summarised opinion
B opinion concerning spelling
C background information D .................................................................................................
D opinion about communication .................................................................................................
E opinion concerning grammar .................................................................................................
In other words, there is no way that we can be sure that
mobile phones are safe. Even if we take all the precautions
Introduction Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 available today, we do not know what to expect in the future.

.................... .................... .................... What will happen if, for example, they discover a link between
mobile phones and cancer? If we wait until then, the damage
will have been done and it will be too late to act.
Paragraph 4 Conclusion

.................... ....................
and complete
d. Look at the main body of the model again and
44 Read the following topic sentences
find examples of: the supporting sentences.
Topic sentences Explanations Examples
a) I believe that, thanks to technology,
Topic & Supporting Sentences

people are able to communicate far
more easily than ever before. For
example, we only have to look at
43 Read the following paragraphs and say whether
the Internet to see that ...................
they contain explanations, examples or both. Then
........................................................
think of an appropriate topic sentence for each
........................................................
one. The first one has been done for you.
In addition, .....................................
...................................................... .
A First of all, I totally disagree with the plans to build the
mobile phone aerial. Not only is there the threat of b) As far as I am concerned, mobile
radiation to local residents, but it will also destroy their phones are the worst invention of
views of open countryside and reduce the value of their the twentieth century. By this I mean
properties.[Explanation] This will be disastrous for residents of that ................................................
places such as Harlesden and Pemble Waters.[Example] ........................................................
What is more, .................................
...................................................... .
B ............................................................................................ c) In my opinion, it is far nicer to

............................................................................................ receive a hand-written letter than an
............................................................................................ email. One of the disadvantages of
............................................................................................ emails is that they are .....................
This appears to be the only sensible solution. After all, ........................................................
many children today know how to use a computer but may It is much more pleasant .................
not be able to afford one at home. Providing them in ........................................................
schools will ensure that no one is deprived of this valuable
learning aid.
23
Expressing Your Opinions Relevance / Brainstorming
45 a. Read the sentences below and choose

46 a. Read the rubric and underline the key words.
appropriate words/phrases to give your opinion,
as in the example. You have read the extract below as part of a
newspaper article about modern communications.
I think/feel/believe (that) ..., You decide to write a letter responding to the
I strongly believe (that) ..., points raised and expressing your own views.
In my opinion/view ...,
The invention of the telephone, rather
The way I see it ...,
than being a great benefit to society, is
It seems/appears to me that ...,
responsible for a breakdown in
To my mind ...,
communication. Because of the telephone,
I (do not) agree with/that ...,
we have fax machines, the Internet, mobile
As far as I am concerned ...,
phones and the death of letter-writing all
I completely/fully agree with/that ...,
of the things which have led to the poor
I am totally against/I strongly disapprove of/
communication which exists between
I completely disagree with (the idea/suggestion/
people today.
statement that) ...,
I fully support ...,
I am entirely in favour of ... b. In pairs, correct the following points.
1 you have to write a newspaper article
1 Knowing how to use the Internet is a tremendous you have to write a letter based on a newspaper article
advantage nowadays. 2 the telephone has greatly benefited society
I fully agree that knowing how to use the Internet is a 3 the telephone has directly brought about a wide
tremendous advantage nowadays. variety of problems
2 Children should be allowed to take their mobile 4 the writer of the extract thinks fax machines, the
phones to school with them. Internet and mobile phones are great inventions
3 All schools should give basic training in writing 5 mobile phones caused the death of letter-writing
emails. 6 there is excellent communication between people
4 You should not judge people by the clothes they today
wear.
5 Life would be far better if we did not have c. Which of the points made in the extract do you
telephones. agree with? Which do you disagree with? Make
6 True communication involves the ability to listen as brief notes below.
well as speak.
b. Now say how you would support these .............................................. ..............................................

statements. .............................................. ..............................................
.............................................. ..............................................
1 I fully agree that knowing how to use the Internet is a .............................................. ..............................................
tremendous advantage nowadays. The Net is an
incredible source of knowledge and information, d. For each of the points above, say how you
both at work and in the home. In addition, it would support your opinion.
provides us with a quick and easy means of
communication in the form of emails. I completely disagree with the statement that the
telephone has led to poor communication. First of all ...
24
1
BEGINNINGS AND ENDINGS 2 I am writing to express my support for the opinions raised
by your columnist in last weeks Advertiser. Not only do I fully
The purpose of the beginning is to make sure that the
agree that the telephone is a marvellous invention, but I also
target reader knows what to expect in the main body of the
feel strongly that the latest developments in mobile phone
writing.
technology will make life considerably easier for all of us.
The ending must conclude the writing in a way that will
satisfy the target reader.
When expressing your opinion, the way you begin and end 3 A considerable number of people are against mobile
depends on what you are writing (letter, essay, article, etc). phones. These people claim that these phones are an invasion
You can make your writing more interesting by the inclusion of privacy, and that their users are inconsiderate. It is also often
of various techniques. said that mobile phones are dangerous. But how many of these
Techniques for beginnings include: people have stopped to think of the benefits that mobile
addressing the reader directly phones have brought us?
If you were to be offered a free mobile phone, you would
probably gratefully accept it. You probably wouldnt stop to
think about ... 4 So, what with all these changes coming our way, the future
mentioning background information looks interesting. Perhaps we can all look forward to the day
Over the last fifty years, businesses have become increasingly when we can do our jobs from the comfort of our own homes!
dependent on the use of telecommunications ...
asking a rhetorical question
Just how useful are all these developments?
5 Once again, congratulations on printing such an enlightening
stating the reason for writing (for letters)
article. It is encouraging to find such well-researched and
I am writing in response to the announcement that ...
informative journalism in a weekly newspaper. I look forward to
Techniques for endings include: reading more in future issues.
making a thought-provoking statement
Perhaps the Internet was not such a good idea after all.
making a prediction for the future 6 All in all, it would seem that there is a lot to be said in defence of
Maybe one day we will no longer need telephones at all. mobile phones. They are indispensable in business and great fun
summarising the main opinion for young people. What is more, they are invaluable in an
On the whole, it would seem that there are a number of emergency. I think they will be with us for a long time to come.
disadvantages to the Internet.
asking a rhetorical question
Who knows what the future has in store for us?
b. Using some of the techniques above, write a
making reference to further action (for letters)
suitable beginning and ending for the rubric in
I strongly urge the council to reconsider its decision.
Ex. 46a.
STYLE
The style you use in your writing depends on the target
47 a. Read the following beginnings and endings and reader and the type of writing. For example, a business
identify the techniques which have been used. letter written to your bank manager requires a more formal
style than a light-hearted article written for teenagers.
1 Throughout the twentieth century, technology played an Formal style includes:

increasingly important part in the development of the sophisticated vocabulary
telephone. Now, in the early years of the new millennium, we more frequent use of the passive voice
are about to see even greater changes in the way we complex grammatical constructions
communicate. Lets have a look at some of those changes.
Informal style includes:
colloquial (spoken) and idiomatic English
less frequent use of the passive voice
less complex grammatical constructions
25
B You have read the extract below as part of a newspaper

48 a. Read the following paragraph and make it more
article on ways of communicating. Write a letter responding
formal by replacing the words/phrases in bold
with suitable ones from the list. to the points raised and expressing your own views.
Sometimes I wonder how teenagers communicate. They
furthermore played a major role in after all
seem to spend all their time on the Internet or on their mobiles
rather than such as an invaluable aid
but I have no idea what they are doing. There are other things
particularly suitable for by this I mean
as well, such as the language that they use when they speak to
I have little doubt that had it not been for
each other. I mean, is this really communicating?
Im pretty sure that the telephone was a big help with

the changes that took place in the last century. What C You recently attended a lecture entitled The Role of
Im trying to say is that, without the telephone, we Communications in the Modern World. Now your tutor has
would never have had other developments, like faxes, asked you to write an essay examining this issue and giving
mobiles or the Internet. Apart from that, the telephone your own opinions.
is really important for businesses and the best way of
keeping in touch with friends. Lets face it, most people 1 What type of writing is this?
prefer to pick up the phone instead of writing a letter. 2 Who are the target readers?
3 What style is appropriate?
4 What are your views?
5 What linking words and phrases can you use?
6 Which techniques will you use in your beginning
and ending?
Planning & Organisation

50 Choose one of the rubrics above and, in the main
body paragraph plan below, make notes about
what you will include.
b. Now rewrite the underlined sections of the Paragraph 2

following paragraph to make it more formal. Topic Sentence ...............................................................
........................................................................................
The way I see it, instead of getting closer together, we're
Example(s)/Explanation(s) ..............................................
moving further apart. What I'm trying to say is that
........................................................................................
communications don't really help us understand each other,
especially in areas like politics. And something else
Paragraph 3
computers arent really the best way of doing ones work.
Topic Sentence ...............................................................
Lets not forget, human contact is very important too.
........................................................................................
Example(s)/Explanation(s) ..............................................
........................................................................................
Paragraph 4
Topic Sentence ...............................................................
49 Read the following rubrics and underline the key ........................................................................................
information. Then, for each one, answer the
questions that follow. Example(s)/Explanation(s) ..............................................
........................................................................................
A Your school/college magazine is running a competition to
find the best article on the subject 'Staying in Touch'. Write
your article for the magazine, giving your opinion on the 51 Using what you have learned in this unit, write the
best ways of corresponding with friends and relatives. task you discussed in Ex. 49. Write between 280
and 320 words.
26
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Upstream prof C2 leafl Rev_Upstream c2 leafl 21/08/2012 5:46 Page 1

Upstream prof C2 leafl Rev_Upstream c2 leafl 21/08/2012 5:47 Page 2

For the Student

For the Teacher

Self-Assessment Module 1 (pp. 47-50)

Listening Speaking Writing

1 WEB EARTHQUAKE 2 INTERNET NOT

1 What is good communication? Rank the following 3 150-YEAR-OLD TECHNOLOGY

1 getting the message across quickly and efficiently .... RSONAL

I believe mobile phones can be intrusive because you can be

3 In the third paragraph, the writer implies that the

use of Morse code is

Facial Expressions Collocations

B b. Use one adjective from each pair to complete

b. Chain story. Take it in turns to continue the story

First locate the grey twin cable

What made Sandra fear Mr Moore the most was

Idioms b. Choose five idioms from Exs 18 & 19 and write

Asking for / Promising Discretion

A: Stairhill Medical Centre how may I help you?

23 Below are boxes which contain useful language for

Listening & Speaking

b. You will hear five short extracts in which

A confronted the interviewer

phrases. 29 a. With a partner, look at pictures A and D. How

1 Zamenhof invented his language because he felt

b. Now look at all the pictures. Imagine they come

4 Bahasa Indonesian c. Suggest two other photographs which you

5 Compared with other planned languages, Useful language: Suggesting Alternatives

8 Will Barry be able to play tonight even though he

Key Word Transformations C

In which SECTION are the following mentioned?

Writing: xpressing your opinion

OPINION-BASED WRITING Analysing the Model

Understanding the Rubric 1) ................................ , the increasing use of e-mails

Topic & Supporting Sentences

B ............................................................................................ c) In my opinion, it is far nicer to

Writing: xpressing your opinion

Expressing Your Opinions Relevance / Brainstorming

45 a. Read the sentences below and choose

b. Now say how you would support these .............................................. ..............................................

1 Throughout the twentieth century, technology played an Formal style includes:

Writing: xpressing your opinion

B You have read the extract below as part of a newspaper

Im pretty sure that the telephone was a big help with

Planning & Organisation

b. Now rewrite the underlined sections of the Paragraph 2

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SAMPLE PAGES FROM W

SAMPLE PAGES FROM W

A complete study pack specifically designed for the Revised Cambridge

CPE Listening & Speaking

Upstream Proficiency is a modular secondary-level course for learners of

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