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Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373

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Journal of Constructional Steel Research

Experimental and numerical study on moment-rotation relations of


welded end-plate tubular connections
Deniz Bayraktar a,, Zeki Ay b, Ilyas Devran Celik b
a
Antalya Governorate, Directorate of Environment and Urbanism, Antalya 07300, Turkey
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Sleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32000, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Ductile behaviour of steel structures depends on mechanical properties of steel materials and steel structures are
Received 31 March 2016 designed so that plastic deformations occur on beams particularly in beam-to-column connections under cyclic
Received in revised form 13 June 2016 loads. Details on moment-resisting beam-to-column connections are given only for I-proles in the Turkish
Accepted 12 July 2016
Earthquake Code (TEC, 2007) and no details about beam-to-column connections consisting of box or circular hol-
Available online 15 July 2016
low sections is available in the relevant code. That is why there is an uncertainty in the denition of the ductility
Keywords:
level of the structural system consisting of box and circular hollow sections. The purpose of this study is to pre-
Hollow sections vent local buckling effects to occur under bending in welded connections of circular hollow sections. In this con-
Welded connections text, the contribution of cover stiffness plates of different sizes to the behaviour and the effect of plate sizes on the
Moment frames capacity were investigated numerically and experimentally. Results obtained from experimental analysis are
Moment-rotation relation given comparatively supported by ANSYS program.
Ductile behaviour 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction structure design criteria according to their own conditions and to


renew their codes in this direction.
The two most important features of steel in a structure designed Many examples in the literature demonstrate that circular hol-
using steel construction are ductility and energy absorption capacity low sections have outstanding behaviour characteristics under
under cyclic loading. In ductile structures, seismic energy is absorbed the effects of compression, tension, bending and torsion. The circu-
by plastic hinges before the occurrence of collapse mechanism. The lar hollow sections are the best section types that resist wind,
feature of steel to cause large deformation without break and its water and wave loads especially in coastal structures. Further, the
high strength makes the material an ideal material for structures to circular hollow section combines these characteristics with an ar-
be built in earthquake zones. chitecturally attractive shape. Therefore, it has been widely used
The earthquakes occurred in Northridge (Los Angeles, USA) in in many structural applications in buildings, halls, bridges, barriers,
1994 and in Hyogo-ken (Kobe, Japan) in 1995 have changed the masts, towers, offshore and special applications, such as glass
outlook on the structural performance that steel frame systems ex- houses, radio telescopes, sign gantries, parapets, cranes, jibs, sculp-
hibited under the earthquake. Although no total collapse occurred tures, etc. [1].
in any steel building in both the earthquakes, brittle fractures and It is important that designers are aware of behavioural princi-
cracks were observed on beam-to-column connections. This poor ples of joints and have knowledge about the effect of certain pa-
performance observed despite high ductility capacity of steel struc- rameters on joint in terms of making a good design using circular
tures showed that the current knowledge about these frame sys- hollow sections. In this context, design formulas in the recommen-
tems was not enough. The need to perform detailed investigations dations of IIW International Congress 2008 (IIW IC 2008) were re-
on connections in moment-resisting frame systems has arisen arranged based on the results of researches performed after the
after this experience and accordingly, many connection types rst edition of Design Guide (CIDECT) [1,2] and additional analyses
have been examined in terms of stiffness, strength and ductility. carried out. However, these arrangements have not yet been incor-
These investigations have been included in FEMA reports and porated into various international standards such as Euro Code 3
caused many countries to review the earthquake-resistant [3].
Lee and Parry [4] conducted a study on a strengthening method
in order to prevent deformations occurred on circular hollow sec-
Corresponding author. tion columns and beams that are commonly used in marine struc-
E-mail address: deniz_ceditoglu@hotmail.com (D. Bayraktar). tures under bending and axial load. The researchers observed that

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.07.020
0143-974X/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
64 D. Bayraktar et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373

Fig. 1. Overview and dimensions of the experiment apparatus setup. (a) Dimensions of the experiment apparatus setup. (b) Overview of the experimental model.

stiffening plates to be placed inside the area of effect into a beam/ The specimens in this study, was conducted at Sleyman Demirel
brace connected on a column positively affected the seismic perfor- University Steel Structures Laboratory. Details information can be
mance of the joints. Mashiri and Zhao [5] carried out an experimen- found in Ref. [12].
tal study on the welded T-joints of circular and rectangular hollow
sections. The numerical model was designed with the help of the 2. Material and method
yield line theory obtained as a result of the study. Wang and Chen
[6] studied the behaviour of the circular hollow section T-joints 2.1. Material and experimental setup
under cyclic axial load and cyclic in-plane bending. Eight experi-
ments in total were carried out. Four of the proles were exposed Experimental models were designed as shown in Fig. 1. The ver-
to cyclic axial load and the other four were exposed to bending tical and horizontal elements was designed respectively as a beam
load on a cyclic plane. It was concluded that the energy dissipating and a column and modelled in full scale. The condition of strong
mechanism for tubular joints under different load conditions columns and weak beam was sought for the selection of the cross
showed signicant differences. Yang and Kim [7] examined the be- sections of the column and beam. Circular hollow section proles
haviour of fully welded (FW) and high-strength bolted (TSD and of 219.1 mm with a wall thickness of 5 mm were used for columns
DWA) joints under cyclic loads. In the study, three test specimens and of 168.3 mm with a wall thickness of 4 mm for beams. The
were exposed to cyclic rotations until a failure occurred. It was column and beam lengths were set at 1960 mm and 980 mm, re-
found out as a result of the study that the values of the momentro- spectively. The proles were assembled using the gas metal arc
tation relationship of high-strength bolted joints (TSD and DWA) welding method and the thickness of the welding was 6 mm.
were 39% and 4.4% for initial stiffness and 28.3% and 58.6% for ulti- In the study, different sizes of end-plates were used in connections in
mate moment respectively, compared to welded junctions. order to prevent local deformations likely to occur on columns and to in-
D'Aniello et al. [8] investigated the effect of the current criteria crease joint stiffness. The beam and column connection was made direct-
that are used to classify exural behaviours of steel beam in build- ly without using any end-plate to see the contribution of the end-plates to
ings on the overall performance in their study. It was concluded the behaviour. The model created in this way was considered as reference
that rotation capacity had a signicant effect on loading condition. specimen as shown in Fig. 2.
In their study, Sharaf and Fam [9] developed a non-linear nite el- In this study, it was aimed to prevent local deformations likely to
ement analysis in order to analyse beam-to-column T-joints of occur on columns under bending in particular and to increase the stiffness
rectangular hollow sections strengthened with through-wall bolts and capacity of joints with the end-plate (stiffening plate) to be attached
inside. As a result of the study, it was observed that attaching the to the joint. Two different end-plate thicknesses, 6 and 8 mm, were used
bolts to beam walls by welding signicantly increased ductility in this study. Dimensional parameters of the end-plate used for the study
and affected strength at moderate level. Kmll [10] studied the were given in Fig. 3. Accordingly, the Va length was accepted as 66 mm,
structural behaviours of rectangular hollow section beam and cir- 91 mm and 116 mm and the Vb length as 300 mm, 350 mm and
cular hollow section column connections. As a result of the study,
it was discovered that end-plates attached to connection in this
type of joints prevented deformations occurring in the column
and ensured rigidity of the joints.
The aim of this study is to investigate ductility details of end-
plate welded moment-resisting beam-to-column connections of
steel frame systems made of circular hollow sections. An experi-
mental as well as numerical study was performed to determine
end-plate sizes of beam-to-column connections to achieve
0.04 rad relative story drift angle so that system could be identied
one with the high ductility level in the TEC 2007 [11]. Numerical
analyses of all the experimental models were performed using the
ANSYS program and the results obtained therefrom were compared to
the results from experimental analysis. Main factors affecting the rota-
tional capacity, such as sizes of elements, material characteristics, mo-
ment changes, buckling types and number of cyclic loading, were taken
into account in the analysis and experiments. Fig. 2. Overview of the reference specimen beam-column connection details.
D. Bayraktar et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373 65

Fig. 3. End plate of circular section beam-column connection. (a) Sectional view (b) Plan view (c) Beam-column connection details.

Fig. 4. Numerical models by ANSYS. (a) Overall picture of the numerical model. (b) Meshing view of the joint.

400 mm. The Ha and Hb length of end-plates were determined as required 2.2. Numerical model
by the provision contained in the CIDECT [1,2]. Accordingly, the Hb was
344 mm, half of the column's peripheral length, and the Ha was 88 mm. The experimental studies were modelled using ANSYS Workbench
Studies were carried out on a total of seven different models, being six v14 Program, a nite element analysis program. The ANSYS Workbench
specimens and one specimen without end-plate (reference specimen),
by combining the Vb with the lengths of 300, 350 and 400 mm for two dif-
ferent end-plates with end-plate thickness of 6 and 8 mm. Loading on the Table 1
Non-dimensional parameters of the models used in the study.
specimens was applied in three cycles statically incrementally and cycli-
cally by a manual pump. Item Experiment no. Parameters

Without end plate With end plate

(b1/b0) (b0/2t0) a (Ha/b0) a [b0/2(t0 + ta)]

1 M0 0,7681424 21,91
2 M1 0,7681424 21,91 1,3692377 9,96
3 M2 0,7681424 21,91 1,5974441 9,96
4 M3 0,7681424 21,91 1,8256504 9,96
5 M4 0,7681424 21,91 1,3692377 8,43
6 M5 0,7681424 21,91 1,5974441 8,43
7 M6 0,7681424 21,91 1,8256504 8,43

Table 2
Details of experimental and numerical models.

Item Experiment no. Column sizes Beam sizes End plate ANSYS no
(mm) (mm) sizes

1 S-M0 219,1-5 168,3-4 YOK A-M0


2 S-M1 219,1-5 168,3-4 300*344*6 A-M1
3 S-M2 219,1-5 168,3-4 350*344*6 A-M2
4 S-M3 219,1-5 168,3-4 400*344*6 A-M3
5 S-M4 219,1-5 168,3-4 300*344*8 A-M4
6 S-M5 219,1-5 168,3-4 350*344*8 A-M5
7 S-M6 219,1-5 168,3-4 400*344*8 A-M6
Fig. 5. and parameters.
66 D. Bayraktar et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373

Fig. 6. Deformations occurred in the joints under bending effect. (a) S-M0 (without end plate) (b) S-M1 (300X344X6) (c) S-M2 (350X344X6) (d) S-M3 (400x344x6) (e) S-M4
(300X344X8) (f) S-M5 (350X344X8) (g) S-M6 (400X344*8).

Program has the ability to perform non-linear analysis both as geomet- Column, beam, loading arm and bearing plates were modelled as shell
ric non-linearity and material non-linearity. Therefore, all elements elements and end-plates and welding were modelled as solid elements
(proles, bearing plates, welding) constituting the experimental speci- when performing numerical modelling of the system. Fig. 4 shows the
men were introduced to the program as non-linear material properties. overall picture of the numerical model.
D. Bayraktar et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373 67

Fig. 7. Comparison of load-displacement curves of the reference specimen and specimens with 6 mm thick end plate. (a) Comparison of the experimental results. (b) Comparison of the
numerical results.

2.3. Method
Q f 1jnjC 1 3
Connections created by using box section have been dened as rigid
or semi-rigid based on the condition of deformations occurred at the N0 M0
n 4
joint in the studies performed previously. Researchers have investigated N pl;0 Mpl;0
the (b1/b0) coefcient, determined based on the dimensions of
proles constituting the joint, in order to determine joint stiffness. is Beam compressive stress nb0 C 1 0; 450; 2 5
the ratio of the beam outer diameter to the column outer diameter
and is the ratio of the column outer diameter to wall thickness to Beam tensile stress n 0 C 1 0; 20 6
the column as seen in Fig. 5. The factor playing a major role in determin-
ing stiffness is the range of coefcient. It has been concluded as a result where, M1 is moment; Q u is function in design strength equation ac-
of examination of the studies performed that a ratio of close to 1 counting for the effect of geometric parameter; Qf is chord stress func-
should be selected if rigid connections are desired. In other words, it tion; fy0 is yield stress; t0 is thickness of hollow section; 1 is included
has been proposed that the column diameter and beam diameter should angle between brace/branch and the chord; d1 is external diameter of
be close to each other. On the other hand, studies showed that the resis- a CHS; n is stress ratio in CHS chord, number of bolts; C1 is coefcient
tance increase as the ratio of d0/t0 decrease or as the ratio of t0/t1 in chord stress function; N0 is axial force; Npl , 0 is axial yield capacity;
increase [1]. M0 is bending moment; and Mpl,0 is plastic moment capacity.
Moment values of the end-plate specimens were calculated using In this study, stiffening plates were attached to the joint instead
the empirical formula (Eq. (1)) for the nal moment value in the state of enlarging the beam size in order to increase the joint stiffness, pro-
where the deformation in the CIDECT [1] was in the form of beam vided that the beam and column sizes remained xed. For this pur-
plasticization. pose, an end-plate was added to the connection. For the joints
stiffened by end-plates, a refers to the ratio of the column end-
f y0 t 20 plate width (Ha) to column width, and a is the ratio of the sum of
M1 Q u Q f d1 1 the end-plate wall thickness and the column wall thickness to the
sin1
column diameter. Results obtained from the empirical formulas de-
ned in CIDECT [1] and results obtained from the experimental and
Q u 4:3 0:5 2 numerical models were evaluated comparatively, and the stiffness

Fig. 8. Comparison of load-displacement curves of the reference specimen and specimens with 8 mm thick end plate. (a) Comparison of the experimental results. (b) Comparison of the
numerical results.
68 D. Bayraktar et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373

Fig. 9. Comparison of capacity changes of the load-displacement curves of the reference specimens and the end plate specimens for different wall thicknesses. (a) Results of the
experimental analysis (300*344*6/8) (b) Results of the numerical analysis (300*344*6/8) (c) Results of the experimental analysis (350*344*6/8) (d) Results of the numerical analysis
(350*344*6/8) (e) Results of the experimental analysis (400*344*6/8) (f) Results of the numerical analysis (400*344*6/8).

of joints supported by stiffening plates is dened. Table 1 shows the and names of the models used in graphics and tables are presented
coefcients of and for the models used in the study. All experi- in Table 2.
mental and numerical results obtained in the study were evaluated
according to the coefcients dened in the Table 1, and it was 3.1. Evaluation of experimental and numerical models
attempted to dene stiffness for threshold values calculated accord-
ing to the CIDECT [1] based on deformation conditions. Thus, the ef- The specimens have the characteristic of moment-resisting
fect of the end-plate on the behaviour of connection was obtained. joints because they are of welded. External load applied at a mo-
ment-resisting joint are distributed among structural elements
without any loss. The load on the beam in the reference specimen,
3. Results analysed experimentally under cyclic static incremental loading,
is transferred to the column directly. While no deformation oc-
Numerical analyses of each specimen, prepared within the curred on the beam in the specimen S-M0 at the end of experiment,
scope of this study, were performed, as well. In this section, data it was observed that local deformations had occurred on the col-
obtained as a result of analyses performed will be evaluated in umn. This is due to the fact that deformations occurring on the col-
comparison with themselves and each other. Connection details umn absorb each other under reversible effects. In other words,
D. Bayraktar et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373 69

plastic deformations occurring on the column surface gained a form changed in these analyses for the plate of 8 mm wall thickness,
close to their rst position at the end of each cycle. Although the change of the capacity curve remained the same. This results from
level of loss of capacity at connection was low, the principle of the limitation of independent behaviour of the plate, xed to the
strong column and weak beam and maintenance of the stiffness column head only along the plate edges, under the bending. Never-
could not be achieved. theless, it could not be possible to prevent that local deformation
In order to eliminate the effects of local deformations on the col- that would occur on the 6 mm thick plate as a result of the behav-
umn, end-plates were placed to the connections. Deformations, oc- iour of end-plate independently from the column under bending.
curred on the column in the reference specimen were prevented However, although the increase in wall thickness in the 8 mm
with the end-plate in the S-M1 and S-M2 and the connection thick plate limited the deformations, it was observed that deforma-
achieved a stiffness level capable of forming plastic hinges. Thus, tions occurred on the plate did not affect capacity curve of the
the column exhibited a strength required for a rigid joint and a connection.
mechanism-induced deformation occurred on the beam in accor- In Fig. 9, capacity values for the specimens with different wall thick-
dance with the principle of strong column and weak beam. In the ness (6 and 8 mm) in the same dimensional parameters are compared
S-M3 specimen, a tearing occurred on the beam in the beam-end- with each other. Here, it was observed that 8 mm thick end-plate exhib-
plate connection border under reversible lateral loading. This re- ited more effective stiffness.
sultant situation increased in parallel to the increased number of Moment-rotation changes derived using the load-displacement
cycles. Stress concentrations occurred in the compression zone by graphs obtained from the experimental and numerical analyses are
triggering a tearing to occur on the beam in the reverse side as presented in Fig. 10. Moment values calculated using the empirical
shown in Fig. 6d. When the load applied on the specimen was re- formula given in the CIDECT [1] for end-plate specimens were
moved and the specimen was brought to the initial position, no marked as limit values in the graphs. When the moment-rotation
permanent change was observed on the column, end-plate and correlations were compared, it was observed that the moment
welding. No deformation was detected on the column in the S- values obtained by experimental studies achieved the moment
M4, S-M5 and S-M6 specimens, and a plastic hinge formed on the values calculated according to the CIDECT [1].
beam in accordance with the principle of strong column and weak
beam. That the reaction by the beam element to forces acting on
it due to its circular section structure was equal also equalized the 3.2. Evaluation of numerical models
effects of deformations on the beam. Thus, the buckling on the
beam occurred in the form of ring as shown in Fig. 6abcefg Images representing stress distributions obtained from the nu-
similar to the previous specimens. merical analyses performed using the ANSYS Program for reference
End-plates with three different dimensions were examined for specimen and end-plate specimens are presented in Fig. 11. When
two different wall thicknesses. Capacity curves for the specimens the stress distributions are examined, it is seen that these distribu-
reinforced with plates of 6 mm wall thickness are given in Fig. 7. tions are exactly the same with the results obtained from the ex-
Examination of the graphs demonstrates that capacity increase perimental analyses. In Fig. 11a, the deformation conditions
has been achieved in all end-plate specimens based on the results occurred in the connection and on the column are represented as
obtained from numerical as well as experimental analyses. When stress concentrations. These stress concentrations are distributed
the end-plate sizes were compared with each other, it was deter- and absorbed on the column starting from the connection. The lin-
mined that the biggest increase in capacity was achieved in the ear limit was exceeded in the stress concentration site and local de-
specimen with the largest plate size. formations occurred on the column remained within plastic limits.
Capacity curves for the specimens reinforced with 8 mm wall It is clear in Fig. 11b-c-d-e-f.g that the end-plates, attached to the
thickness are given in Fig. 8. Examination of the graphs demon- joint, move the stress concentrations to the end-plate border
strates that capacity increase has been achieved in all end-plate from the connection. Internal forces were absorbed on the plate
specimens based on the results obtained from numerical as well and stresses on the column reduced through the end-plates. Plastic
as experimental analyses. The most distinct point for which these deformations on the column were prevented by means of end-
graphs separated from 6 mm wall thickness is the effect of the di- plate. Thus, plastic hinge occurred on the beam and the principle
mensional changes on the capacity. Although the plate size of strong column and weak beam was achieved.

Fig. 10. A comparison of the moment-rotation curves and the CIDECT values by end plate wall thickness. (a) End plate specimens with 6 mm wall thickness. (b) End plate specimens with
8 mm wall thickness.
70 D. Bayraktar et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373

Fig. 11. Stress distributions of reference specimen and end plate specimens. (a) A-MO (without end plate) (b) A-M1 (300x344x6) (c) A-M2 (350X344X8) (d) A-M3 (400X344X8) (e) A-
M4 (300x344x8) (f) A-M5 (350X344X8) (g) A-M6 (400X344X8).

Specimens with the different wall thickness (68 mm) in the experimental and numerical analyses. The slope of the capacity
same end-plate size are compared in Fig. 12. It is evident in the g- curves in the linear site was used in calculating the stiffness. Stiff-
ures that the increase in wall thickness moves the stress distribu- ness values of all the specimens are presented comparatively in
tion on the column to a colour value representing a lower limit Figs. 13 and 14.
condition. Stiffness values of the reference specimen and the end-plate speci-
mens with a wall thickness of 6 mm and 8 mm calculated as a result
3.3. Comparison of experimental and numerical model stiffness values of the numerical and experimental analyses are presented in Fig. 13a
and b, respectively. Accordingly, it is clear from both numerical and ex-
Stiffness values for displacement with one-unit connection perimental results that an increase in stiffness has been achieved in the
were calculated using the capacity curves obtained through the end-plate specimens comparing to the reference specimen. In addition,
D. Bayraktar et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373 71

Fig. 12. Comparison of numerical analysis, stress distributions of specimens with the same size and different wall thicknesses. (a) A-M1 (300X344X6) (b) A-M4 (300X344X8) (c) A-M2
(350X344X6) (d) A-M5 (350X344X8) (e) A-M3 (400X344X6) (f) A-M6 (400X344X8).

it is observed that the end-plate length, Va, affects stiffness. The stiffness with the smallest stiffening plate, M4, different from others. This result
increases with increasing plate length, and it is more likely to achieve from surface of the end-plate welded to the column only along the plate
the principle of strong column and weak beam at the connection. An edge that acts independently. It can be said that the stiffness value de-
increase of 28% has been achieved according to results of the experi- crease as the surface area increase.
mental analysis and of 33% according to results of the numerical analysis Stiffness values of the specimens based on the results obtained from
in stiffness with the end-plate of 6 mm wall thickness attached to the the experimental and numerical analyses are evaluated under the effect
connection. of wall thickness in Fig. 14ab. Accordingly, it is observed that the joint
From the results, it was observed that the end-plates increased the stiffness increases as the wall thickness of end-plate increases; however,
stiffness of connections. However, the change in stiffness in the specimen the increase in plate size together with wall thickness does not affect
72 D. Bayraktar et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373

Fig. 13. Comparison of stiffness values. (a) Reference specimen and end plate specimens with 6 mm wall thickness. (b) Reference specimen and end plate specimens with 8 mm wall
thickness.

joint stiffness to the same extent. It is understood that this situation is While the 8 mm thick end-plate welded to the column only along
related with the type of end-plate to column connection. the plate edge works together with the column in the compression
site under bending, it acts independently in tension site exhibiting
4. Conclusion and recommendations more rigid behaviour. That the joint having stiffness more than expect-
ed causing stress concentration on the welding which leads up tearing
The aim of this study was to prevent deformations, such as web due to possible welding defects.
buckling, that were likely to occur on columns by using end-plates A sufcient stiffness and capacity value was achieved also in 6 mm
of different sizes (length-thickness) which were attached to beam- thick specimens. Furthermore, it was determined that contrary to the lit-
to-column connections designed using circular hollow sections. In erature, the plate thickness to be used could be taken as larger than column
this context, it was observed that deformations occurred on the col- wall thickness and two times smaller than beam wall thickness because de-
umn under bending effect and the strong column-weak beam behav- formations occurred on the plate remained within the acceptable limits.
iour expected from connection did not take place in the analyses
1. Another factor affecting deformation of the end-plate is the plate
performed on the specimen without end-plate. Deformations on
length. The change in plate length did not affect the capacity in the
the column were prevented in all models with an end-plate. There-
specimens with a wall thickness of 8 mm. However, this change is
fore a sufcient stiffness was ensured on the column for stress con-
reected in the capacity in the plates with a wall thickness of 6 mm.
centrations to move to the beam to achieve strong column weak
Accordingly, it will be appropriate to select longitudinal length of the
beam behaviour.
plate to be used within this range not to be shorter than 1.5 times
Most important conclusion drawn from study can be summa-
and longer than 2.5 times the beam diameter.
rized as follows.
2. Capacity values that must be achieved for proles with a diameter of
1. Local deformations occurred on the connections were prevented in the same size in the CIDECT offering reference values for the study
all specimens with end-plate of various sizes and thicknesses and were achieved with transversal length of the end-plate used. Thus,
stiffness values that would ensure the plastic hinge condition in the capacity and stiffness values of the joint reached the required
beams were achieved. level with the use of end-plate without increasing prole size and
2. Based on the recommendation that the wall thickness of end-plate an economical solution was obtained.
should be two times more of the wall thickness of beam as specied
in the literature, specimens with end-plates of two different wall The results obtained from this study represent the behaviour of the
thicknesses were tested. limited number of specimens of circular hollow section columns and

Fig. 14. Comparison of the stiffness's of 6 to 8 mm thick end plate specimens. (a) Experimental results. (b) Numerical results.
D. Bayraktar et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 126 (2016) 6373 73

beams under bending. Therefore, the results obtained are recommenda- [4] M.M.K. Lee, A.L. Parry, Strength of ring-stiffened tubular T-joints in offshore struc-
tures a numerical parametric study, J. Constr. Steel Res. 51 (1999) 421430.
tions in nature and numerical analysis can be expanded to investigate in [5] F.R. Mashiri, X.L. Zhao, Plastic mechanism analysis of welded thin-walled T-joints
a wider area. made up of circular braces and square chords under In-plane bending, Thin-Walled
Struct. 42 (2004) 759783.
[6] W. Wang, Y.Y. Chen, Hysteretic behaviour of tubular joints cyclic loading, J. Constr.
Acknowledgement Steel Res. 63 (2007) 13841395.
[7] C.M. Yang, Y.M. Kim, Cyclic behaviour of bolted and welded beam-to-column joints,
Authors wish to thank Administrative Unit of Scientic Research Int. J. Mech. Sci. 49 (2007) 635649.
[8] M. D'Aniello, R. Landolfo, V. Piluso, G. Rizzano, Ultimate behaviour of steel beams
Projects at Sleyman Demirel University for the nancial support
under non-uniform bending, J. Constr. Steel Res. 78 (2012) 144158.
(Project ID: 3672-D1-13). [9] T. Sharaf, A. Fam, Finite element analysis of bema-column T-joints of rectangular
hollow steel sections strengthened using through-wall bolts, Thin-Walled Struct.
64 (2013) 3140.
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(RHS) Beam and Circular Hollow Section (CHS) Column with Plunge Cutting
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Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, 2015.
[3] CEN, Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures, Part 18: Design of Joints, European
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