Periods in history

PREHISTORIC PERIOD- AN
INTRODUCTION
STUDY OF HISTORY: IN ITS BROADEST SENSE IS RECORD OF
HUMANITY AND ITS ACCOMPLISHMENTS.
DIVISION: HISTORY AND PREHISTORY
PREHISTORY: SPAN OF EXISTENCE BEFORE WRITTEN RECORDS
HISTORY: SPAN OF EXISTENCE AFTER WRITTEN RECORDS
PREHISTORY: SUBDIVISION
PALAEOLITHIC
MESOLITHIC
NEOLITHIC
THERE IS A SUBDIVISION OF SOCIETIES INTO:
PRESTATE AND STATE- ORGANIZED SOCIETIES
 PREHISTORIC- HISTORIC PERIODS
STATE ORGANIZED SOCIETIES OPERATE WITH A CENTRALIZED
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION.
MIDDLE AGES
IT EXTENDS APPROXIMATELY BETWEEN 500 AND 1500 .
THE TERM MIDDLE AGES MAY REFER TO THE PERIOD OF TIME
BETWEEN THE ANCIENT WORLD AND THE EARLY MODERN AGE.
EMPIRES
FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE EMPIRES THE DATE SPAN OF THE
MIDDLE AGES IS THE YEAR 476, WHEN THE ROMAN EMPIRE
OFFICIALY CAME TO AN END AND THE YEAR 1453 WHEN THE
EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE CAME TO AN END AND ITS CAPITAL CITY
CONSTANTINOPLE FELL TO INVADING TURKS
 EMPIRES- CHRISTENDOM
INSTEAD OF EMPIRES, THERE WERE FEUDAL STATES.
CHRISTENDOM
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IS THE INSTITUTION THAT UNITED ALL
EUROPE . IT WAS MORE A SPIRITUAL THAN A POLITICAL UNION.
THE POLITICAL ENTITY IT INFLUENCED WAS KNOWN AS
CHRISTENDOM.
THIS INFLUENCE HAD A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT 0N INTERNATIONAL
EVENTS AND PERSONAL LIFESTYLES THROUGHOUT THE ERA.
FOR THIS REASON, THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IS A DEFINING FACTOR
OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
THE FOUTH CENTURY MARKS THE BEGINNING OF MIDDLE AGES AS
IN THE YEAR 325 CATHOLICISM WAS LEGALIZED.
 CHRISTENDOM-
EUROPE
IN 1517, MARTIN LUTHER POSTED 95 THESES CRITICIZING THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH.
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION TOOK PLACE AND SPLIT THE
WESTERN CHURCH.
THE FALL OF CHRISTENDOM IS SOMETIMES VIEWED AS THE END OF
THE MIDDLE AGES.
EUROPE :
ITS NOT A GEOLOGICAL CONTINENT. ITS BOUNDARIES SHIFTED TOO
OFTEN.
IT WAS NOT RECOGNIZED AS A DISTINCT GEOGRAPHICAL ENTITY
DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.
THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE MAY BE CONSIDERED A TURNING
POINT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPES IDENTITY.
 EUROPE
A COMMON END IS THE LATE 15TH CENTURY WHEN NEW
EXPLTATIONS STARTED IN THE NEW WORLD. MANY
CHANGES WERE TAKING PLACE EVERYWHERE SO EUROPE
STARTED TO TAKE ON IDENTITY OF ITS OWN.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
IT IS SOMETIMES CALLED DARK AGES
IT BEGINS WITH THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
FEATURES:
THE REIGN OF CHARLEMAGNE
DANISH KINGS IN ENGLAND
CHRISTIANITY SPREAD THROUGHOUT EUROPE
 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
FEATURES:
IT TIPIFIES THE MIDDLE AGES BEST
IT EXTENDS BETWEEN THE 11TH AND THE 13TH
CENTURIES.
THE NOMRMAN CONQUEST
THE CRUSADES
THE MAGNA CARTA
FLOWERING OF A MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
FUEDALISM WAS FIRMLY ESTABLISHED IN BRITAIN AND
EUROPE.
EUROPE WAS AT AN ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL HEIGHT.

THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
IT CAN BE CHARACTERIZED AS A TRANSFORMATION FROM
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD TO THE ERLY MODERN WORLD
IT EXTENDS FROM THE 13TH TO THE 15TH CENTURY.
FEATURES:
THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR
THE BLACK DEATH
THE MOORS WERE EXPELLED FROM SPAIN.
THE CHURCH SUFFERED REDUCED STATUS.
THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE TO THE TURKS.
CITIES WERE HAVING MORE CONTROL FROM THEIR OWN
GOVERNMENTS.
 EARLY MODERN PERIOD
BETWEEN THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
FEATURES:
RISE IN THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
CAPITALISTS ECONOMIES MONITORED BY THE
NATION STATE.
FALL OR FEUDALISM
DECLINE OF THE POWER OF THE CHURCH.
THE BEGINNING OF THE EUROPEAN
 EARLY MODERN PERIOD
IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL THE VOYAGE BY
CRHISTOPHER COLOMBUS AND VASCO DA
GAMA IS A FEATURE OF MODERN TIMES.
GERMANY ENTERS THE NEW PERIOD WHEN
CHARLES V UNITED HIS REGIN IN GERMANY
AND SPAIN.
THE REFORMATION WAS ALSO IN ITS WAY.
FROM THE ECONOMIC POINT OF VIEW, THIS
PERIOD SAW THE RISE OF CAPITALIST
ECONOMIES, THE RISE OF THE ECONOMIC
THEORY OF MERCANTILISM
 MODERN WORLD-
CHARACTERISTICS
IT IS THE PRODUCT OF RECENT AND
REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES.
ADVANCES IN ALL AREAS OF HUMAN
ACTIVITY., POLITICS, SOCIETY, ECONOMICS
AND CULTURE.
POLITICS
THE CHANGE FROM FEUDAL CULTURE TO
MODERN INSTITUTIONS MARKED BY
REVOLUTIONS AND MILITARY CONFLICTS.
THE PRINCIPLE OF LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND
FRATERNITY.
 MODERN WORLD
20TH CENTURY
THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION
THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POWER OF
THE UNITED STATES.
THE GRANTING OF THE VOTE FOR WOMEN