Suwida Saelim

Napatsorn Techasooksant
1105

Blood Type Testing Lab

Abstract

This report contains data and discussions from a laboratory experiment concerning

blood types. The purpose of this blood type testing experiment is to classify blood types by

testing them with antibodies, as well as determine if blood types behave according to the law of

genetics. Blood samples were collected from one of the authors by using a lancet to punctuate

the tip of her finger. The results were that the samples that were added antibodies A and AB

showed coagulation but antibody B caused no coagulation with the blood. Therefore, this blood

is of type A because the only type of antigen that can cause agglutination when brought in

contact with antibodies A and AB is A-antigen.

Introduction

Multiple alleic traits is when trait is controlled by more than two different alleles as same as
[5]
the ABO blood group system. In 1901, Blood types were discovered by an Austrian

physician Karl Landsteiner when he decided to experiment with half a dozen of blood samples.

After some more experimentation and observations, Landsteiner concluded that this phenomenon

was due to the plasma. The ABO system is comprised of three alleles for blood type such as A,

B, and O. It can determined the persons blood group A by genotype I A I A or I A i ; blood group B

by genotype I B I B or I B i ; blood group AB by genotype I A I B ; and blood type O by genotype

ii. [2]
 Blood types are inherited from our parents, and contain certain chemicals that will react in

a certain way. One of those chemicals is called antibodies, which are present in the red blood

cells of every blood group but AB and act as an immunization to foreign blood cells. Antibodies

will react to foreign blood cells, or cells that do not contain the same type of antigenanother
[2]
type of chemical which determines the blood group. Therefore, blood type A will contain

antigen-A and antibody-B, meaning that it will react by causing coagulation when it comes in

contact with antigen-B of blood type B cells; blood type B will contain antigen-B and

antibody-A; blood type AB will contain both A and B antigens with no antibodies in the blood;
[3]
and blood type O will contain both A and B antibodies with no antigens.

Human blood type testing method is used for determining the blood type of each person

such as transfusion. In order to transfuse blood from one person to another person, antigens in

donors blood and recipients blood must be matched. For blood testing we drop three different

types of antibody A, B, AB into the blood to see if the blood coagulate with the sample blood or
[1]
not. The purpose of this experiment is to test the blood type of a person and predict all the

possible genotypes of that specific person and her parents.

Materials

2 Microscope Slides

Anti- A, -B, -AB

Markers

Lancets

Lancet Device
Ethanol

Cotton Ball

3 toothpicks

Skewer

Procedure

1. Draw two circle on each slide (1 cm diameter each)

2. Named each circle : control, anti-A, anti- B and anti-AB

3. Qualified personal will come puncture the tip of your finger by using lancet

4. Drop single blood on each circle

5. Do not put antibody on control slide

6. In the circle that marked as : Anti-A : drop a single drop of anti-A

Anti-B : drop a single drop of anti-B

Anti-AB : drop a single drop of anti-AB

7. Mix the blood by using the toothpick ( use a different toothpick for each circle)

8. Observe the result after 10 second

9. Record the result

Result
 Figure 1 : Four possible result of the ABO test that interact with antibodies

State: Coagulation/ No coagulation

Control No coagulation

Anti-A Coagulation

Anti-B No coagulation

Anti-AB Coagulation

Discussion

From the experiment, the authors were able to draw a conclusion from their observations

that one of her parents has blood type A because coagulation can be seen in her blood sample

when tested with antibody A and antibody AB. Moreover, the result shows that there are some

circles on the microscope slide that have no coagulation. That circle is circle A, we put antibody

A to combine with the blood. Which blood type A contain antigen A and antibody B,

coagulation occur when antibody-A that drops into the the blood as it attached with antigen A
while antibody A in antibody AB attach with antigen A and coagulation in antibody B will not
[1]
occur because antibody B does not recognize antigen A as a foreign. This experiment can

determine that this person has blood type A because it have no coagulation. In this case, the I A

allele is present on one locus and the I B allele is present on the other locus but it only expressed

the I A allele so the persons blood type is A. In Punnett Squares below show all the possible

genotypes that the child and the parents can have. As shown in Table 1, we can say that the

persons genotype is I A i ;and her parents genotypes is I A I A and I B i .

IA IA

IB IA IB IA IB

i IA i IA i

Table 1 : If Suwida mothers phenotype is I A I A and her fathers phenotype is I B i ,

there will be 50% chance that the child will have I A i or blood type A and 50% chance that will
have I A I B or blood type AB.

IA i

IB IA IB IB i

IB IA IB IB i

Table 2 : If Suwida mothers phenotype is I A i and her fathers phenotype is I B I B ,

there will be 50% chance that the child will have I B i or blood type B and 50% chance that will
have I A I B or blood type AB.
 IA IA

IB IA IB IA IB

IB IA IB IA IB

Table 3 : If Suwida mothers phenotype is I A I A and fathers phenotype is I B I B

,there will be 100% chance that the child will have I A I B or blood type AB. [2]

Conclusion
Suwidas blood type is A and her possible genotype is I A i

Reference

[4] O Neil, D. (2014). ABO Blood Type. Retrieved from

http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm

[3] Kenny, T. (2015, November 27). Antibodies. What are Antibodies & Antigens? Test

Information | Patient. Retrieved June 17, 2016, from

http://patient.info/health/antibody-and-antigen-tests

[1] Blood Typing. (2016, December 16). Retrieved June 17, 2015, from

https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/blood-typing/tab/test/

[5] Reece, J. (2011). Campbell Biology (9th ed., Global ed.). San Francisco: Pearson

Education.
[2] Choi, J. Biology Teacher, Advanced Biology, Section 5. (Mahidol University

Demonstration International School: Nakorn Patom, Thailand.). June 2016.