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University
College of Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering
Manufacturing Engineering I
Report: Lathe operation
Group members------------ID No
1-Yeabsra
Mekdim--------------------------ETS 1080/07
2-Wudineh Dilnesaw------------------------ETS 1070/07
3-Yeabsira Molla-----------------------------ETS 1079/07
4-Yirdaw Abebe------------------------------ETS 1093/07
5-Yohannes Sintayehu----------------------ETS 1110/07
6-Yisak Ayele----------------------------------ETS1094/07
7-Yonatan Tsegaye--------------------------TETS 156/07
8-Natnael Mirco-----------------------------ETS 0843/07
9-Biruk Wondimu---------------------------ETS 0297/07
10-Tinsae Gulema---------------------------ETS 1037/07
11-Tsegaw Zewdu---------------------------ETS 1047/07
12-Tekle Boka--------------------------------ETS 0989/07
Lathe is one of the most important machine tools in the metal working
industry. A lathe operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and a
fixed cutting tool. The cutting tool is feed into the work piece, which rotates
about its own axis, causing the work piece to be formed to the desired
shape. Lathe machine is also known as the mother/father of the entire tool
family.
HISTORY
The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to ancient Egypt and known to be
used in Assyria and ancient Greece. The lathe was very important to
the Industrial Revolution. It is known as the mother of machine tools, as it
was the first machine tool that lead to the invention of other machine
tools. [1]
The origin of turning dates to around 1300 BCE when the Ancient Egyptians
first developed a two-person lathe. One person would turn the wood work
piece with a rope while the other used a sharp tool to cut shapes in the
wood. Ancient Rome improved the Egyptian design with the addition of a
turning bow. In the Middle Ages a pedal replaced hand-operated turning,
allowing a single person to rotate the piece while working with both hands.
The pedal was usually connected to a pole, often a straight-grained sapling.
The system today is called the "spring pole" lathe. Spring pole lathes were in
common use into the early 20th century.
An important early lathe in the UK was the horizontal boring machine that
was installed in 1772 in the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich. It was horse-powered
and allowed for the production of much more accurate and stronger cannon
used with success in the American Revolutionary War in the late 18th
century. One of the key characteristics of this machine was that the
workpiece was turning as opposed to the tool, making it technically a lathe
(see attached drawing). Henry Maudslay who later developed many
improvements to the lathe worked at the Royal Arsenal from 1783 being
exposed to this machine in the Verbruggen workshop.[2]
During the Industrial Revolution, mechanized power generated by water
wheels or steam engines was transmitted to the lathe via line shafting,
allowing faster and easier work. Metalworking lathes evolved into heavier
machines with thicker, more rigid parts. Between the late 19th and mid-20th
centuries, individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line shafting as
the power source. Beginning in the 1950s,servomechanisms were applied to
the control of lathes and other machine tools via numerical control, which
often was coupled with computers to yield computerized numerical control
(CNC). Today manually controlled and CNC lathes coexist in the
manufacturing industries.
The lathe machine is one of the oldest and most important machine tools. As
early as 1569, wood lathes were in use in France. The lathe machine was
adapted to metal cutting in England during the Industrial Revolution. Lathe
machine also called Engine Lathe because the first type of lathe was
driven by a steam engine.
Working Principle
The lathe is a machine tool which holds the workpiece between two rigid and
strong supports called centers or in a chuck or face plate which revolves. The
cutting tool is rigidly held and supported in a tool post which is fed against
the revolving work. The normal cutting operations are performed with the
cutting tool fed either parallel or at right angles to the axis of the work.
The cutting tool may also be fed at an angle relative to the axis of work for
machining tapers and angles.
Metal Lathing
o Metal lathing has been a key element of the industrial revolution because a
lathe is needed for creating the common screw, a fastener without which
other high technology might not exist.
o The lathing of metal isn't limited to screw making though; another common
use of the metal lathe is in making pots and pans. Aluminum is a particularity
ideal materiel for lathe shaping items such as pots, as it is relatively
malleable, compared to steel and far less expensive than copper. Metal
lathes also are used in a plethora of other automated production scenarios.
Acrylic Lathing
o Acrylic ingots can be shaped with a lathe into a variety of useful items, the
most common of which are the grips on budget-model hand tools. Acrylic
lathing is also used to shape trophies and awards.
o Often times a piece of clear acrylic, or even occasionally other plastics, is
cast to contain a metal figure in the center having something to do with the
award in question, then spun on a lathe and changed from its cubic shape
into a rough sphere. The rough sphere then is polished to make a typical
globe trophy.
Operations of Lathe Machine
(i) Facing: This operation is almost essential for all works. In this operation,
as shown in fig., the work piece is held in the chuck and the facing tool is fed
from the center of the work piece towards the outer surface or from the outer
surface to the center, with the help of a cross-slide.
(ii) Plane Turning: It is an operation of removing excess amount of
material from the surface the surface of the cylinder work piece. In this
operation, shown in fig., the work is held either in the chuck or between
centers & the longitudinal feed is given to the tool either by hand or power.
(iii) Step Turning: It is an operation of producing various steps of different
diameters of in the work piece as shown in fig. This operation is carried out in
the similar way as plain turning.
(iv) Drilling: It is an operation of making a hole in a work piece with the
help of a drill. In this case as shown in fig., the work piece, by rotating the
tail stock hand wheel. The drill is fed normally, into the rotating work piece,
by rotating the tail stock hand wheel.
Lead screw
Provides automatic engagement for thread making and other helix profiles. It
is powered by a set of gears from the head stock.
Figure 1.3- Parts of a lathe machine
Speed
o CNC lathes are not only accurate but can be run very fast. This leads to
increased efficiency and more parts per hour. Humans have limited feed rate
ability on manual lathes. Because CNC lathes often have 12 or more tools in
a turret, they can change to another tool rather quickly.
o Most manual lathes have one tool that can be used at a time, severely
limiting the speed of the machining process if more than one tool is
necessary to complete the part. The CNC lathe can also change tools in a
fraction of a second and can feed into the parts fast thanks to power motors
seen on modern CNC lathes.
Cost Effectiveness
o Although CNC lathes can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, their
overall speed and accuracy make them a very cost effective choice, as many
operations can take place within them. Whereas you may need two or three
manual lathes and a manual mill to get a part done, you can do all of those
operations and more in a well-equipped CNC lathe. This leads to a substantial
savings on cost per part over manual machines.
o Also, the accuracy contributes to less waste through human error. Your
labor costs may seem higher due to the high cost of trained CNC lathe
programmers and machinists, but if you break it down by part, it could be
substantially lower.
Conclusion
After conducting this machine shop experiment, we have seen the different parts of a lathe
machine and also seen how it operates. We have also done a simple turning and cutting
operation. We have seen the relevance of lathe machine and its development has made real
impact on the manufacturing industry.
References
Introduction to manufacturing engineering textbook
www.studymafia.org
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com