pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a lung infection that can make you very sick. You may cough, run a fever, and
have a hard time breathing. For most people, pneumonia can be treated at home. It often
clears up in 2 to 3 weeks. But older adults, babies, and people with other diseases can become
very ill. They may need to be in the hospital.

You can get pneumonia in your daily life, such as at school or work. This is called
community-associated pneumonia. You can also get it when you are in a hospital or nursing
home. This is called healthcare-associated pneumonia. It may be more severe because you
already are ill. This topic focuses on pneumonia you get in your daily life.

What causes pneumonia?

Germs called bacteria or viruses usually cause pneumonia.

Pneumonia usually starts when you breathe the germs into your lungs. You may be more
likely to get the disease after having a cold or the flu. These illnesses make it hard for your
lungs to fight infection, so it is easier to get pneumonia. Having a long-term, or chronic,
disease like asthma, heart disease, cancer, or diabetes also makes you more likely to get
pneumonia.

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms of pneumonia caused by bacteria usually come on quickly. They may include:

Cough. You will likely cough up mucus (sputum) from your lungs. Mucus may be
rusty or green or tinged with blood.

Fever.

Fast breathing and feeling short of breath.

Shaking and "teeth-chattering" chills.

Chest pain that often feels worse when you cough or breathe in.

Fast heartbeat.

Feeling very tired or very weak.

Nausea and vomiting.

Diarrhea.

When you have mild symptoms, your doctor may call this "walking pneumonia."
Older adults may have different, fewer, or milder symptoms. They may not have a fever. Or
they may have a cough but not bring up mucus. The main sign of pneumonia in older adults
may be a change in how well they think. Confusion or delirium is common. Or, if they
already have a lung disease, that disease may get worse.

Symptoms caused by viruses are the same as those caused by bacteria. But they may come on
slowly and often are not as obvious or as bad.

Continued

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and do a physical exam. He or she may order
a chest X-ray and a complete blood count (CBC). This is usually enough for your doctor to
know if you have pneumonia. You may need more tests if you have bad symptoms, are an
older adult, or have other health problems. In general, the sicker you are, the more tests you
may need.

Your doctor may also test mucus from your lungs to find out if bacteria are causing your
pneumonia. Finding out what is causing your pneumonia can help your doctor choose the
best treatment for you.

How is it treated?
If pneumonia is caused by bacteria, your doctor will give you antibiotics. These almost
always cure pneumonia caused by bacteria. Be sure to take the antibiotics exactly as
instructed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full
course of antibiotics.

Pneumonia can make you feel very sick. But after you take antibiotics, you should start to
feel much better. Call your doctor if you do not start to feel better after 2 to 3 days of
antibiotics. Call your doctor right away if you feel worse.

There are things you can do to feel better during your treatment. Get plenty of rest and sleep,
and drink lots of liquids. Do not smoke. If your cough keeps you awake at night, talk to your
doctor about using cough medicine.

You may need to go to the hospital if you have bad symptoms, a weak immune system, or
another serious illness.

Pneumonia caused by a virus usually is not treated with antibiotics. Sometimes, antibiotics
may be used to prevent complications. But home treatment, such as rest and taking care of
your cough, usually is all that is done.

How can you prevent pneumonia?

Experts recommend immunization for children and adults. Children get the pneumococcal
vaccine as part of their routine shots. Two different types of pneumococcal vaccines are
recommended for people ages 65 and older. If you smoke, or you have a long-term health
problem, it's a good idea to get a pneumococcal vaccine. It may not keep you from getting
pneumonia. But if you do get pneumonia, you probably won't be as sick. You can also get an
influenza vaccine to prevent the flu, because sometimes people get pneumonia after having
the flu.

You can also lower your chances of getting pneumonia by staying away from people who
have a cold, measles, or chickenpox. You may get pneumonia after you have one of these
illnesses. Wash your hands often. This helps prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria that
may cause pneumonia.

(Watson, n.d.)

Watson, S. (n.d.). Retrieved march 31, 2017, from

http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/the-truth-about-mucus#1
Nursing Management for Pneumonia

Nursing Management for Pneumonia

Assessment for Pneumonia

1. Activity / rest

Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, insomnia

Signs: lethargy, decreased activity tolerance.

2.Circulation

Signs: tachycardia, the appearance of redness, or pale.

3. Food / fluid

Symptoms: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, history of diabetes mellitus

Symptoms: Abdominal consistency, dry skin with poor turgor, cachexia appearance

(malnutrition).

4. Neuro-sensory

Symptoms: headache frontal area (influenza)

Symptoms: mental destruction (confused)

5. Pain / comfort

Symptoms: headache, chest pain (increased by coughing), imralgia, arthralgia.

 Signs: protecting the sore area (sleeping on the affected side to restrict the movement)

6. Breathing

Symptoms: a history of chronic UTI, tachypnoea (shortness of breath), dyspnea.

mark:

o Sputum: pink, rusty

o perfusion: a flat area of consolidation of deaf

o premikus: taksil and vocals gradually increased with the consolidation

o decreased breath sounds

o Color: pale / cyanotic lips and nails

7. Security

Symptoms: a history of immune system disorders such as: AIDS, steroid use, fever.

Signs: sweating, chills over and over, shaking

8. Education / learning

Symptoms: a history of surgery, chronic alcohol use

Mark: indicates the average length DRG treated 6-8 days

Repatriation plan: assistance with personal care, home maintenance tasks.

 Nursing Management for Pneumonia

A. Effective airway, pulmonary ventilation is adequate and there is no secret buildup.

Plan of action:
1) Monitor respiratory status every 2 hours, examine an increase in respiratory status and
abnormal breath sounds.
2) Perform percussion, vibration and postural drainage every 4-6 hours.
3) Give appropriate oxygen therapy program.
4) Help cough up secretions / suction lenders.
5) Give the comfortable position that allows the patient to breathe.
6) Create a comfortable environment so that patients can sleep in peace.
7) Monitor blood gas analysis to assess respiratory status.
8) Give drink.
9) Provide sputum for culture / sensitivity test.

B. Patients showed improvement of ventilation, gas exchange and the optimal oxygenation of
tissues adequately.

Action Plan:
1) Observe level of consciousness, respiratory status, signs of cyanosis every 2 hours.
2) Give Fowler's position / semi-Fowler.
3) Give oxygen according to the program.
4) Monitor blood gas analysis.
5) Create a quiet environment and patient comfort.
6) Prevent the occurrence of fatigue in patients.

3. Patient will maintain normal body fluids.

Action Plan:
1) Record fluid intake and output. Encourage mothers to give fluids orally tetaap avoid milk
is thick / cold drinking stimulate coughing.
2) Monitor fluid balance mucous membranes, skin turgor, rapid pulse, decreased
consciousness, vital signs tyanda.
3) Maintain the accuracy of the droplet infusion according to the program.
4) Perform oral hygiene.

4. Patients can perform activities according to the conditions.

Action Plan:
1) Assess the patient's physical tolerance.
2) Assist patients in activities of daily activities.
3) Provide age-appropriate games with the activity of patients who did not spend much
energy adjust activities to the condition.
4) Give the O2 according to the program.
5) Give the energy needs.

NANDA International nursing diagnoses :

definitions & classification 2012-2014
Author: T Heather Herdman; North American Nursing Diagnosis Association.
Publisher: Chichester, UK. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Edition/Format
Print book : English : [Rev. ed.]View all editions and formats
:
 Database: WorldCat
Nursing diagnoses : definitions and classification is the definite guide to
Summary:
nursing diagnoses, as reviewed and approved by NANDA.

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Nursing diagnosis -- Classification.

Diagnosis -- Classification.
Subjects
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