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INTRODUCTION TO
Literary Theory
Table of Contents
Introduction to
Literary Theory
3 .................................................. Introduction
Introduction
3
Introduction
4
Introduction
5
Introduction
6
Introduction
7
Introduction
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Introduction
9
Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
21
Feminist Theory
Feminist Theory
22
Feminist Theory
23
Feminist Theory
24
Feminist Theory
25
Feminist Theory
26
Feminist Theory
27
Feminist Theory
28
Feminist Theory
29
Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
54
Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
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Feminist Theory
57
Feminist Theory
58
Feminist Theory
59
Feminist Theory
60
Feminist Theory
61
Feminist Theory
62
Feminist Theory
63
Marxist Theory
Marxist Theory
64
Marxist Theory
65
Marxist Theory
66
Marxist Theory
67
Marxist Theory
68
Marxist Theory
economic power
69
Marxist Theory
economic power
materialism versus spirituality
70
Marxist Theory
economic power
materialism versus spirituality
class conflict
71
Marxist Theory
economic power
materialism versus spirituality
class conflict
art, literature, and ideologies
72
Marxist Theory
Economic Power
73
Marxist Theory
Economic Power
74
Marxist Theory
Economic Power
75
Marxist Theory
Economic Power
76
Marxist Theory
Economic Power
77
Marxist Theory
78
Marxist Theory
79
Marxist Theory
80
Marxist Theory
Class Conflict
A Capitalist society will inevitability experience
conflict between its social classes.
81
Marxist Theory
Class Conflict
A Capitalist society will inevitability experience
conflict between its social classes.
The owners and the workers will have different
ideas about the division of the wealth generated,
and the owners will ultimately make the
decision.
82
Marxist Theory
Class Conflict
A Capitalist society will inevitability experience
conflict between its social classes.
The owners and the workers will have different
ideas about the division of the wealth generated,
and the owners will ultimately make the
decision.
This constant conflict, or dialectical
materialism, is what instigates change.
83
Marxist Theory
Class Conflict
The bourgeoisie present their political, economic,
and social structures as the only reasonable ones.
The proletariat, indoctrinated from birth to have
pride in their station, are prevented from
wanting to overthrow their oppressors
(ironically, the smaller and actually less-powerful
group).
84
Marxist Theory
Class Conflict
The bourgeoisie present their political, economic,
and social structures as the only reasonable ones.
The proletariat, indoctrinated from birth to have
pride in their station, are prevented from
wanting to overthrow their oppressors
(ironically, the smaller and actually less-powerful
group).
The only real social division is class. Divisions of
race, ethnicity, gender, and religion are artificial,
devised by the bourgeoisie to distract the
proletariat from realizing their unity and
rebelling against their oppressors.
85
Marxist Theory
Class Conflict
Marx called on the proletariat to reject the social
structure of the bourgeoisie, the rules that would
keep them subservient forever, and form their
own values. Such a course would be the only way
to escape the oppression, for the proletariat
could never defeat the bourgeoisie on its own
terms. For the workers to win, they must
establish new terms.
86
Marxist Theory
87
Marxist Theory
88
Marxist Theory
89
Marxist Theory
91
Marxist Theory
92
Marxist Theory
93
Marxist Theory
94
Marxist Theory
96
Marxist Theory
97
Marxist Theory
98
Marxist Theory
99
Marxist Theory
101
Marxist Theory
102
Marxist Theory
103
Marxist Theory
104
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
Psychoanalytic
or Freudian Theory
105
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
106
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
107
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
108
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
109
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
110
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
111
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
112
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
114
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
115
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
117
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
118
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
119
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
121
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
122
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
123
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
124
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
125
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
126
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
128
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
129
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
130
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
131
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
132
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
133
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
134
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
135
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
136
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
137
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
139
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
140
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
141
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
142
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
143
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
144
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
145
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
146
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
147
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
148
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
149
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
151
Psychoanalytic or Freudian Theory
152
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal or
Mythological Theory
153
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
154
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
155
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
156
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
157
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
158
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
159
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
1. archetypal characters
160
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
1. archetypal characters
2. archetypal images
161
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
1. archetypal characters
2. archetypal images
3. archetypal situations
162
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the HERO:
a figure, often larger than life, whose search
for identity and/or fulfillment results in his
or her destruction (often accompanied by
the destruction of society in general).
163
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the HERO:
a figure, often larger than life, whose search
for identity and/or fulfillment results in his
or her destruction (often accompanied by
the destruction of society in general).
The aftermath of the death of the hero,
however, results in progress toward some
ideal.
164
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the HERO:
While this applies to modern superheroes
such as Superman (Clark Kent, searching for
the balance between his super self and his
mortal identity), it also applies to the central
figures in many religions.
165
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the HERO:
Christianitys Jesus, who must come to terms
with his destiny as the Messiah, Judaisms
Moses, reluctant to fulfill his assigned
destiny as the leader of the Israelites, and
thousands of other literary and religious
figures throughout history are examples of
the archetype.
166
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the HERO:
Christianitys Jesus, who must come to terms
with his destiny as the Messiah, Judaisms
Moses, reluctant to fulfill his assigned
destiny as the leader of the Israelites, and
thousands of other literary and religious
figures throughout history are examples of
the archetype.
Variations of the HERO figure include the
orphaned prince or the lost chieftains son
raised ignorant of his heritage until he is
167
rediscovered (King Arthur, Theseus).
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the SCAPEGOAT:
an innocent character on whom a situation is
blamedor who assumes the blame for a
situationand is punished in place of the
truly guilty party, thus removing the guilt
from the culprit and from society.
168
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
169
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
170
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
171
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
172
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
173
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
174
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the VILLAIN:
the male or female personification of evil.
175
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the VILLAIN:
the male or female personification of evil.
While nearly all works of literature include
an antagonist to provide conflict with the
protagonist, not all antagonists are villains.
176
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the VILLAIN:
Villains personify evil. Their malice is often
apparently unmotivated, or is motivated by a
single grievance from the past. The villains
malice is often limitless, and rarely is the
villain reformed within the context of the
story. Examples of archetypal villains are
Satan and Loki, from Norse mythology.
177
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
178
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
179
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the TEMPTRESS:
the female who possesses what the male
desires and uses his desire (either
intentionally or unintentionally) as a means
to his ultimate destruction. Examples are
Eve, Juliet, Lady Macbeth.
180
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
181
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
182
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the SAGE:
largely of Eastern origin, the sage is the
elderly wise man, the teacher or mentor.
Examples from Western literature would be
Merlin and Tiresias.
183
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
the SAGE:
largely of Eastern origin, the sage is the
elderly wise man, the teacher or mentor.
Examples from Western literature would be
Merlin and Tiresias.
Yoda from Star Wars and Gandalf from The
Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are
contemporary derivations.
184
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
185
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
186
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
187
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Characters
188
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
COLORS:
red as blood, anger, passion, violence;
189
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
COLORS:
red as blood, anger, passion, violence;
gold as greatness, value, wealth;
190
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
COLORS:
red as blood, anger, passion, violence;
gold as greatness, value, wealth;
green as fertility, luxury, growth;
191
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
COLORS:
red as blood, anger, passion, violence;
gold as greatness, value, wealth;
green as fertility, luxury, growth;
blue (the color of the sky) as peace, serenity;
192
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
COLORS:
red as blood, anger, passion, violence;
gold as greatness, value, wealth;
green as fertility, luxury, growth;
blue (the color of the sky) as peace, serenity;
white as purity, goodness, God-like holiness,
etc.
193
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
NUMBERS:
three for the Christian Trinity, stability (a
stand with three legs can stand steadily on
most surfaces);
194
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
NUMBERS:
three for the Christian Trinity, stability (a
stand with three legs can stand steadily on
most surfaces);
four for the four seasons, the four ancient
elements (earth, water, fire, air);
195
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
NUMBERS:
three for the Christian Trinity, stability (a
stand with three legs can stand steadily on
most surfaces);
four for the four seasons, the four ancient
elements (earth, water, fire, air);
twelve for the months of the year, the tribes
of ancient Israel, the apostles of Jesus.
196
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
WATER:
the source of life and sustenance; cleansing
or purification; baptism.
197
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
FIRE:
ambiguously both protective and destructive;
198
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
FIRE:
ambiguously both protective and destructive;
on an archetypal level, fire often symbolizes
human knowledge and industry (Prometheus
stole fire from the gods and gave it to
humankind when there were no other gifts
left to give.)
199
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
200
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
201
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
202
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
203
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
GARDENS:
natural abundance;
204
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
GARDENS:
natural abundance;
easy, beautiful life;
205
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
GARDENS:
natural abundance;
easy, beautiful life;
new birth, hope;
206
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
GARDENS:
natural abundance;
easy, beautiful life;
new birth, hope;
Eden, the original Paradise from which
humankind was expelled.
207
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
GEOMETRIC SHAPES:
a triangle for the Trinity
208
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
GEOMETRIC SHAPES:
a triangle for the Trinity
a circle for perfection and eternity,
wholeness, union.
209
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
CELESTIAL BODIES:
the sun (masculine) is both the giver and
destroyer of life.
210
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
CELESTIAL BODIES:
the sun (masculine) is both the giver and
destroyer of life
the moon (feminine) marks the passage of
time and controls the course of human
events. Planting, harvesting, etc., are all
determined more by the phases of the moon
than the progress of the sun.
211
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
MASCULINE IMAGES/SYMBOLS:
columns
212
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
MASCULINE IMAGES/SYMBOLS:
columns
towers
213
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
MASCULINE IMAGES/SYMBOLS:
columns
towers
boats
214
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
MASCULINE IMAGES/SYMBOLS:
columns
towers
boats
trees
215
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
MASCULINE IMAGES/SYMBOLS:
columns
towers
boats
trees
etc.
216
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
FEMININE IMAGES/SYMBOLS:
bodies of water
217
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
FEMININE IMAGES/SYMBOLS:
bodies of water
caves
218
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
FEMININE IMAGES/SYMBOLS:
bodies of water
caves
doorways
219
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
FEMININE IMAGES/SYMBOLS:
bodies of water
caves
doorways
windows.
220
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
CAVES:
ambiguously can represent the womb (the
source of life) and the grave.
221
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
CAVES:
ambiguously can represent the womb (the
source of life) and the grave
often represent the entrance to the
underworld (related to the grave), as well as
to the unexplored regions of the human
mind and soul.
222
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Images
223
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
the QUEST:
the heros endeavor to establish his or her
identity or fulfill his or her destiny.
224
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
225
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
226
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
227
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
228
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
INITIATION:
coming of age, rites of passage. Some
examples include the first hunt, weddings,
teenage angst films.
229
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
THE FALL:
any event that marks a loss of innocence; a
devolution from a paradisiacal life or
viewpoint to a tainted one.
230
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
REDEMPTIVE SACRIFICE:
any voluntary loss, especially a loss of life,
that results in anothers gaining or regaining
a desired state.
231
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
232
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
233
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
234
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
235
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
236
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
the TABOO:
the commission of a culturally forbidden act,
such as incest or patricide, often
unknowingly or inevitably. Any act or
attitude that can be seen as unnatural, a
crime against the ways Nature is supposed
to operate.
237
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
Archetypal Situations
the BANQUET:
fellowship; nourishment of the body and
soul; display of wealth; often used as a
symbol for salvation, Heaven.
238
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
239
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
240
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
241
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
242
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
243
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
244
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
245
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
246
Mythological or Archetypal Theory
247
New Historicism
New Historicism
248
New Historicism
249
New Historicism
250
New Historicism
251
New Historicism
252
New Historicism
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New Historicism
255
New Historicism
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New Historicism
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New Historicism
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New Historicism
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New Historicism
261
New Historicism
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New Historicism
263
New Historicism
Instead, ask:
264
New Historicism
Instead, ask:
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New Historicism
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New Historicism
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New Historicism
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New Historicism
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New Historicism
270
New Historicism
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New Historicism
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New Historicism
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New Historicism
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New Historicism
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Formalism
Formalism
295
Formalism
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Formalism
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Formalism
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Formalism
Diction
314
Formalism
Diction
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Formalism
Diction
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Formalism
Diction
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Formalism
Diction
318
Formalism
Diction
319
Formalism
Diction
320
Formalism
Diction
321
Formalism
Diction
322
Formalism
Incongruities or Inconsistencies
323
Formalism
Incongruities or Inconsistencies
324
Formalism
Incongruities or Inconsistencies
325
Formalism
Incongruities or Inconsistencies
326
Formalism
Incongruities or Inconsistencies
327
Formalism
Incongruities or Inconsistencies
328
Formalism
Incongruities or Inconsistencies
329
Formalism
Incongruities or Inconsistencies
330
Formalism
Incongruities or Inconsistencies
331
Formalism
Incongruities or Inconsistencies
333
Formalism
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Introduction to
Literary Theory
WRITTEN AND
EDITED BY
Douglas Grudzina