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6, JUNE 2009
AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the outage probability and The study of the impact of outdated channel state infor-
diversity order of opportunistic relay selection in a scenario based mation (CSI) on ORS has been addressed in some works.
on decode and forward and where the available channel state in- For instance, it was shown in [7] that a selection relaying
formation (CSI) is outdated. The study is conducted analytically
by obtaining a closed-form expression for the outage probability, mechanism based on localization knowledge can outperform
which is defined as the probability that the instantaneous capacity an opportunistic scheme with instantaneous information. The
is below a target value. We derive high-SNR approximations reason for that was that the system may work better when
for the outage probability. By doing so, we demonstrate that decisions are made based on location information instead
the diversity order of the system is reduced to 1 when CSI is of instantaneous but outdated CSI. The viability of using a
outdated, being this behavior independent of the level of CSI
accuracy. A physical explanation for this extreme loss of diversity cooperative scheme in WiMAX networks was addressed in [8],
is provided along with numerical results to support the analytical showing that ORS-based cooperation causes a performance
study. loss when the available CSI is outdated and the number of
Index TermsCooperative communications, opportunistic re- relays is low.
lay selection, outdated CSI, diversity gain. In this paper, we concentrate our efforts on the analytical
study of the behavior of ORS when CSI is outdated and the
I. I NTRODUCTION relaying strategy is based on decode and forward. To do so, we
C OOPERATIVE diversity has been shown to be an ef- derive the exact expression for the outage probability. Since
ficient way to combat wireless impairments using low the provided expression is barely tractable, we also provide
complexity terminals [1][3]. Basically, these schemes allow an approximation for the high-SNR regime. By doing so, we
for the exploitation of spatial diversity gains without the prove that the diversity order of the system is always equal
need of multi-antenna technology. Different spatial paths are to 1 when available CSI is not exact, regardless the degree of
provided by sending/receiving the information to/from a set of accuracy.
cooperating terminals working as relays. By doing so, most
of the advantages of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) II. S YSTEM M ODEL
techniques [4] can be extracted while keeping the complexity Consider a wireless network where one mobile unit (source)
of the individual terminals reduced. sends information to the base station (destination). In order
Among the set of cooperative techniques, opportunistic to improve system performance, a cooperative mechanism is
relay selection (ORS) is a useful strategy for practical imple- considered. In particular, an ORS strategy is adopted in a
mentation [5], [6]. This is because ORS is a low complexity scenario with K mobile units of the network working as
strategy consisting only in activating the best relay (in accor- relays. For the sake of notation simplicity, we define an
dance to a given performance metric). Apart from the inherent arbitrary link A-B between two nodes A and B. Node A can
simplicity of the proposed technique, this strategy avoids the be the source (A=S) or the k-th relay (A=k), while node B
need of synchronization (needed by most distributed space- can correspond to the k-th relay (B=k) or to the destination
time coding schemes) and reduces the power consumption of (B=D). With this model in mind, the received signal in the
the terminals. link A-B can be written as follows:
When ORS is implemented in a real system, however, there
may exist a delay between the instant when the relay selection rB = hA,B xA + nB
process is encompassed and the actual transmission of data
where xA C is the transmitted
symbol from node A
from the selected relay. In other words, the channel state of the
with power PA = E |xA |2 , nB C is AWGN noise
selected relay at the selection decision instant can substantially
with zero mean and variance n2 (independent of the value
differ from the actual channel during data transmission and,
of B), hA,B C is the channel response between nodes
as a result, system performance is affected.
A and B modeled as hA,B CN (0, 1) (Rayleigh fading).
Manuscript received July 11, 2008; revised November 17, 2008; accepted For mathematical convenience, we assume a block-fading
February 27, 2009. The associate editor coordinating the review of this letter channel where the channel response remains constant during
and approving it for publication was Y.-C. Ko.
The authors are with the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), one time-slot and that the different channels (for changing
08193 Bellaterra, Spain (e-mail: vicario@ieee.org; {albert.bel, jose.salcedo, A or B) are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.).
gonzalo.seco}@uab.es). Concerning power allocation, we consider that total transmit
This work was supported by the Spanish Government Project TEC2008-
06305/TEC. power of the system, P , is evenly distributed among the source
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TWC.2009.081561 and the selected relay, k , i.e. PS =Pk =0.5P . We denote
1536-1276/09$25.00
c 2009 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 6, JUNE 2009 2873
Proof: The proof is provided in the Appendix. remaining values of , the proof can also easily derived
From the above expression, however, it is difficult to analyze as follows. Clearly, the outage probability is a decreasing
the behavior of the system. In order to gain some insight, we function in . Therefore, by defining as an arbitrary value
consider the asymptotic high SNR regime in the next section. of (different from the cases = 1, = 0, 1 and 0),
the following expression can be written:
IV. A SYMPTOTIC A NALYSIS
Pout,high (y) Pout, (y) Pout,low (y)
Before starting to analyze the scheme with outdated CSI, it
is worth noting that one can easily verify after some algebra By applying now the diversity definition in the expression
that when = 1 (ideal scenario) the outage probability above, one can verify that the following inequalities hold:
derived in the previous section simplifies to the well-known
expression: dlow d dhigh
K
2y
Pout (y) = 1 e
Since the diversity order is the same for the extreme cases
which can be expressed as follows for the asymptotic SNR (dlow = dhigh = 1), one can conclude that the diversity
):
regime ( order is always equal to one when < 1.
K Although the behavior of the diversity gain could seem
K
2y 1 surprising at first sight (specially for 1), the observed effect
Pout (y) = +o (3)
has a logical physical interpretation. When
= 1 there exists a
non-zero probability that the worst relay is chosen. This relay
By defining diversity order as contributes with a 1/ term to the outage probability (i.e.,
d=lim log(Pout )/ log( ), one can easily check diversity gain of order 1). As the SNR grows this effect is
that the proposed scheme attains diversity order K when the emphasized, becoming in the asymptotic regime the dominant
CSI knowledge is perfect. However, for < 1 the diversity term of the outage probability expression (as proven in the
of the system is substantially penalized as shown below. Appendix).
Theorem 2: Let a scenario with asymptotic high SNR.
Then, the outage expression can be expressed as:
V. N UMERICAL E VALUATION AND D ISCUSSION
y 1
Pout,high (y) = K! (1 2 )K1 + o (4) As far as the numerical evaluation is concerned, we consider
a scenario with K=5 relays and target rate R = 1 bit/s/Hz. In
for high values of ( 1 ), whereas for low values of Figure 2, we present outage probability results obtained for
( 0+ ) the outage approximation amounts to: values of =1, 0.995 and 0.1. To facilitate the comparison,
y K
1 we also provide results related to the case with a single relay
2
Pout,low (y) = 1+ 1 1/k +o (5) (K=1). As observed in the figure, the theoretical expression
k=1 given by (2) completely agrees with the simulated curves.
Proof: The proof is provided in the Appendix. Concerning the derived high SNR approximations, these are
It is worth noting that we have only analyzed the cases quite accurate for SNRs beyond 15 and 35 dB for low and
1 and 0 for the ease of mathematical tractability. high values, respectively. As expected, better results are
As we will show later, however, the study is very relevant obtained by increasing but, even in the case =0.995, the
as it shows that the loss of diversity gain is independent of diversity gain is always one when
=1. This can be clearly
the level of CSI accuracy. In the first case, we observe that observed in the figure as the curves obtained for outdated
outage probability decays exponentially as a function of the CSI are parallel to the case with K=1. It is worth noting that
number of relays. In the case that 0, however, we observe an additional gain is obtained with =0.1 when compared to
that using more relays reduces the outage the single relay case. Apart from the selection gain discussed
K capacity following
the well-known selection gain term k=1 1/k. However, the in the previous section, this effect is motivated by the fact
sensibility of such reduction in terms of the number of relays is that the reliability of the source-to-relay link improves with
substantially lower than in the previous case. This effect comes K as there exist more candidates for the decoding subset.
from the fact that the selection tends to be random when Finally, one can observe a similar behavior for the slope of
is close to 0 and, then, selection gains cannot be efficiently the curves associated with =0.995 and =1 in the medium
exploited. As a final remark, it can be clearly observed that SNR range. This is because the impact of a possible wrong
in both cases the diversity order is the same, as expressed by relay selection on system performance is emphasized in the
the following Corollary. high-SNR region. Therefore, a deeper study in the medium
Corollary 1: The diversity order of the proposed relay SNR regime is necessary as practical systems usually work
selection mechanism can only take two possible values: there. Nonetheless, this issue is out of the scope of this paper
and is left for future research.
1 if <1
d=
K if =1
A PPENDIX
Proof: For the cases = 1, = 0, 1 and 0,
the corollary immediately results from applying the diversity In this appendix we provide the proofs of Theorems 1 and
definition, d=lim log(Pout )/ log(
), to (3)-(5). For the 2.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 6, JUNE 2009 2875
4
10
(5) with =0.1
Finally, by plugging (8) and (7) into (6) and noting that the
=0.995 first term is related to the case that l=0, one can easily verify
6
10 =1
that expression (2) holds.
B. Proof of Theorem 2
8
10
(4) with =0.995
In the asymptotic high SNR regime, we have that 1/ 0.
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Then, we can use the Taylor series of the exponential function
centered at 0 (i.e., ex = 1 + x + x2 /2! + x3 /3! + ...) to rewrite
System SNR (dB)