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1. Motherboard
A motherboard is the main printed circuit board in a computer that contains the central
processing unit, appropriate coprocessor and support chips, device controllers, memory,
and also expansion slots to give access to the computers internal bus. The motherboard is
the PCs centre of activity. All devices in a computer are in some way connected to the
motherboard.
The motherboard is mounted inside the case, opposite the most easily accessible side. It is
securely attached via small screws through pre-drilled holes. The front of the
motherboard contains ports that all of the internal components connect to. A single socket
/slot houses the CPU. Multiple slots allow for one or more memory modules to be
attached. Other ports reside on the motherboard, which allow the floppy drive, hard drive
and optical drive to connect via ribbon cables. Small wires from the front of the computer
case connect to the motherboard to allow the power, reset and LED lights to function.
Power from the power supply is delivered to the motherboard by use of a specially
designed port[2].
2.Types of Motherboard
2.1 XT Motherboard
XT Stands for eXtended Technology. These are all old model motherboard. In
thismotherboard, we find old model processor socket LIF (Low Insertion Force) sockets;
ram slots Dimms and ISA (Industry Standards Architecture) slots, 12pin Power Connector
and no ports.They have slot type processors, Dimms memory modules, ISA slots for add-
on card, and no ports. There are connectors and add-on cards for ports[3].
Eg: Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium -II and Pentium-II Processors.
Fig.2 XT Motherboard[3]
2.2 AT Motherboard
AT stands for Advanced Technology. Advanced Technology Motherboards have PGA (Pin
Grid Array) Socket, SD Ram slots, 20pin power connector PCI slots and ISA slots. We
find the above components on AT motherboards[3].
Eg: Pentium-III Processors
3. Motherboard Components
Below is a listing of links that describe each of the above mentioned motherboard
components in additional detail [1].
Clock Generator
CPU socket
Memory Socket
ROM Bios
CMOS Ram
Battery
Chipset
Expansion Slot
AGP Port
IDE Ports
Floppy Disk port
IO Connectors/USB ports
Main Power Connector
Front Panel Connecting
3.1Clock Generator
Clock generator on the mother board will generate the clock signal called System clock
Bus or, Front clock Bus.
Front side bus clock will be multiplied by the multiplying Front side bus clock will be
multiplied by the multiplying circuit to make frequency high enough to reach the core
clock frequency of the CPU.
For example if the front side bus is 100Mhz and the core, clock of the CPU is 1.1Ghz the
front side bus must be multiplied by 11 ( 100 x 11 = 1100Mhz or 1.1Ghz ) [1].
There are 3 type of CPU Socket that are currently popular in the market,
2. Socket 370 this socket is for CPU Pentium III, Celeron II and Cyrix C3,
3. Socket A or called socket 462, this socket is for CPU AMD Athlon and Duron.
All of the 3 type of socket are ZIF (zero insert force) socket the CPU can be inserted
in to the socket without having to be forced [1].
A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot is what allows computer memory (RAM) to
be inserted into the computer. Depending on the motherboard, there will usually be 2 to 4
memory slots (sometimes more on high-end motherboards) and are what determine the
type of RAM used with the computer. The most common types of RAM are SDRAM and
DDR for desktop computers and SODIMM for laptop computers, each having various
types and speeds. In the below picture, is an example of what memory slots may look like
inside a desktop computer. In this picture, there are three open available slots for three
memory sticks [15].
BIOS ( Basic Input Output System ) BIOS is a program that work as a part of the
hardware, the program is stored in the read only memory ( ROM ) ROM can retain
BIOSpermanently even though electric power was removed fromthe system[1].
batteries. These batteries allow for the CMOS RAM, on its tiny 64-bye region, to retain
data even when the PC has[5]
3.6 Battery
This is a 3 volt battery, this battery supplies the power to CMOS ram for CMOS ram to
retain the information during system powered off, the battery may be last for 5 or 6
years[1]
Fig.11 Battery[1]
When the battery is weak the PC will show and inaccurate time of day clock, or show
CMOS check sum error message during boot, at this time the user defined information in
the CMOS ram may be lost, the PC may be still able to run by the default value in BIOS
that was defined by manufacturer [1].
3.7 Chipset
Chip set is a set of IC, used to be many ICs work together to provide support to CPU and
I/O ( input out device ) and make the whole system Mother Board Component works,
currently the chipset are integrated in to very few large scale IC[1].
Eg.
AGP - Video card
AMR - Modem, Sound card
CNR - Modem, Network card, Sound card
EISA - SCSI, Network card, Video card
IDE ports, the 40 pin connector, these ports are for connecting hard disk drives[1].
connectors 2 floppy drives can be connected, one drive at the end of the cable is drive A
the other drive is at the middle of the cable and is drive B[1].
HD+, HD- to connect to the hard disk indicator at front of the PC, when hard disk is
working the HDD indicator at the front of the case will blink.
Power Led +, Power Led- to connect to the power on indicator at the front of the PC
when the PC is powered on the indicator will turns on.
MSG +, MSG - to connect to the Led indicator at the front of the PC, this light will
turns on when the PC is in standby mode.
Power +, Power - to connect to the power on/off switch at the front of the PC.
RES+, RES- to connect to the Reset switch from the frontof the PC.
BIOS
Bus
Cache memory
Chipset
Diode
Dip switches
Electrolytic
Fuse
Game port and MIDI header
Internal speaker
Keyboard controller
LCC (Leadless Chip Carrier)
Network header
Obsolete expansion slots (AMR, CNR, EISA, ISA, VESA)
Obsolete memory slots (SIMM- SingleIn-line Memory Module)
Onboard LED (Light Emitting Diode)
5.Booting Process
5.1 Booting Process
Booting is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a
computer system. The boot loader typically loads the main operating system for the
computer[10].
5.1.1 Booting
Booting is a process or set of operations that loads and hence starts the operating system,
starting from the point when user switches on the power button[9].
CPU pins are reset and registers are set to specific value.
CPU jump to address of BIOS (0xFFFF0).
BIOS run POST (Power-On Self Test) and other necessary checks.
BIOS jumps to MBR (Master Boot Record).
Primary Boot loader runs from MBR and jumps to Secondary Boot loader.
As soon as we turn the power button, the reset signal is sent and the registers in the CPU
are set to their predefined value. The first and foremost is the reset vector as shown in the
figure. It should be noted that RAM contains the garbage value at this time, and the
instructions/data stored at any memory location is due to the memory map of the chipset.
Memory map maps the location (address) to flash memory containing values or
instructions. It is ensured that the instruction stored at this reset vector location is jump to
system BIOS, as BIOS takes up further process of powering up the system[2].
Fig.20Booting Sequence[9]
POST- Power on Self Test is the foremost routine which checks and tests the basic
hardware. If it fails then it displays error. Initialization of the hardware devices by letting
them runs their individual BIOS[9].
A sector is a part of the hard disk having length of 512 bytes. A sector is termed as boot
sector because of its location and because this sector is responsible for the furtherboot
process of the system.
Fig.21Boot Sector[8]
This boot sector is generally called Master Boot Record. The MBR is a 512-byte sector,
which is located in the first sector on the disk (sector 1 of cylinder 0, head 0). As soon as
BIOS gets the boot sector, it tends to copy MBR to RAM and switches the execution
authority to it[9].
In the MBR the first 446 bytes are the primary boot loader, which is also referred to
asPBL.The next sixty-four bytes are the partition table, which has the record for each of
the partitions[1].
Conclusion
This report gives what is Booting Process? Means Booting is a process or set of
operations that loads and hence starts the operating system, starting from the point when
user switches on the power button, How computer Boots up?, Motherboard Means main
circuit board of your computers and have many components.
References
1. www.oocities.org/inhs_iloilo/References/motherboard.pdf
2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/28965773/Motherboard-Project motherboard
3. http://hardwareclasses.blogspot.in/2012/07/motherboard-types-and-differences.html
types
4. http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mothboar.htm
5. http://www.tech-faq.com/cmos-ram.html
6. www.microdesignsinc.com
7. http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expaslot.htm expansion
8. www.karbosguide.com boot sector
9. http://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/how-computer-pc-boots-up
10. http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090321073607AAxvrKi