SPEED CONTROL OF 3PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR USING IGBT

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DIPLOMA OF
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OF

KOLAGHAT GOVERNMENT
POLYTECHNIC 2016
By
ENAMUL MONDAL (D141525068)
MAHUA SANTRA (D1415250XX)
SAHINUR ISLAM (D141525067)
DIPANKAR MISTRY (D1415250XX)
BAISHALI MAJUMDAR (D1415250XX)
 SAMAR BHOUMIK (D1415250XX)
SAYAN (D1415250XX)
ANIMESH KAR (D1415250XX)
SUBHASH DAS BAISNAB (D1415250XX)
PRAFUL EKKA (D1415250XX)
HIMAN BARMAN (D1415250XX)
KANALAKANTA TAMILI (D1415250XX)

Under the guidance of

PROF. ABHISKEKH KU. SEN

Signature of the H.O.D Signature of the

Project guidance
ABSTRACT

COMPONENT USED :-
 1. INDUCTION MOTOR
2. TIMER(555)
3. MOC 3061
4. IGBT(FKPF12N60)
5. 1N4148
6. RESISTORS

1.INDUCTION MOTOR :-
NAMEPLATE PARAMETERS
A typical nameplate of an induction motor lists the following
parameters:
Rated terminal supply voltage in Volts
Rated frequency of the supply in Hz
Rated current in Amps
Base speed in RPM
Power rating in Watts or Horsepower (HP)
Rated torque in Newton Meters or Pound-Inches
Slip speed in RPM, or slip frequency in Hz
Winding insulation type - Class A, B, F or H
Type of stator connection (for 3-phase only), star(Y) or delta ()
When the rated voltage and frequency are applied to the
terminals of an induction motor, it draws the rated current (or
corresponding power) and runs at base speed and can deliver the
rated torque.
MOTOR ROTATION
When the rated AC supply is applied to the stator wind-ings, it
generates a magnetic flux of constant magni-tude, rotating at
synchronous speed. The flux passes through the air gap, sweeps
past the rotor surface and through the stationary rotor
conductors. An electro-motive force (EMF) is induced in the rotor
conductors due to the relative speed differences between the
rotat-ing flux and stationary conductors.
The frequency of the induced EMF is the same as the supply
frequency. Its magnitude is proportional to the relative velocity
between the flux and the conductors. Since the rotor bars are
shorted at the ends, the EMF induced produces a current in the
rotor conductors. The direction of the rotor current opposes the
relative velocity between rotating flux produced by stator and
stationary rotor conductors (per Lenz's law).
To reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts rotating in the same
direction as that of flux and tries to catch up with the rotating
flux. But in practice, the rotor never succeeds in 'catching up' to
the stator field. So, the rotor runs slower than the speed of the
stator field. This difference in speed is called slip speed. This slip
speed depends upon the mechanical load on the motor shaft. The
frequency and speed of the motor, with respect to the input
supply, is called the synchronous frequency and synchronous
speed. Synchronous speed is directly proportional to the ratio
of supply frequency and number of poles in the motor.
Synchronous speed of an induction motor is shown in Equation 1.
EQUATION 1:
Synchronous Speed (Ns) = 120 x F/P ,where: -
F= rated frequency of the motor
P= number of poles in the motor

Note 1: The number of poles is the number of parallel paths for

current flow in the stator.
2: The number of poles is always an even number to
balance the current flow.
3: 4-pole motors are the most widely used motors.
Synchronous speed is the speed at which the stator flux rotates.
Rotor flux rotates slower than synchronous speed by the slip
speed. This speed is called the base speed. The speed listed on
the motor nameplate is the base speed. Some manufacturers also
provide the slip as a percentage of synchronous speed as shown
in Equation 2.
Base Speed N = Synchronous Speed - Slip Speed (Synchronous
Speed - Base Speed) x 100
Note- 1: Percentage of slip varies with load on the motor shaft.
2: As the load increases, the slip also increases.

INDUCTION MOTOR TYPES

Based on the construction of the
rotor, induction motors are broadly
classified in two categories: squirrel
cage motors and slip ring motors.
The stator construction is the same
in both motors.
Squirrel Cage Motor:-
Almost 90% of induction motors are
squirrel cage motors. This is
because the squirrel cage motor has
a simple and rugged construction.
The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with axially
placed parallel slots for carrying the conductors. Each slot carries
a copper, aluminum, or alloy bar. If the slots are semi-closed, then
these bars are inserted from the ends. These rotor bars are
permanently short-circuited at both ends by means of the end
rings, as shown in Figure 1. This total assembly resembles the
look of a squirrel cage, which gives the motor its name. The rotor
slots are not exactly parallel to the shaft. Instead, they are given
a skew for two main reasons:
a) To make the motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum.
b) To help reduce the locking tendency of the rotor. Rotor teeth
tend to remain locked under the stator teeth due to direct
magnetic attraction between the two. This happens if the
number of stator teeth are equal to the number of rotor teeth.
Slip Ring Motors
The windings on the rotor are terminated to three insu-lated slip
rings mounted on the shaft with brushes resting on them. This
allows an introduction of an external resistor to the rotor winding.
The external resistor can be used to boost the starting torque of
the motor and change the speed-torque characteristic. When
running under normal conditions, the slip rings are short-
circuited, using an external metal collar, which is pushed
along the shaft to connect the
rings. So, in normal conditions,
the slip ring motor functions
like a squirrel cage motor.
SPEED-TORQUE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
INDUCTION MOTORS
Figure 2 shows the typical
speed-torque characteris-
tics of an induction motor. The
X axis shows speed and slip. The Y axis shows the torque and
current. The characteristics are drawn with rated voltage and
frequency supplied to the stator.
During start-up, the motor typically draws up to seven times the
rated current. This high current is a result of stator and rotor flux,
the losses in the stator and rotor windings, and losses in the
bearings due to friction. This high starting current overcomes
these components and produces the momentum to rotate the
rotor.
At start-up, the motor delivers 1.5 times the rated torque of the
motor. This starting torque is also called locked rotor torque
(LRT). As the speed increases, the current drawn by the motor
reduces slightly.The current drops significantly when the motor
speed approaches 80% of the rated speed. At base speed, the
motor draws the rated current and delivers the rated torque.
At base speed, if the load on the motor shaft is increased beyond
its rated torque, the speed starts dropping and slip increases.
When the motor is running at approximately 80% of the
synchronous speed, the load can increase up to 2.5 times the
rated torque. This torque is called breakdown torque. If the load
on the motor is increased further, it will not be able to take any
further load and the motor will stall.In addition, when the load is
increased beyond the rated load, the load current increases
following the cur-rent characteristic path. Due to this higher
current flow in the windings, inherent losses in the windings
increase as well. This leads to a higher temperature in the motor
windings. Motor windings can withstand dif-ferent temperatures,
based on the class of insulation used in the windings and cooling
system used in the motor. Some motor manufacturers provide the
data on overload capacity and load over duty cycle. If the motor
is overloaded for longer than recommended, then the motor may
burn out.As seen in the speed-torque characteristics, torque is
highly nonlinear as the speed varies. In many applica-tions, the
speed needs to be varied, which makes the torque vary. We will
discuss a simple open loop method of speed control called,
Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF or V/f) in this
application note.

2. TIMER 555 :-
The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable
controller capable of producing accurate timing pulses.
With monostable operation, the time delay is controlled
by one external resistor and one capacitor. With astable
operation, the frequency and duty cycle are accurately
controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor.
These devices are precision timing circuits capable of
producing accurate time delays or oscillation. In the time-
delay or mono-stable mode of operation, the timed
interval is controlled by a single external resistor and
capacitor network. In the a-stable mode of operation, the
frequency and duty cycle can be controlled
independently with two external resistors and a single
external capacitor.The threshold and trigger levels
normally are two-thirds and one-third, respectively, of
VCC. These levels can be altered by use of the control-
voltage terminal. When the trigger input falls below the
trigger level, the flip-flop is set, and the output goes high.
If the trigger input is above the trigger level and the
threshold input is above the threshold level, the flip-flop
is reset and the output is low. The reset (RESET) input
can override all other inputs and can be used to initiate a
new timing cycle. When RESET goes low, the flip-flop is
reset, and the output goes low. When the output is low, a
low-impedance path is provided between discharge
(DISCH) and ground.The output circuit is capable of
sinking or sourcing current up to 200 mA. Operation is
specified for supplies of 5 V to 15 V. With a 5-V supply,
output levels are compatible with TTL inputs.
Features :-
Direct Replacement for SE555/NE555
Timing from Microseconds through Hours
Operates in Both Astable and Monostable Modes
Adjustable Duty Cycle
Output Can Source or Sink 200 mA
Output and Supply TTL Compatible
Temperature Stability Better than 0.005% per C
Normally On and Normally Off Output
Available in 8-pin VSSOP Package
Applications :-
Precision Timing
Pulse Generation
Sequential Timing
Time Delay Generation
Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation
Linear Ramp Generator

3. MOC 3061 :-
The MOC3061, MOC3062 and MOC3063
devices consist of gallium arsenideinfrared emitting
diodes optically coupled to monolithic silicon
detectorsperforming the functions of Zero Voltage
Crossing bilateral triac drivers.They are designed for use
with a triac in the interface of logic systems toequipment
powered from 115/240 Vac lines, such as solidstate
relays,industrial controls, motors, solenoids and
consumer appliances, etc. Simplifies Logic Control of
115/240 Vac Power Zero Voltage Crossing dv/dt of
1500 V/s Typical, 600 V/s Guaranteed To order
devices that are tested and marked per VDE 0884
requirements, thesuffix V must be included at end of
part number. VDE 0884 is a test option.
INTERNAL CIRCUIT :-

APPLICATION :-

Solenoid/Valve Controls Temperature Controls

Lighting Controls E.M. Contactors Static Power
Switches AC Motor Starters AC
Motor Drives Solid State Relays

4.IGBT(FKPF12N60):-
 Bi-Directional Triode Thyristor Planar Silicon, FKPF12N60 /
FKPF12N80 Switching mode power supply, light dimmer, electric
flasher unit, hair drier TV sets, stereo, refrigerator, washing
machine Electric blanket, solenoid driver, small Motor Control
Photo copier, electric tool By Fairchild Semiconductor.
Application Explanation :-
Switching mode power supply, light dimmer, electric
flasher unit, hair drier
TV sets, stereo, refrigerator, washing machine
Electric blanket, solenoid driver, small motor control
Photo copier, electric tool
5.1N4148 :-
The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode.
It is one of the most popular and long-lived switching diodes
because of its dependable specifications and low cost. Its name
follows the JEDEC nomenclature. The 1N4148 is useful in
switching applications up to about 100 MHz with a reverse-
recovery time of no more than 4 ns. The 1N4148 and 1N4448 are
high-speed switching diodes fabricated in planar technology.

FEATURES
Hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27 (DO-35)
package
High switching speed: max. 4
ns
General application
Continuous reverse voltage:
max. 100 V
Repetitive peak reverse
voltage: max. 100 V
 Repetitive peak forward current: max. 450 mA.

APPLICATIONS
High-speed switching

6.RESISTORS :-
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used
to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other
uses. High-power resistors that can
dissipate many watts of electrical
power as heat may be used as part
of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test
loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only
change slightly with temperature,
time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used
to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a
lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light,
humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks
and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic
equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components
can be composed of various compounds and forms.
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its
resistance: common commercial resistors are
manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of
magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls
within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the
component.
FEATURES Securely bonded carbon film Good moisture
resistance Good long term stability Low Noise Suitable for
general purpose commercial electronics and pulse load
applications
APPLICATIONS All general purpose power applications A
homogeneous film of metal alloy is deposited on a high grade
ceramic body. After a helical groove has been cut in the resistive
layer, tinned connecting wires of electrolytic copper or copper-
clad iron are welded to the end-caps. The resistors are coated
with a red, nonflammable lacquer which provides electrical,
mechanical and climatic protection. This coating is not resistant to
aggressive fluxes. The encapsulation is resistant to all cleaning
solvents in accordance with MIL-STD-202E, method 215, and
IEC 60068-2-45.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-
OBSERVATION:-

CONCLUTION:-

FUTURE SCOPE:-

REFERANCE:-