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ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
AEROSPACE LABORATORY I
EAS 3921
The reciprocal of this is the stiffness of the spring and is the force
required to produce unit deflection. A rigid body of mass M under elastic
restraint, supported by spring(s), forms the basis of all analysis of vibrations
in mechanical systems. The basis equation is of the form:
Mx=-kx
where k = stiffness
T2 = 2 m
k
Objectives:
i. Helical Springs
ii. Clamp and portal frame platform
iii. 10 dead weight of 400g.
iv. Ruler
v. Stopwatch
Procedure:
For spring A
0.3
0.2
Linear ()
T2/s2 0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4
mass/kg
0.3
0.2
0.05
0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4
mass/kg
0.2
T2/s2 0.15
Linear ()
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4
mass/kg
For spring B
e e
0.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.85 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.93 0.29 0.29 0.2 0.08 0.09 0
8 7 0 7 6 7 9
0.8 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.30 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.32 0.33 0.33 0.3 0.11 0.11 0
4 1 5 9 1 5 3
1.2 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.81 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.75 0.38 0.38 0.3 0.14 0.14 0
2 5 5 5 8 2 8
1.6 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.18 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.19 0.42 0.42 0.4 0.17 0.18 0
6 2 6 9 6 2 2
2 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.62 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.52 0.46 0.45 0.4 0.21 0.20 0
3 3 9 0 7 9 6
2.4 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.89 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.84 0.49 0.48 0.4 0.24 0.23 0
1 3 4 4 5 2 9
2.8 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.21 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.15 0.52 0.52 0.5 0.27 0.27 0
9 6 8 5 5 5 2
3.2 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.41 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.41 0.54 0.54 0.5 0.29 0.29 0
4 0 0 0 3 4
3.6 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.77 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.72 0.58 0.57 0.5 0.33 0.33 0
9 5 8 8 9 8 7
4 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.99 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.00 0.60 0.60 0.6 0.36 0.36 0
0 0 6 0 7 3 0
0.40
0.35
f(x) = 0.08x + 0.05
0.30
0.25
T2/s2 0.20
0.15 Linear ()
0.10
0.05
0.00
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4
mass/kg
T2/s2 0.20
0.15 Linear ()
0.10
0.05
0.00
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4
mass/kg
GRAPH 5. UNLOADED SPRING B
mass/kg
mass of spring
A(kg) 0.162
mass of rod A(kg) 0.674
Total 0.836
We know that:
4
T2= m ................................ (1) Where, m is mass.
k
y = 0.0539x + 0.0595
4 2
Since gradient, m= from graph 1, we can see that gradient,
k
m=0.05 39 s /kg
4 2
k=
m
4 3.1422
k=
0.0539
k =732. 63 kg /s 2
4 2
T2= m
k
4 2 m
k= 2
T avg
2
4 (3.036)
k=
0.17 82
2
k =672.7 7 kg/s
%Error= |672.77732.63
672.7 7
100 |
8.9
We know that:
4
T2= m ................................ (1) Where, m is mass.
k
y = 0.0526x + 0.0667
2
4
Since gradient, m= from graph 2, we can see that gradient,
k
m=0.05 26 s /kg
2
4
k=
m
4 3.1422
k=
0.0526
k =750 .73 kg /s 2
4 2
T2= m
k
4 2 m
k=
T 2 avg
2
4 (3.036)
k=
0.18 23
2
k =657 .64 kg /s
14 . 2
We know that:
4
T2= m ................................ (1) where, m is mass.
k
y = 0.0535x + 0.0641
2
4
Since gradient, m= from graph 3, we can see that gradient,
k
m=0.053 5 s /kg
2
4
k=
m
4 3.1422
k=
0.0535
k =738 .10 kg /s 2
To obtain our k (stiffness) theoretically for Mean spring A, we know that:
2
4
T2= m
k
4 2 m
k=
T 2 avg
2
4 (3.036)
k=
0.1818
2
k =659 . 45 kg/ s
11 . 9
mass of spring
B(kg) 0.105
mass of rod B(kg) 0.674
0.779
3.016
mass avergae 9
T2 average 0.221
(loaded ) 8
T2 average 0.219
(unloaded ) 5
T2 average 0.220
(mean ) 6
We know that:
4
T2= m ................................ (1) where, m is mass.
k
y = 0.0776x + 0.0511
4 2
Since gradient, m= from graph 4, we can see that gradient,
k
m=0.077 6 s /kg
4 2
k=
m
4 3.1422
k=
0.077 6
2
k =508 .87 kg/s
2 4 2
T = m
k
4 2 m
k= 2
T avg
4 2 (3.0169)
k=
0.2219
5 .2
y = 0.0764x + 0.0514
2
4
Since gradient, m= from graph 5, we can see that gradient,
k
m=0.076 4 s /kg
4 2
k=
m
4 3.1422
k=
0.076 4
4 2
T2= m
k
4 2 m
k= 2
T avg
2
4 (3.0169)
k=
0.2195
k =542. 75 kg /s2
P er centage Error for stiffness k
%Error= |542.75516.87
542.75
100 |
4.8
y = 0.077x + 0.0513
4 2
Since gradient, m= from graph 6, we can see that gradient,
k
m=0.077 s /kg
4 2
k=
m
4 3.1422
k=
0.077
k =512.71kg /s 2
2
2 4
T = m
k
4 2 m
k= 2
T avg
2
4 (3.0169)
k=
0.2207
k =539. 79 kg /s 2
%Error= |539.79512.71
539.79
100 |
5 .0
Discussions:
i. Difficulties:
Using too much extension causes instability while less
extension leads to less than 10 oscillations.
ii. Comments:
The spring stiffness of spring A is calculated to be 732.63 N/m
while spring stiffness of spring B is calculated to be 508.87.11
N/m when both spring are loaded checking the errors for both
springs when they are loaded, unloaded and its mean, spring B
has less error compare to spring A .Therefore, comparing their
stiffness spring A is stiffer than spring B. This is because the wire
cross sectional diameter of spring A is longer than that of spring
B.
Errors cause difference between the experimental value and the
theoretical value.
.
Conclusion:
References: