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Table of Contents
i. Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 4
i. Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. 5
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. Scope and context................................................................................................................... 6
1.2. Key challenges and concepts .................................................................................................. 7
2. METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW.......................................................................................................... 10
2.1. Survey questions and objectives........................................................................................... 10
2.2. Methodological approach ..................................................................................................... 11
2.3. Stages, milestones and metrics ............................................................................................ 12
2.3.1. Stage A: Preparation ..................................................................................................... 12
2.3.2. Stage B: Survey .............................................................................................................. 12
2.3.3. Phase C: Analysis of survey data and results ................................................................ 13
2.3.4. Survey targets and metrics ........................................................................................... 13
2.3.5. Survey respondents ...................................................................................................... 15
2.3.6. Data collection tools ..................................................................................................... 16
2.3.7. Survey time planning .................................................................................................... 29
3. Indicative outline of the report on fact and figures of bike sharing systems ............................... 30
3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 30
3.2. Data gathered ....................................................................................................................... 30
3.3. Survey key findings ............................................................................................................... 30
3.4. Survey results ........................................................................................................................ 30
3.5. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 30
3.6. Annex .................................................................................................................................... 31
4. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 32
5. ANNEX ........................................................................................................................................... 33
5.1. List of bike sharing system cases in the EPOMM database .................................................. 33
5.2. Survey template welcome text and communication emails ................................................ 37
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i. Summary
This document provides a methodology guide to be used to collect data and case study
evidence through a survey of existing bike sharing systems in European cities. Facts and
figures on 50-70 bike sharing systems of small, medium and large sized European cities are
going to be collected and 20-30 cases are going to be surveyed and further explored in
terms of impact and effectiveness in the context of the Interreg IVC Cyclecities project
aiming to promote and increase cycling in urban mobility management schemes.
Data on the key facts and figures of European bike sharing systems as well as evidence on
their effectiveness and impact on urban mobility management is going to be collected
through a two-stage process. This process will involve a review of recent datasets and
evidence to be followed by a questionnaire-based survey focusing on the views of key
decision makers, officers and experts directly involved in the planning, deploying and
operation of European bike sharing schemes and systems. The aim is twofold: to collect up-
to data facts and figures reflecting the current state in European bike sharing schemes and
to gather valuable evidence, coming from those directly involved, on the impact,
assessment and effectiveness of bike sharing systems towards best integrating them in
sustainable urban mobility management schemes. Data is going to be collected through the
collaboration networks of the Cyclecities project partners focusing on the consortium
countries.
The Cyclecities bike sharing system survey will use previous surveys and projects like the
OBIS project as a starting point for including additional, up-to-date evidence and providing
more in-depth insights on the effectiveness, value-for-money and overall impact of current
bike sharing schemes and systems in European cities as voiced by those directly involved.
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i. Abbreviations
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1. INTRODUCTION
CYCLECITIES aims to build and share knowledge and facilitate good practice transfer and
experience exchange among European cities on the integration of cycling into urban
mobility management schemes. It specifically aims to:
The bike sharing system survey is a foreseen output of the CycleCities project as part of
activity 4.2.1: Collection of facts and data on existing cities' bike-sharing systems. Data
collection and analysis will lead to and support the development of:
1. a report on cities' bike-sharing systems facts & figures (systems installed, suppliers,
user satisfaction, assessment feedback, etc.)
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2. a report on the efficiency of bike-sharing systems integrated in mobility management
schemes
Traffic congestion: 30% of car trips in Europe are under 3km and 50% are under 5km
a 15 minute bike ride (EEA Report No 5/2009). Reducing car use and increasing
cycling will unclog roads and reduce congestion and associated delays, lost working
hours and wasted fuel.
Cost reduction: Motorised transport imposes high costs on individuals and society,
both directly (road construction and maintenance) and indirectly (casualties, obesity,
pollution, congestion, etc.). The European Commission (COM 2009/279) 1 estimates
the external costs of road transport (mostly individual motorised transport) at 2.6 %
of GDP. Other studies suggest as much as 4% and 8%. Shift from car to cycling
provides an opportunity for huge cost savings.
Lower carbon footprint: Some 40% of Europe's CO2 emissions from road transport
and 70% of other pollutants are due to urban traffic. As recognised in EU
Communication 2009/279, urban transport accounts for 40% of CO2 emissions, and
70% of other air pollution, in particular PM10 and NOx emissions, from transport.
Tripling the modal share of cycling would save 5% of transport CO2 emissions by
2020. This would make a significant contribution to mitigating climate change and
decreasing dependency on fossil fuels.
1
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0279:FIN:EN:PDF
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Health benefits: Increasing the modal share of cycling enhances physical and mental
health. Accidents involving cars are associated with cycling and walking, too.
Nevertheless, on balance, the benefits to life expectancy of choosing to cycle are 20
times the injury risks incurred by that choice (WHO, 2000). Higher proportions of
commuter cyclists are correlated with lower risks of casualties. Car drivers are used
to the presence of cyclists and are more likely to be cyclists themselves.
Land use: increased uptake of cycling leads to reduced land consumption: 10 bikes
can be parked in the space required for one car. One lane of typical road can
accommodate 2,000 cars per hour or 14,000 bikes. Fostering of investment and
neighborhood revitalisation: Cycle-friendly cities attract individuals & businesses
investment, encourage neighborhood revitalisation and can improve a citys quality
of life and environment.
Bicycle sharing systems are critical components of current policies and practices to address
these challenges as part of wider urban mobility management strategies. The key objective
of these systems is to provide free or low cost access to bicycles for short distance trips in
urban areas as an alternative option to private car use therefore reducing air pollution,
noise levels and traffic congestion. Bike sharing is also linked to motorised public transport
either as an alternative transport mode or as a short distance (last mile) solution
connecting commuters to public transport hubs.
In this context, a bicycle sharing system, bike sharing system or bike sharing scheme, can
be defined as any fully automated, self-service network of bicycles that is available to
individuals on a short term basis as a means of short distance transportation in urban areas.
Bike sharing systems can be categorized based on financing (public, private, or public-
private partnership), ownership, operator and operational model, scale and range.
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Bike sharing schemes or systems lie at the core of urban mobility management strategies.
Mobility management is a concept used to promote sustainable transport that manages the
demand for car use and favours softer transportation modes such as cycling and walking.
2
European Platform on Mobility Management: http://www.epomm.eu/downloads/Usermanual.pdf
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2. METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW
Which are the most effective BSSs currently in use in European cities?
What are the main facts, figures and features of these BSSs?
To what extent, BSSs currently in use have recently proven successful in encouraging
short distance cycling (walking, cycling) at the expense of private cars?
How do those involved in deploying and operating BSSs view their impact and
effectiveness?
What are the critical factors defining high use rates for BSSs?
What are the key lessons learned in planning, deploying and operating a BSS within
an urban setting?
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2.2. Methodological approach
The methodological approach in surveying bike sharing systems in relation to mobility
management is defined based on:
Data resources are going to be identified and will be collected through desk research,
review of previous surveys and evidence and a purpose built survey questionnaire focusing
on the experiences of key experts and actors. Desk research will focus on reviewing
previous projects, related surveys and data resources that are available online in order to
produce an initial knowledge base on a significant number of bike sharing system cases
representing different city profiles and sizes in Europe. Based on this knowledge base,
representative cases will be selected to be further explored through a survey questionnaire.
The survey questionnaire will be designed in order to capture the experience-based views
and opinions of key individuals that are actively involved in planning, deploying and
operating bike sharing systems in European cities. While the 1st stage of research aims to
establish an overview of the current situation and the facts and figures of European BSSs,
the questionnaire-based survey will rather focus on specific aspects of bike sharing schemes
relating to their effectiveness, associated costs and value-for-money and their overall
impact. Potential respondents will be identified based on their knowledge and experience
profile in transport planning and urban mobility management with a priority given to
individuals that have been directly involved in setting up, deploying or operating bike
sharing systems in cities or urban areas. Respondents will be also identified through the
local and regional administration networks of the Cyclecities project consortium.
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2.3. Stages, milestones and metrics
Data collection and analysis on bike sharing systems will be carried out in three stages: a)
preparation b) surveying c) analysis and presentation of results.
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Data collection and consolidation
The Cyclecities bike sharing system survey targets and metrics are defined based on:
the objectives for data collection on European bike sharing systems as defined by
activity 4.2.1 of the Cyclecities project
data produced by recent projects and surveys focusing on bike sharing systems in
Europe
the work plan and time constraints of the Cyclecities project
the methodology approach and survey tools suggested
Survey targets are set based on a two-level approach. On the 1st level 50-70 BSS cases are
going to be collected combining desk research and review of public datasets and data
resources.3 On the 2nd level 20-30 cases are going to be further surveyed using a custom
developed questionnaire as shown in table 1.
3
Data review will focus on most recent cases on within the last 3-5 years.
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More specifically, 1st level data collection will be based on a review of the following public
datasets:
OBIS has produced data on the facts and figures of 51 BSS cases further broken down into
categories as shown in the following table.
The EPOMM database hosts 336 cases referring to cycling in general (filter=cycling) while 17
cases specifically refer to bike sharing systems.7
4
Optimising bike sharing in European cities. www.obisproject.com
5
http://www.epomm.eu
6
https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=214135271590990954041.00043d80f9456b3416ced&msa=0
7
A list of these 17 cases is provided in the Annex.
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Finally, the bike sharing world map includes more than 120 BSS cases in the 7 countries
represented in the Cyclecities consortium (DE, GR, IT, UK, PL, PT, SI).
The bike sharing system survey will focus on identifying and inviting key individuals and field
experts who are actively involved or hold full knowledge of specific bike sharing systems and
projects based on the results of data reviewed and the evidence collected in Stage A
(preparation). Potential respondent groups to be invited in participating in the survey
include:
Target numbers of survey respondents are defined based on a minimum of one respondent
for each BSS case and on a 20% to 30% response rate as shown below:
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2.3.6. Data collection tools
The bike sharing system fact sheet will aim to document the main facts and figures of the
50-70 BSS cases to be initially identified through data review. The BSS fact sheet is based on
the fields and categories applied in the OBIS project dataset in order to ensure a certain
level of consistency and allow for analysis of up-to-date data and additional evidence on
comparable factors and figures. The following structure for the BSS fact sheet is suggested.
BSS PROFILE
Title
City
Short profile / description
Start date
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Status
Contact person (s)
URL
LOCATION INFO
OPERATIONAL MODEL
OPERATOR/OWNERSHIP
BSS operator
BSS owner
BSS bike and equipment
provider
BSS software/IT support
provider
EQUIPMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE
Bike types
Number of bikes (total)
Number of stations
OPERATION / COST FOR USER
Hiring method Local residents: Tourists:
Payment method Local residents: Tourists:
Registration cost
Free use time
Fare unit
Cost < 30 min.
Cost 30 - 60 min.
Cost 60 - 90 min.
Cost 90 - 120 min.
Cost >120 min
Time constraints/use
limitations
FINANCING
Source(s) of financing
INVESTMENT COST
Est. investment (total)
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Number of employees
REVENUE
BSS USERS
TRANSPORT INTEGRATION
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A survey questionnaire will be used for capturing the views and opinions of key individuals
involved in specific bike sharing schemes, systems and projects. The questionnaire will be
structured in a clear and simple manner in order to encourage participation and achieve
higher response rates. To ensure consistency and facilitate data analysis the BSS survey
questionnaire will be developed, communicated and completed in English. Where feasible,
and in cases where communication can only be established in local language(s), project
partners may assume the role of intermediaries in promoting translated questionnaire
versions and gathering translated responses.
The survey questionnaire will be used in combination with the BSS facts and figures sheet
and therefore it should focus on aspects relating to the overall impact and assessment of
the bike sharing systems to be surveyed. The questionnaire should not be lengthy (not
exceeding a total of 30 questions) in order not to discourage potential respondents. A
combination of both closed and open-ended question types is suggested in order to capture
comparable data in a consistent way while also enabling respondents to voice their own
views, opinions and concerns. The BSS survey questionnaire should be pilot tested in Stage
A of data collection and be fine-tuned based on any adjustments required.
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Section A: BIKE SHARING SYSTEM IDENTITY
Section A will include the BSS information such as title, city and country of operation,
as well as the year of implementation.
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The following survey questionnaire template is suggested to facilitate data collection and
survey execution.
2. City / municipality
3. Country
4. Year(s) of implementation:
5. Based on your knowledge, who would you describe as the primary user group of the bike sharing
system?
o Commuters to work / school
o Tourists
o People on leisure time
o Dont know / Do not wish to answer
o Other, please specify: "[Type your reply here]"
6. Based on your experience, the bike sharing system is mainly used for:
(Please select only up to two)
Commuting to work/school
Leisure / sports
Shopping
Tourism / sightseeing
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Dont know / Do not wish to answer
Other, please specify: "[Type your reply here]"
7. What is the proportion of the municipality area covered by the bike sharing system?
o <10%
o 10-30%
o 3150%
o >50%
o Spans across several municipalities
o Dont know / Do not wish to answer
o Other, please specify: "[Type your reply here]"
8. Based on your knowledge, what is the average duration of each trip by users?
o 0-30 min
o 30-60 min
o 60-120 min
o 120-240 min
o Other, please specify: "[Type your reply here]"
o Dont know / Do not wish to answer
10. How do you assess the public consultation as regards the implementation of this bike sharing
system?
(Please rate from 1 to 5)
1: 2: 3: 4: 5:
Inexistent Somewhat Somewhat Adequate Dont
insufficient sufficient know / Do
not wish
to answer
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Through local community councils /
elected representatives feedback
Through public meetings
Through polls and voting
Through public information centers
Through questionnaires / online
consultation
Other(Please specify and score)
11. How would you describe the prevailing citizens opinions towards the bike sharing system?
o Favorable
o Rather favorable
o Indifferent
o Rather negative
o Negative
o Dont know / Do not wish to answer
o Other, please specify: "[Type your reply here]"
12. What is your estimation regarding repair / replacement costs due to damages, vandalism and
theft compared to the overall operating cost?
o <10% of overall operating cost
o 10%-25% of overall operating cost
o 26%-50% of overall operating cost
o >50% of overall operating cost
o Dont know / Do not wish to answer
13. What are the average economic results of the bike sharing system in the last 3 years of
operation?
o Revenues exceed expenses
o Revenues are equal to expenses
o Revenues are lower than expenses
o Revenues are much lower than expenses
o There is no data available
o Dont know / Do not wish to answer
o Other, please specify: "[Type your reply here]"
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14. Please indicate the main sources of revenue of the bike sharing system: (Please rate from 1 to 5)
1: 2: 3: 4: 5:
<10% of 10% - 40% 41% - 89% >90% of Dont
total of total of total total know / No
revenues revenues revenues revenues answer
Revenue from user fare
16. How would you describe the overall value for money of the bike sharing system?
o Low
o Rather low
o Considerable
o Rather high
o High
o Dont know / Do not wish to answer
17. What are the major benefits of the bike sharing system?
(Please rate from 1 to 5)
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Improving citizens health
Reducing CO2 emissions /
improving the urban
environment
Increasing tourism
Generating revenue
Boosting growth / supporting
local economy
Other:"[Type your reply here]"
18. What are the major challenges, disadvantages or negative aspects of the bike sharing system?
(Please rate from 1 to 5)
1: 2: 3: 4: 5:
Insignificant Slightly Quite Very Do not know
important important important / No answer
High operating cost
High investment/start
up cost
High prices for users
Injuries and safety
issues
Insufficient technical
support and
maintenance (e.g.
repair, replacement)
Lack of political support
Lack of public
consultation
Other:
"[Type your reply here]"
19. The deployment of the bike sharing system took place in combination with the following
actions/measures:
(Please select all that apply)
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Awareness raising campaigns
No other measure
Dont know / Do not wish to answer
Other, please specify: "[Type your reply here]"
20. What are in your opinion the additional measures or initiatives that can increase bike sharing
systems value for the city and improve its performance.
(Please rate from 1 to 5)
1: 2: 3: 4: 5:
Not Quite Quite Very Do not know
important unimportant important important / No answer
at all
Extension of cycling
networks (e.g. bike
lanes, stations)
Better fleet repair /
replacement and
maintenance service
level
Lower prices for users
Improved user
registration, monitoring
and/or IT systems
Additional funding for
bike sharing system
expansion
Awareness raising
among citizens/visitors
Initiatives to involve
local communities in
decision making
Combined actions
involving other
transport modes (e.g.
integrated public
transport fares and
networks)
Other:
"[Type your reply here]"
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21. In your opinion, how effective has the bike sharing system been in reducing car use and easing
traffic congestion?
o Very Effective
o Rather effective
o Neither effective nor ineffective
o Rather ineffective
o Very Ineffective
o Dont know / Do not wish to answer
22. Based on your knowledge, in the following years the bike sharing system is going to be:
o Extended
o Maintained
o Scaled down
o Discontinued
o Dont know / Do not wish to answer
o Other, please specify: "[Type your reply here]"
23. In your opinion, what is the single most valuable lesson learned in deploying and operating the
bike sharing system?
24. Position
25. Affiliation
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o Other please specify: "[Type your reply here]"
27. I would like to receive information about the results of this survey
o Yes
o No
o Dont know / Do not wish to answer
28. Name
29. E-mail (it will only be used to send you the results of this survey):
30. Phone
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2.3.7. Survey time planning
The following 10 step time-plan and monitoring table for preparing and conducting the BSS
survey is suggested.
2 Review of public M1
datasets (e.g. OBIS
project, EPOMM
database)
3 Identification of BSS M1
cases to be surveyed
4 Milestone: M1
Development of survey
questionnaire
9 Milestone: survey M3
completion
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3. Indicative outline of the report on fact and figures
of bike sharing systems
3.1. Introduction
The introductory chapter will outline the scope and context of the Cyclecities project and
shortly present the targets, objectives and methodological approach of the BSS survey and
data collection. It will also provide a chapter outline of the report.
3.5. Conclusions
The conclusive chapter will include a summative discussion of the evidence gathered on bike
sharing systems currently in operation in European cities and will highlight critical facts,
figures and factors that are linked to the impact and effectiveness of bike sharing schemes
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in relation to urban mobility management. It will also include any key lessons learned in
planning, deploying and operating a BSS as captured through the survey and data collection
process.
3.6. Annex
The Annex may include lists, graphs and analysis tables, sections of indicative responses and
additional information resources.
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4. REFERENCES
[4] Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities. A Handbook. OBIS, June 2011.
http://www.obisproject.com/palio/html.run?_Instance=obis&_PageID=200&_LngID=21&_C
atID=7&pic=0&_CheckSum=2100674166
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5. ANNEX
Table 7. List of bike sharing system cases in the EPOMM database. Source: www.epomm.eu
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instead of a car for short trips.
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available in the main intermodal
nodes.
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rental system has been
developed and installed within
2005-2009 (under CiViTAS
CARAVEL project).
14. Public bicycles at the During tramway track extension, Poland http://epomm.e
University campus in public bicycles should be u/index.php?id=
Poznan (Poland) provided as a substitute in 2771&lang1=en
transport services. Due to their &study_id=1562
costs, in the end a bike path was
developed to cater to citizens
with some bikes available for
free rental. Practice shows that
bicycles are not any alternative
for tramway but an interesting
social experiment.
15. The UK Bike 2 Work The UK Bike 2 Work initiative is a UK http://epomm.e
scheme (UK-wide) tax-efficient, salary-sacrificed, u/index.php?id=
employee benefit that provides 2771&lang1=en
a way of encouraging more &study_id=3447
employees to take up cycling for
their commuting journeys.
16. The BikeBoost The BikeBoost scheme is an UK http://epomm.e
scheme, Sheffield, UK innovative cycle loan scheme u/index.php?id=
that aims to encourage 2771&lang1=en
commuters to cycle rather than &study_id=3446
drive to work. Over 700 people
have participated in the scheme
in the 2 years since the scheme
was launched and 70% of
participants now cycle rather
than drive to work.
17. Kyle Cycling Project, A range of cycling initiatives UK http://epomm.e
South Ayrshire, UK have recently been introduced u/index.php?id=
to encourage South Ayrshire 2771&lang1=en
schoolchildren to cycle to &study_id=3410
school. The 'Wheelie Doing Well'
Project at the Kyle Academy
School is an example of these
initiatives that have been
implemented.
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5.2. Survey template welcome text and communication emails
Why participate?
Your views and experiences on the implementation of a specific bike sharing system will offer
meaningful insights and help better understand the key factors relating to the deployment and
operation of bike-sharing systems and their impact on urban mobility management in European
cities.
Thank you very much in advance for your participation and valuable contribution!
The CycleCities project team
http://www.cyclecities.eu
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CycleCities Survey: invitation e-mail
The Sustainable Mobility Unit of the National Technical University of Athens and the Cyclecities
project consortium would like to invite you to participate in a survey on current bike-sharing systems
in European cities.
Your very valuable contribution will help in better understanding key factors regarding the successful
planning, deployment and operation of bike-sharing systems in European cities. The survey will take
approximately 10-15 minutes and will ask questions relating to the features, use level, impact and
effectiveness of a specific bike sharing scheme or system in your city.
Your response and information will remain strictly confidential and will only be utilised for the
purposes of this survey.
If you wish to receive the survey results and the analysis report, please tick the box at the end of the
questionnaire. We would really appreciate if you could also forward this questionnaire to other
stakeholders involved in the deployment/operation of the bike sharing system in your city.
If you do not wish to participate in this survey and don't want to receive any more invitations please
click the following link: {OPTOUTURL}
In case of any difficulties or enquiries please contact the survey administrator at: {email address}
We warmly thank you for contributing to this survey.
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/Signature
Contact details
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The CycleCities Project aims to carry out transfer of experiences and exchange of good practices
among European cities, as well as to build up a knowledge capital regarding the integration of cycling
into urban mobility management schemes. The project comes under the INTERREG IVC Programme
as part of the European Territorial Cooperation Objective of the Structural Fund policies for the
period 2007-2013 and it is financed through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
We would like to remind you that you have been requested to participate in as survey regarding the
successful deployment and operation of bike sharing systems in the context of the European Project
CYCLECITIES.
We noticed that we did not receive yet any response from your side and we took the liberty to
remind you that your knowledge and contribution are very important to the achievement of the
goals of the CYCLECITIES project.
Your personal data will be treated as confidential.
For your convenience, we have attached again the questionnaire form to be filled in.
Thank you in advance for your contribution.
/Signature,
Contact details
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CycleCities Survey: thank you email
We would like to thank you for your time filling in the questionnaire for the deployment and
operation of bike sharing systems. Your contribution is much appreciated.
We would be pleased to keep you updated once the results are published.
Sincerely yours,
/Signature,
Contact details
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