MIGRATION

1. TYPES OF MIGRATION

2. DEFINITIONS

Migration - The movement of a person or a group of persons, either across an international

border, or within a State. It is a population movement, encompassing any kind of movement
of people, whatever its length, composition and causes; it includes migration of refugees,
displaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other purposes, including
family reunification.

Circular migration - The fluid movement of people between countries, including temporary
or long-term movement which may be beneficial to all involved, if occurring voluntarily and
linked to the labour needs of countries of origin and destination. Migrants usually return to
their place of origin.

Daily commuting within a 24 hour period

Weekly commuting for a period of a week.
Monthly commuting for a period of a month .
Seasonal The process of moving for a period of time in response to labour or
climate conditions (e.g., farm workers following crop harvests or working in cities
off-season).
Long term usually for a period of one year.

National/internal migration when people migrate within the same country, region or
state.

International migration- when people migrate from one country to another - for example,
moving from Mexico to the USA.
 Voluntary migration people choose to move on their own will, may be for
personal reasons for example better salary.

Forced migration - A migratory movement in which an element of coercion exists,

including threats to life and livelihood, whether arising from natural or man-made causes
(e.g. movements of refugees and internally displaced persons as well as people displaced by
natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development
projects).

Immigration -

Emigration -

3. PATTERNS OF MIGRATION

a. Developed countries usually form rural to urban

- regionally eg. within Britain
- within urban areas
- away from urban areas and inner cities

b. Developing usually form rural to urban areas

- regionally, within the Caribbean region
- Internationally to developed countries (refugees, economic)

4. CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

ECONOMIC SOCIAL POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL

More job Higher standard of War Famine, drought
opportunities living Political Natural disasters
Higher salary Poverty persecution earthquake, volcanic
Mobility in job Quality and level of (asylum seekers) eruptions
sector services Migration policies
Seasonal jobs offered(Education, Political instability
Health)
Education abroad
Family-marriage
Diseases
Religious persecution
(asylum seekers)
Retirees
5. CONSEQUENCES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

HOME COUNTRY (leaving) HOST COUNTRY (entering)

POSITIVE POSITIVE
Remittances Cheap and abundant
Foreign exchange labour supply
Reduced population pressure Political asylum and
more job opportunities, less religious freedom
pressure on social services Raised standard of living
Returning migrants are
skilled, contribute to
economy
Promotion of trade by
migrants who lobby in the
host country (Pg 172
Jamaica)

NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
Brain drain Downgrading occupation,
Labour shortages menial tasks done
agriculture & industry Poor housing-competition
Downgrading occupation and high prices
Underdevelopment of rural Social resentment and
areas ethnic segregation
Pressure on social services
overcrowding
Competition for jobs
Social issues: crime, drugs,
prostitution