Abstract

Vortex is a concept that has been used various types of industry such as turbine
design and also creating the standard safety against the natural disaster. Vortex
is the rotation of fluid and commonly occurred at the centre of the fluid. This
experiment was carried out to study the relationship between the surface shape
for both free and forced vortex. This experiment also carried out to determine the
angular velocity of a rotating liquid in a cylindrical tank. The height of the vortex
profile was measured when the vortex constantly maintained at its maximum
height. Theoretically, the angular velocity of the fluid was manipulated by
adjusting the control valve in order to provide a different flow rate of the fluid
flow. For the free vortex experiment different diameters of the orifices has been
used in this experiment. In order to produce a greater vortex for the free vortex
experiment a lower velocity of water and the biggest diameter orifices were used.
Increased in the diameter of the orifices and decreased in the velocity of the
water will manipulated the vortex that will be produced during the experiment.
For the forced vortex experiment, the used of the paddle will manipulated the
vortex that will be created in this experiment. The angular velocity of the fluid
were increased the depth of each point at different vortex will be increased as
well due to the formation of the semi parabolic shape of the fluid flow during the
experiment. As the angular velocity increased in this experiment the slope of the
curve were also increased because the stream function were formed in the forced
vortex is parabolic nature. Therefore we can conclude that the height of the
water surface were directly proportional to the angular velocity of the rotating
liquid in a cylindrical tank.
 Results

Experiment 1: Free Vortex

i. Diameter orifice 8mm

Diameter Measure Pitot Tube Pressure Distanc

at the d Head Head/ e from
centre ,D Height , Differences Depth of bridge Time
2 2
(mm) h (mm) ,H (mm) the Pitot r r 1/r to the (s)
Tube , X (mm) (mm2) (1/mm2) water
(mm) surface,
a (mm)
29 69 4 5 16.1 210.25 3.85x10-3 262 10.6
0 4
27 87 19 13 13.5 182.25 5.49x10-3 244 11.9
6
26 114 2 20 13.0 169.00 5.92x10-3 214 10.7
3

Pressure Head against 1/r2

21
20
18
15
13
12
pressure head,X (mm) 9
6
5
3
0
0 0.01 0.01

1/r2 (1/mm2)

Figure 1: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 8 mm orifice

diameter
 Table 1: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 8 mm orifice
diameter

Radius, r (mm) Actual velocity, r/s Theoretical velocity

(mm/s)
16.10 1.51 9.91
13.50 1.13 15.97
13.00 1.21 19.80

Velocity against radius

20

15

10 Velocity
velocity (mm/s) Actual Theoretical Velocity

0
10 15 20

radius ,r (mm)

Figure 2: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 8 mm orifice
diameter

ii. Diameter orifice 12

Diamete Measure Pitot Tube Pressure Distanc

r at the d Head Head/ e from
centre , Height , Differenc Depth of bridge Time
2 2
D (mm) h (mm) es ,H the Pitot r r 1/r to the (s)
(mm) Tube , X (mm) (mm2 (1/mm2) water
(mm) ) surface,
a (mm)
34 57 12 9 17.0 289 3.46x10-3 261 11.9
 0 8
34 75 13 11 14.1 289 5.06x10-3 242 11.3
0 5
44 98 9 12 12.6 484 6.26x10-3 223 9.98
0

Pressure Head against 1/r2

15

12
11
10
9
pressure head,X (mm)
5

0
0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

1/r2 (1/mm2)

Figure 3: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 12 mm orifice

diameter

Table 2: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 12 mm orifice diameter
Radius, r (mm) Actual velocity, r/s (mm/s) Theoretical velocity
17.00 1.42 13.29
14.10 1.24 15.34
12.60 1.26 14.74
 Velocity against radius
20

15

10 Velocity
velocity (mm/s) Actual Theoretical Velocity

0
10 15 20

radius ,r (mm)

Figure 3: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 12 mm orifice
diameter

iii. Diameter orifice 16mm

Diamete Measure Pitot Tube Pressure Distanc

r at the d Head Head/ e from
centre , Height , Differenc Depth of bridge Time
2 2
D (mm) h (mm) es ,H the Pitot r r 1/r to the (s)
(mm) Tube , X (mm) (mm2) (1/mm2) water
(mm) surface,
a (mm)
42 58 8 12 18.7 348.43 2.87x10-3 264 10.8
0 3
44 73 18 15 15.6 246.31 4.06x10-3 239 8.88
0
56 100 10 18 12.8 164.47 6.08x10-3 220 9.77
0
 Pressure Head against 1/r2
20
18

15 15

12
pressure head,X (mm) 10

0
0 0.01 0.01

1/r2 (1/mm2)

Figure 4 : Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 16 mm orifice

diameter

Table 3: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 16 mm orifice

diameter

Radius, r (mm) Actual velocity, Theoretical

r/s (mm/s) velocity
18.70 1.73 15.34
15.70 1.77 17.16
12.80 1.31 18.80

Velocity against radius

20

15

10 Velocity
velocity (mm/s) Actual Theoretical Velocity

0
10 15 20

radius ,r (mm)
 Figure 5: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 16 mm
orifice diameter

iv. Diameter orifices 24mm

Diamete Measure Pitot Tube Pressure Distanc

r at the d Head Head/ e from
centre , Height , Differenc Depth of bridge Time
D (mm) h (mm) es ,H the Pitot r r2 1/r2 to the (s)
(mm) Tube , X (mm) (mm2) (1/mm2) water
(mm) surface,
a (mm)
-3
53 55 9 10 26.5 702.25 1.42x10 266 7
0
71 76 10 13 29.0 841.58 1.19x10-3 244 6.7
1
70 102 12 17 35.0 1225.00 8.16x10-4 216 5.58
0

Pressure Head against 1/r2

20

17
15
13

pressure head,X (mm) 10 10

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1/r2 (1/mm2)

Figure 6: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 24 mm orifice diameter

Table 4: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 24 mm orifice

diameter

Radius, r (mm) Actual velocity, r/s Theoretical velocity

(mm/s)
26.50 3.79 14.01
 29.01 4.33 16.03
35.00 6.27 18.22

Velocity against radius

20

15

10
velocity (mm/s) Theoretical Velocity Actual Velocity

0
25 30 35 40

radius ,r (mm)

Figure 7: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 24 mm orifice
diameter

Experiment 2: Force Vortex

Distance from h (mm)

st nd
the centre (mm) 1 2 3rd
0 266 241 212
30 269 242 225
70 270 250 228
110 274 252 223
No of revolution 28 25 26
in 60 s
Angular velocity 2.93 2.62 2.72
(rad/s)
LPM

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against the distance from the centre
300

250

200

150
height from theActual
top ofvalue Theoretical
measurung gauge to bridge value
, h (mm)
100

50

0
100
0 200

Distance from the centre (mm)

Figure 8: Graph of vortex profile for the 1st trial

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against the distance from the centre
300

250

200

150
height from theActual
top ofvalue Theoretical
measurung gauge to bridge value
, h (mm)
100

50

0
100
0 200

Distance from the centre (mm)

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against the distance from the centre
250

200

150

height from theActual

top ofvalue Theoretical
measurung gauge to bridge value
, h (mm) 100

50

0
100
0 200

Distance from the centre (mm)

Figure 9:
nd
Graph of vortex profile for the 2 trial

Figure 10: Graph of vortex profile for the 3rd trial

Calculations

Experiment 1 : Free Vortex

Pitot Tube head differences, H (mm) = 330 a h

i. Diameter of orifice at 8mm

1) 2)
At D = 29 mm and h = 69 mm, At D = 27 mm and h = 87 mm,
a= 262 mm a= 244 mm
Pitot Tube head differences, H (mm) Pitot Tube Head Differences, H (mm)
= 330 a h = 330 a h
= 330 262 -69 = 330 244 -87
=4 = 19

3) At D = 26 mm and h = 114 mm,

a= 214 mm
Pitot Tube Head differences, H (mm)
= 330 a h
= 330 214 -114
=2
ii. Diameter of orifice at 12 mm

1) 2)
At D = 34mm and h = 57 mm, At D = 34 mm and h = 75 mm,
a= 261mm a= 242 mm
Pitot Tube Head Differences , H Pitot Tube Head Differences, H
(mm) = 330 a h (mm)
= 330 261 -57 = 330 a h
=9 = 330 242 -75
= 11

3) At D = 44 mm and h = 98 mm,
a= 223 mm
Pitot Tube Head differences, H (mm)
= 330 a h
= 330 223 -98
= 12

iii. Diameter of orifice at 16 mm

1) 2)
At D = 42 mm and h = 58 mm, At D = 44 mm and h = 73 mm,
a= 264mm a= 239 mm
Pitot Tube Head Differences , H Pitot Tube Head Differences, H
(mm) = 330 a h (mm)
= 330 264 -58 = 330 a h
=8 = 330 239 -74
= 18

3) At D = 56 mm and h = 100 mm,

a= 220 mm
Pitot Tube Head differences, H (mm)
= 330 a h
= 330 220 - 100
= 10

iv. Diameter of orifice at 24 mm

1) 2)
At D = 53 mm and h = 55 mm, At D = 71 mm and h = 76 mm,
a= 266 mm a= 244 mm
Pitot Tube Head Differences , H Pitot Tube Head Differences, H
(mm) = 330 a h (mm)
= 330 266 -53 = 330 a h
=9 = 330 244 -76
= 10

3) At D = 70 mm and h = 102 mm,

a= 216 mm
 Pitot Tube Head differences, H (mm)
= 330 a h
= 330 216 - 102
= 12

Theoretically Velocity,

K
V=
r

2
K X
=
Where 2g 1
2
r

X
K= 2 g x ( )
1
r2

i. Diameter orifice at 8 mm

X (mm) 1/r2 (1/mm2) X K

1 (mm3)
2
r
5 0.00385 1298.70 159.63
13 0.00549 2367.94 215.54
20 0.00592 3378.38 257.46

ii. Diameter orifice at 12 mm

X (mm) 1/r2 (1/mm2) X K

1 (mm3)
r2
9 0.00346 2601.16 225.91
12 0.00506 2271.54 215.71
11 0.00626 1757.20 185.68

iii. Diameter orifice at 16 mm

 X (mm) 1/r2 (1/mm2) X K
1 (mm3)
2
r
9 0.00346 2601.16 225.91
12 0.00506 2271.54 215.71
11 0.00626 1757.20 185.68

iv. Diameter orifice at 24 mm

X (mm) 1/r2 (1/mm2) X K

1 (mm3)
r2
10 0.00142 7022.5 371.19
13 0.00118 11016.95 464.92
17 0.00082 20731.16 637.77

Experiment 2 : Forced vortex

i. Using the data from 1st trial:

No. of revolution 28
Angular velocity=2 =2 X =2.93 rad /s
60 s 60

ii. Using the data from 2nd trial:

No. of revolution 25
Angular velocity=2 =2 X =2.62 rad /s
60 s 60

iii. Using the data from 3rd trial:

No. of revolution 26
Angular velocity=2 =2 X =2.72 rad /s
60 s 60
Theoretical value of height from top of measuring gauge to bridge, h ,

i. Using the data from 1st trial

1) 2)
r = 30 , h0= 269 r = 70 , h0= 270
2
2 2 2
h=h0 + r h=h0 + r
2g 2g
2 2
3.46 3.46
269+ 302=269.55 mm 270+ 7 02=272.99 mm
2(9.81 1000) 2(9.81 1000)

3)
r = 110 , h0= 274
2 2
h=h0 + r
2g

3.462
274+ 11 02 =281.38 mm
2(9.81 1000)

ii. Using the data from 2nd trial:

1) 2)
r = 30 , h0= 242 r = 70 , h0= 250
2 2 2 2
h=h0 + r h=h0 + r
2g 2g

3.46 2 3.46 2
242+ 30 2=242.55 mm 25 0+ 702=25 2.99 mm
2(9.81 1000) 2(9.81 1000)
3)
r = 110 , h0= 252
2
2
h=h0 + r
2g

3.46 2
252+ 110 2=259 .38 mm
2(9.81 1000)

iii. Using the data from 3rd trial:

1) 2)
r = 30 , h0= 225 r = 70 , h0= 228
2 2 2 2
h=h0 + r h=h0 + r
2g 2g
2 2
3.46 3.46
225+ 302=225 .55 mm 228+ 702=230 .99 mm
2(9.81 1000) 2(9.81 1000)

3)
r = 110 , h0= 223
2 2
h=h0 + r
2g

3.46 2
223+ 1102=230 .38 mm
2(9.81 1000)
Distance h0 (mm)
1st 2nd 3rd
from
centre Measured Theoretical Measured Theoretical Measured Theoretical
(mm)
0 266 266 241 241 212 212
30 269 269.55 242 242.55 225 225.55
70 270 272.99 250 252.99 228 230.99
110 274 281.38 252 259.38 223 230.38