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ELECTRODE
POTENTIALS
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
2008
SPECIFICATIONS
ELECTRODE POTENTIALS
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students
understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the
requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other
examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it
may be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are
available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm
CONTENTS
Types of half cells
Cell potential
The standard hydrogen electrode
Measuring electrode potentials
The electrochemical series
Combining half cells
Cell diagrams
Uses of E values
ELECTRODE POTENTIALS
The value is
affected by ... TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE OF ANY GASES
SOLUTION CONCENTRATION
BUT... you can measure the potential difference between two electrodes
it is measured relative to a reference cell under standard conditions
HYDROGEN GAS AT
298K (25C) 100 kPa PRESSURE
SALT BRIDGE
HYDROCHLORIC
ZINC SULPHATE (1M) ACID (1M)
In the diagram the standard hydrogen electrode is shown coupled up to a zinc half
cell. The voltmeter reading gives the standard electrode potential of the zinc cell.
Layout If species are arranged in order of their standard electrode potentials you
get a series that shows how good each substance is at gaining electrons.
All equations are written as reduction processes ... i.e. gaining electrons
A species with a higher E value oxidise (reverses) one with a lower value
THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
E / V
F2(g) + 2e 2F(aq) +2.87
MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.52
Cl2(g) + 2e 2Cl(aq) +1.36 AN EQUATION
Cr2O72-(aq) + I4H+(aq) + 6e 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33 WITH A
HIGHER E
Br2(l) + 2e 2Br(aq) +1.07
VALUE WILL
Ag+(aq) + e Ag(s) +0.80 REVERSE AN
Fe3+(aq) + e Fe2+(aq) +0.77 EQUATION
O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e H2O2(aq) +0.68 WITH A LOWER
I2(s) + 2e2I(aq) +0.54
VALUE
The resulting cell has a potential difference (voltage) called the cell
potential which depends on the difference between the two potentials
1.10V
ZINC
_ + COPPER
ZINC
SULPHATE (1M) COPPER
SULPHATE (1M)
E = - 0.76V E = + 0.34V
Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu
CELL DIAGRAMS
These give a diagrammatic representation of what is happening in a cell.
Place the cell with the more positive E value on the RHS of the diagram.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s) E = + 0.34V put on the RHS
Zn2+(aq) + 2e Zn(s) E = - 0.76V put on the LHS
_ Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu
+
ZINC IS IN CONTACT THE SOLUTIONS A SOLUTION OF
WITH A SOLUTION ARE JOINED VIA A COPPER IONS IN
OF ZINC IONS SALT BRIDGE TO CONTACT WITH COPPER
CELL DIAGRAMS
These give a diagrammatic representation of what is happening in a cell.
Place the cell with the more positive E value on the RHS of the diagram.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s) E = + 0.34V put on the RHS
Zn2+(aq) + 2e Zn(s) E = - 0.76V put on the LHS
_ Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu
+
_ Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu
+
V
Draw as shown the electrons go round the external circuit from left to right
_ Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu
+
What happens if an Sn(s) / Sn2+(aq) and a Cu(s) / Cu2+(aq) cell are connected?
What happens if an Sn(s) / Sn2+(aq) and a Cu(s) / Cu2+(aq) cell are connected?
the half reaction with the more positive E value is more likely to work
it gets the electrons by reversing the half reaction with the lower E value
What happens if an Sn(s) / Sn2+(aq) and a Cu(s) / Cu2+(aq) cell are connected?
the half reaction with the more positive E value is more likely to work
it gets the electrons by reversing the half reaction with the lower E value
The reaction which takes place will involve the more positive one reversing the other
i.e. Cu2+(aq) > Cu(s) and Sn(s) > Sn2+(aq)
Reverse one equation and its sign Sn(s) > Sn2+(aq) + 2e ; E = +0.14V
Combine the two half equations Sn(s) + Cu2+(aq) > Sn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
ELECTRODE
POTENTIALS
THE
END