CHARTS

Aim:-To make the data more attractive, charts being created. It is very easy foe reader to grasp
the data through diagrammatic representation.

Path:-INSERT Tab > Charts group > Column > Insert a 2D or 3D chart.

Discussion:-Consider the below figure;

Types of charts

Column charts
Line charts
Pie charts
Bar graphs
Area charts

Column chart

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Line chart

Pie chart

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Bar graph

Area chart

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QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTIONS

Page | 4
1.
Gender No. of respondent % of response
Male 24 24
Female 76 76

Gender Analysis
NO. OF RESPONDENT % OF RESPONSE
76 76
80

60

40
No. of respondent 24 24
20

0
Male Female

Gender

Interpretation:-This graph shows that 24% response is coming through the male population and
76% is coming through the female population.

2.

Marital status No. of respondent % of response

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Unmarried 24 24
Separated 10 10
Married 50 50
Others 16 16

Marital Status Analysis

NO. OF RESPONDENT % OF RESPONSE
50 50
50
40 24 24
30 16 16
10 10
20
10
no. of respondent 0

marital status

Interpretation:-This graph shows that in our country, from total population 24% are unmarried,
10% are separate, 50% are married, and rest 16% are the others which are not falls in any of
these categories.

3.

Qualification No. of respondent % of response

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Up to graduation 15 30
Post graduation 20 40
Professional degree 15 30

Qualification Analysis
NO. OF RESPONDENT % OF RESPONSE
30 40
40 15 20 30
30 15
20
10
0

No. of respondent

Qualification

Interpretation:-This graph represent that out of 100%, 30% response is coming through the
graduation people, 40% through post graduation people, and rest 30% through the professionals.

4.

Location No. of respondent % of response

North Delhi 16 13.3333
South Delhi 40 33.3333

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East Delhi 24 20
West Delhi 20 16.6666
Central Delhi 20 16.6666

Location Analysis
NO. OF RESPONDENT % OF RESPONSE

Central delhi
West delhi
East delhi
Location
South delhi
North delhi

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

No. of respondent

Interpretation:-

5.

Physical condition Strongly Agre Neutra Strongly Disagre Total

agree e l disagree e
Air conditioning 20 15 15 20 30 100
Lighting in train & 14 16 24 6 40 100
station

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Space allocation 18 22 7 13 40 100

Metro Condition Analysis

Air conditioning Lighting of train & station
Space allocation
150 40
100 18 22 40
14 16 7
24 13
6 30
50 20 15 15 20
0
No. of respondent

response

Interpretation:-

6.

Cleanliness Strongly Agre Neutra Strongly Disagre Total

agree e l disagree e
Ticket counter 14 6 25 5 50 100
Station / platform 60 10 14 6 10 100
premises
Train coaches 17 13 30 25 15 100

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 Cleanliness Analysis
Ticket counter Station/ platform premises
Train coaches
80 60 50
60 251430 25
40 14 17 61013 56 1015
20
0
no. of respondent

response

Interpretation:-

7.
Technical faults Strongly Agre Neutra Strongly Disagre Total
agree e l disagree e
Automatic doors 16 4 20 40 20 100
Announcements 50 13 7 20 10 100

Page | 10
Token / smart 24 6 10 50 20 100
cards

Technical Analysis
Automatic doors Announcements
50 Token/ smart cards
4050
50
40 1624 13 20
30
20 4 6 710 20 20 20
10 10
0

No. of respondent

response

Interpretation:-

8.

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Convenience Strongly Agre Neutra Strongly Disagre Total
agree e l disagree e
Seating & standing 19 21 15 25 20 100
arrangements
Comfortable board & de- 24 16 50 6 4 100
board of train
Feeder bus service is 18 22 25 15 20 100
available

Convenience Analysis
Seating & standing arrangements
Comfortable board & de-board of train
Feeder bus service is available

60 50
40 19 18 211622 15 25 25 15 20 20
24
20 6 4
0
No. of respondents

response

Interpretation:-

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9.

Safety Strongly Agre Neutra Strongly Disagre Total

agree e l disagree e
You feel safe at 50 10 15 15 10 100
platform
You feel safe at train 64 6 20 10 0 100
coaches
You feel safe in 15 5 35 15 30 100
parking area

Safety Analysis
You feel safe at platform You fell safe at train coach
You feel safe in parking area
0.12
100%0.5 0.24
0.29 0.5 0.38 0.75
50%0.39 0.48 0.29 0.25
0.21 0.38
0% 0.25
0
No. of respondents

response

Interpretation:-

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 CONDITIONAL FORMATTING
Aim:-To apply formats to a cell or range of cells, and have that formatting change depending on
the value of the cell or the value of a formula.

Path:-HOME tab > STYLES group > CONDITIONAL FORMATTING button.

Result:-Consider the below figure;

1. HIGHLIGHTING CELL RULES

Aim:-To highlighting cells that contain values which meet a certain condition or format a whole
cell range and vary the exact format as the value of each cell varies.

Path:-HOME Tab > STYLES group > Conditional Formatting > Highlight Cell Rules.

Discussion:-Consider the below figure;

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1.1 Greater than

Aim:-To highlight the cells that contain values which is greater than the chosen value.
Path:-HOME Tab > Styles group > Conditional Formatting > Highlight Cell Rules > Greater
Than button.
Discussion:-Here I choose the value 90 and give the yellow fill to all the values which is greater
than 90.
Result:-Consider figure-1.1

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 Figure-1.1
Inference:-In order to get the desired output i.e., value greater than 90 is to be highlighted ,so I
use this command and highlight all the values by entering 90 in the window that is appear on the
screen and choosing the filling color and then by clicking ok all the values greater than 90 is
being highlighted with yellow color.

1.2 Less than.

Aim:-To highlight all the cells that contain values which is less than the chosen value.
Path:-HOME Tab > Styles group > Conditional Formatting > Highlight Cell Rules > Less Than
button.
Discussion:-Here I choose the same value i.e., 90 and give the blue fill to all the cells that
contains value less than 90.
Result:-Shown in figure-1.2

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 Figure-1.2
Inference :- In order to get desired result i.e., value less than 90 is to be highlighted, I use this
command by putting the value 90 in the appeared window, selecting the color and then click ok ,
all the values which is less than 90 is to be highlighted with the blue color.

1.3 Between

Aim:-To highlight the cells that contains value between the chosen value.
Path:-HOME Tab > Styles group > Conditional Formatting > Highlight Cell Rules > Between
button.

Discussion:-Here I choose the values between 50 to 100 and give the orange fill to all the cells
that contains value between50 to 100.

Result:-Shown in figure-1.3

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 Figure-1.3

Inference:-To get the desired result i.e., highlight the values between 50 to 100, I use this
command and enter the digits in the new window, choosing the orange color and click ok. All the
values between 50 to 100 is getting filled with orange color.

1.4 Equal to.

Aim:-To highlight all the cells that contain the value equal to the desired value.
Path:-HOME Tab > Styles group > Conditional Formatting > Highlight Cell Rules > Less Than
button.
Discussion:-Here I choose the value 125 and give it the pink fill to the cell that contains 125.
Result:-Consider figure-1.4

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 Figure-1.4

Inference:-To get desired result i.e., values which is equal to 125 is to be highlighted, I use this
command and putting the value in the appearing window, also choosing the pink color and click
ok. All the cells that contain the value 125 are being highlighted.

1.5 Text that contains..

Aim:-To highlight the cells that contains text.

Path:-HOME Tab > Styles group > Conditional Formatting > Highlight Cell Rules > Text That
Contain button.

Discussion:-Here I choose letter A and give it a fill of dark blue color to all the cells that
contain letter A.

Result:-Shown in figure-1.5.

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 Figure-1.5
Inference:-To get desired result i.e., text that contains A is highlighted. I use this command and
enter letter A in the newly appearing window, giving it a dark blue fill and click ok. All the cells
that contain letter A being highlighted with dark blue color.

1.6 Duplicate value

Aim:-To highlight the cells that contains duplicate value.

Path:-HOME Tab > Style group > Conditional Formatting > Highlight Cell Rule > Duplicate
Value button.
Discussion:-Here I only choose the green color and all the duplicate values is being colored.
Result:-Shown in figure-1.6.

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 Figure-1.6

Inference:-In order to get the desired result i.e., all the cells that contain duplicate value is being
highlighted. I use this command and only choose the green color and then click ok. As a result all
the cells contain duplicate value being highlighted with green color.

2. TOP/ BOTTOM VALUE

Aim:-To highlight cells that are above & below the average of the cells.

Path:-Go to HOME Tab > Styles group > Conditional Formatting > Top/Bottom Rules button.

Discussion:-Consider the below figure;

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2.1 Top 10 items..

Aim:-To highlight the cells that contain the top 10 values.

Path:-HOME Tab > Style group > Conditional Formatting > Top/ Bottom Rules > Top 10 Items
button.

Discussion:-Here I choose top 10 values which highlighted with blue color.

Result:-Shown in the below figure-2.1;

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 Figure-2.1

Inference:-To get the desired result i.e., top 10 values to be highlighted, I use this command and
enter 10 in the new appearing window, selecting the color (blue) and click ok. As a result all the
top 10 values are being highlighted with blue color.

2.2 Bottom 10 items.

Aim:-To highlight the cells that contains bottom 10 values.

Path:-HOME Tab > Style group > Conditional Formatting > Top/ Bottom Rules > Bottom 10
Items button.

Discussion:-Here I choose bottom10values that is to be highlighted with the selected color.

Result:-Shown in figure-2.2;

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 Figure-2.2
Inference:-To get the desired output i.e., bottom 10 values is being highlighted, I use this
command to highlight bottom 10 values by putting 10 in the new occurring window give it a
light mud color and the click ok. As a result all the cells that contain bottom 10 values is being
highlighted.

2.3 Above average.

Aim:-To highlight the cells that contains above average values.

Path:-HOME Tab > Style group > Conditional Formatting > Top/ Bottom Rules > Above
Average button.
Discussion:-Here I only choose the color which is to be filled in the cells. There is no need to
select the values. We only have to select the whole data and its automatically being highlighted
with the color.
Result:-Shown in the figure-2.3;

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 Figure-2.3
Inference:-To get the desired result i.e., above average values is being highlighted, I use this
path and choose the above average button and then selecting the color(light purple) and click ok.
All the above average value cells is highlighted.

2.4 Below average.

Aim:-To highlight the cells that contains below average values.

Path:-HOME Tab > Style group > Conditional Formatting > Top/ Bottom Rules > Below
Average button.
Discussion:-Here also I only choose the color and the whole data and highlight the below
average value cells.
Result:-Shown in the figure-2.4;

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 Figure-2.3
Inference:-To get the required result i.e., below average values to be highlighted, I use this path
and select the color from the new appearing window and click ok. All the below average value
cells is being highlighted with the selected color (light blue).

3. FORMAT AS TABLE

Aim:-To make the spreadsheet nicer and also be easier to use.

Path:-HOME Tab > Styles group > Format as Table button.
Discussion:-Consider below figure;

Page | 26
3.1 My table has header

Aim:-To make headers of the table.

Path:-HOME Tab > Styles group > Format as Table button.
Discussion:-Here table is automatically selected. I only choose light color table and click on my
table has header.
Result:-Shown in figure-3.1;

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 Figure-3.1
Inference:-To make table look nicer I use this command and choose light color of the table and
click ok, as a result headers is being made.

3.2 My table has no header

Path:-HOME Tab > Styles group > Format as Table button.

Discussion:-Here I directly go to the format as table button and unmark the box.
Result:-Shown in the figure-3.2;

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 Figure-3.2
Inference:-For no headers I use this command and a dialog box appears, in this I unmark the box
of my table has header and click ok, as a result there is no header shown in my table.

4. CELL STYLES

Aim:-Quickly format a range of cells by choosing a table style.

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 Path:-HOME Tab > Styles group > Cell Styles button.
Discussion:-Shown in the below figure;

Inference:-By using this command we can create our own cell styles through which our table
looks more attractive and it becomes easy to find out the same content cells rather than keep
searching for that.

5. INSERT

Aim:-To insert rows, column and sheets in the same workbook.

Path:-HOME Tab > Cells group > Insert button.
Discussion:-Shown in the below figure;

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5.1 Insert column

Aim:-To insert the column in the same spreadsheet.

Path:-HOME Tab > Cells group > Insert > Insert Sheet Column button.
Discussion:-Here I choose the column for inserting column in the sheet and go to the insert
button and insert a column.
Result:-Shown in the figure-5.1;

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 Figure-5.1
Inference:-For inserting the column I use this command and select that column where I need to
insert it and then go to the insert button, choose insert sheet column and click ok, a new column
is inserted besides the selected column.

5.2 Insert rows

Aim:-To insert the rows in the same spreadsheet.

Path:-Go to HOME Tab > Cells group > Insert > Insert Sheet Rows button.
Discussion:-Here I select the row where I need to get insert the row by performing the above
command.
Result:-Shown in the figure-5.2;

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 Figure-5.2
Inference:-For inserting the row I use this command and select that row where I need to insert it
and then go to the insert button, choose insert sheet row and click ok, a new row is inserted
above the selected row.

5.3 Insert sheet

Aim:-To insert a new sheet in the same workbook for more work.
Path:-HOME Tab > Cells group > Insert > Insert Sheet button.
Discussion:-Here I select the whole sheet and insert the sheet by performing the above
command.
Result:-Shown in the figure-5.3;

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 Figure-5.3
Inference:-For inserting the sheet I use this command and select the whole sheet then go to the
insert button, choose insert sheet and click ok, a new sheet is inserted.

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WHAT IF ANALYSIS
Aim:-Allows us to try out different values (scenarios) for formulas.
Path:-DATA Tab > Data Tools group > What If Analysis button.
Discussion:-Consider the below figure;

GOAL SEEK
Aim:-It gives the desired output by changing only 1 input or 1 input = 1 output.
Path:-DATA Tab > Data Tools group > What If Analysis > Goal Seek button.
Discussion:-Here I choose profit cell (output) and put value=0 by changing the selling per unit
price (input).
Result:-Consider the below figures;

Page | 35
Inference:-This tool showed that in order to get the desired output i.e., profit = 0, the selling
price per unit has to be changed from Rs. 18.9 to Rs. 13.1098.

DATA TABLE

Page | 36
Aim:-To see different results by altering an input cell in our formula.
Path:-DATA Tab > Data Tools group > What If Analysis > Data Table button.
Discussion:-Here I use the PMT and rate and assuming some values and according to that data
table gives me the full fill-up table.
Result:-Consider the below figure;

Inference:-To get the desired table, here I use the two inputs i.e., annuity (PMT) and rate and
only using these two input I design the full table by using this command. It will help me to
calculate different annuity amount by using different present values and different rates.

MANAGER SCENARIO
Aim:-It allows us to try out different values (scenarios) for formulas. It enables us to easily
compare the results of different scenarios.
Path:-DATA Tab > Data Tools group > What If Analysis > Scenario Manager Button.

Page | 37
Discussion:-Here I change selling price per unit, sales per unit, and variable cost to change the
profit.
Result:-Consider the below figure;

Interpretation:-Grey cell represents we change the input (selling price per unit, sales per unit,
variable cost per unit) and what will the impact on the result (profit) if I change the first value
i.e., selling price per unit has changed from Rs. 18.9 to Rs. 20, the profit has changed from Rs.
115804 to Rs. 137804 and so on. This tool helps us to make a summary of all these effects so that
we can easily compare the values of different scenarios.

PIVOT TABLE
Aim:-Pivot tables are one of Excel's most powerful features. It allows us to extract the
significance from a large, detailed data set.
Path:-INSERT Tab > Tables group >Pivot Table button.
Discussion:-
Result:-

Page | 38
Inference:-

PIVOT CHARTS
Aim:-A pivot chart is the visual representation of a pivot table in Excel. Pivot charts and pivot
tables are connected with each other.
Path:-INSERT Tab > Tables group > Pivot Table > Pivot Chart button.
Discussion:-
Result:-

Page | 39
Inference:-

PROBLEM SOLVER
Aim:-It uses techniques from the operations research to find optimal solutions for all kind of
decision problems.
Path:-DATA Tab > Analysis group > Solver button.
Discussion:-
Result:-

Page | 40
Inference:-

ADVANCE FILTER

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Aim:-To only display records that meet complex criteria.
Path:-DATA Tab > Sort & Filter group > Filter button > Advance Filter.
Discussion:-
Result:-

Inference:-

TIME VALUE OF MONEY

Page | 42
COMPOUNDING

Compounding is the process where the value of an investment increases because the earnings on
an investment, both capital gains and interest, earn interest as time passes. This exponential
growth occurs because the total growth of an investors investment along with its principal
earnings in the next period. This differs from linear growth, where only the principal earns
interest each period.
Formula for calculating the future value of a lump sum amount

Excel formula = FV*(RATE, NPER, PMT, [PV], [TYPE])

Manual formula = PV*(1+i)^n

OR

PV*(CVF)i%,n

In case of Deferred Annuity

Excel formula = FV*(RATE, NPER, PMT, [PV], [TYPE])

Manual formula = A*{[(1+i)^n-1] / i}

OR

A*(CVAF)i%,n

In case of Annuity Due

Excel formula = FV*(RATE, NPER, PMT, [PV], [TYPE])

Manual formula = FV of Deferred Annuity*(1+i)

OR

A*(CVAF)i%,n (1+i)

In case of Sinking Fund

In this case we have to calculate the amount of annuity.

Excel formula = PMT*(RATE, NPER, PV, [FV], [TYPE])

Manual formula = FV*[i / (1+i)^n-1]

DISCOUNTING

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Discounting is the process of determining the present value of a payment or a stream of
payments that is to be received in the future. Given the time value of money, a dollar is worth
more today than it would be worth tomorrow. Discounting is the primary factor used in pricing a
stream of tomorrow's cash flows.
Formula for calculating the present value of a lump sum amount

Excel formula = PV*(RATE, NPER, PMT, [PV], [TYPE])

Manual formula = FV / (1+i)^n

OR

FV*(PVF)i%,n

In case of Deferred Annuity

Excel formula = PV*(RATE, NPER, PMT, [PV], [TYPE])

In case of Annuity Due

Excel formula = PV*(RATE, NPER, PMT, [PV], [TYPE])

In case of Loan Amortization

In this case we have to calculate the amount of annuity which we have to pay in the form of
interest.

Excel formula = PMT*(RATE, NPER, PV, [FV], [TYPE])

Page | 44
Inference:-In this I have done compounding and discounting by using these formulas which I
have written in the above. By putting the values formulas is being executed.

Page | 45
 CAPITAL BUDGETING MODELS
1. Net Present Value (NPV)
It is the difference between present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows.
Acceptance rule:- Accept if NPV > 0(i.e., NPV is positive)
Reject if NPV < 0(i.e., NPV is negative)
Project may be accepted if NPV = 0
Formula, NPV = PV(CI) - PV(CO)

2. Profitability Index (PI)

It is the ratio of the present value of the cash flows to the initial outlay.
Acceptance rule:- Accept if PI > 1
Reject if PI < 1
Project may be accepted if PI = 1
Formula, PI = PV(CI) / PV(CO)

3. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

It is the discount rate which equates the present value of an investments cash inflows and
outflows.
Acceptance rule:- Accept if IRR > k
Reject if IRR < k
Project may be accepted if IRR = k
Formula, IRR = RL + (RH RL)*{PVL PVREQ. / PVL PVH}

Page | 46
Inference:-In this I have done capital budgeting by using these formulas which I have written in
the above. By putting the values formulas is being executed.

Page | 47
BUILDING THE TEMPLATE

CONNECTING THE SHEETS

Page | 48
Page | 49