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Differentiation Review
Section 3.1: Extreme Values of Functions
Types of extrema
Absolute
max
Local minimum: lowest point in
the neighborhood Local max
Local maximum: highest point in
the neighborhood
1. Find the critical points of the function 2. Find the critical points of the function
f(x)= x3-9x2+15x+3 f(x)= sin(x) on the interval [0, 2]
1. Find all extreme values of f(x)= 3x2-9x+2 2. Find all extreme values of f(x)= 2x3-3x2-12x
on the interval [1,3]
Checklist
1. f(x) is continuous on
closed interval [a,b]
2. f(x) is differentiable on
open interval (a,b)
f(x) must change directions at some point, so there must be a horizontal tangent line
Practice
1. Find all values of c that satisfy Rolles theorem for f(x)= x(1-x) on the interval [0,1]
c= 1/2
Section 3.2: Mean Value Theorem
If f(x) is differentiable on a closed interval [a,b], then there is some point c
where the slope of the secant line is equal to the slope of the tangent line
Secant line
Steps
Practice 1. Find f(a) and f(b)
2. Fill in the formula to find c
3. Check the interval
1. Find the values of c that satisfy MVT for f(x)= 3x2+5x-2 on the interval [-1,1]
c= 0
Section 3.3: Connecting Derivatives to the Graph
Part 1
If f(x)>0, or positive, then f is increasing
f(x)<0 f(x)>0
f(x)=0
Steps
Practice 1.
2.
3.
Find the first derivative
Set f(x)= 0
f(x) test
1. Determine the intervals where the 2. Determine the intervals where the
following function is increasing and following function is increasing and
decreasing: f(x)= x4-8x2 decreasing: f(x)= 4x
x2+1
Section 3.3: Connecting Derivatives to the Graph
Part 2
The second derivative test tells us concavity
1. Find all inflection points and determine the 2. Find all inflection points and determine
intervals of concavity for f(x)= x3-5x2+3x+6 the intervals of concavity for f(x)= x4-4x3
Curve Sketching
Steps
1. Intercepts
2. Discontinuities
3. Critical points
4. Increasing/decreasing: f(x) test
5. Maxima and minima
6. Concavity: f(x) test
7. Inflection points: change in
concavity
Practice
Sketch the graph: y= -x3-6x2-9x-4
Practice
Sketch the graph: x-3
x+8
Section 3.4: Modeling and Optimization
Example: A farmer has 2400 ft of fencing and
Steps
wants to fence off a rectangular field that borders
a straight river. He needs no fence along the river.
1. Determine your constraint and what What are the dimensions of the field that has the
youre minimizing/maximizing largest area?
(sketch out the situation)
2. Substitute into max or min function Whats the constraint?
by making everything in terms of one
variable (isolate constraint)
3. Find the derivative and set equal to What is being maximized?
zero
4. Solve for the variable
A= 32 units
1997 AP Calculus AB Exam
Practice
If y = 2x 8, what is the minimum value of the product xy?
-16
Practice
What is the radius of a cylindrical soda can with a volume of 512 cubic inches that will use
the minimum amount of material?
r= (256/)
Section 3.5: Linearization and Differentials
Approximating the value of a function Steps
by using a value that we already know 1. Identify f(x), f(x), x and a
2. Plug values in for either
formula
Linearization 3. If you use the differential
formula, subtract dy from f(x)
L(x)= f(x)+f(x)(a-x)
Ex. Approximate 36.03
Differentials f(x)= x x= 36
a=36.03 dx= 0.03
dy= f(x) dx f(x)= 1/2x
Practice
1. Approximate 25.02 2. Approximate 63.97
5.002 3.999
Practice
When a spherical ball is heated, its radius increases by 0.01 mm. Estimate the change in
volume of the ball when the radius is 5 mm.
3.142 mm3
Section 3.6: Related Rates
Oil spilling from a ruptured tanker spreads in a circle on the surface of the ocean. The radius of
the spill increases at a rate of 7 m/min. How fast is the area of the spill increasing when the
radius is 9 m?
A= 126 m2/min
Practice
A spherical snowball is rolled in fresh snow, causing it grow at a rate of 32/3 in/sec. How fast is
the radius of the snowball increasing when the radius is 7 in?
h= 8/243 cm/sec