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THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES: Between 1774 and 1775, the United
Kingdom imposes a series of measures to limit the economy of the colonies. The
restrictions provoke the war of the 13 colonies against the United Kingdom. The 4 of
July of 1776, the independence of the United States of America is declared. The United
Kingdom only recognized American sovereignty after 1783. The economic disunity of
the new country necessitates the emergence of a strong central government. The
Constitution of the United States was written and ratified by the 13 states in 1789.
George Washington, hero of the War of Independence, is elected the first president of
the United States.
In the 19th century, the country began to expand its territory through purchases,
possessions, wars and conquest of indigenous territories. In 1803, he bought Louisiana
from France for $ 15 million. In 1819, it acquired Florida, of Spain, for US $ 5 million.
Between 1846 and 1848, in the war against Mexico, the United States conquers the entire
region from Texas to California. During the second great westward migration (1850-1890),
Indian tribes are decimated. In 1853, Arizona and New Mexico were bought in Mexico for
US $ 10 million. In 1867, Russia sold him Alaska for US $ 7 million.
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR: - In the nineteenth century, the issue of slavery divides the
United States. The need for free and abundant labor in the North is opposed to the
South's desire to keep slaves. Southern states decide to separate in 1860, when the
abolitionist Abraham Lincoln is elected president. In the War of Secession (1862-1865)
the government of the Union, of the North, emerges as victor.
He devised a steamboat, the Clermont, which was launched in 1807 and made several
successful trips to the Hudson. This new conception revolutionized navigation, although
this was only the first of the impressive series of American contributions to the
expansion of technical civilization.
Back in 1840, the Americans surprised the world with truly important inventions. In
1839, Charles Goodyear, an old ironmonger, discovered a procedure to vulcanize the
rubber. At about the same time, Samuel Morse invented the electric telegraph, in which
he used a set of signs known as the Morse alphabet which is still used today.
Shortly afterwards, in 1859, Colonel Edwin L. Drake drilled in Titusville, Pennsylvania,
the world's first oil well. This colonel was an extraordinary character who had nothing
military. A few months after its sensational discovery, several dozen survey towers
were already operating in Titusville.
Se abra para la economa mundial una nueva era que iba a tener pronto serias
repercusiones en todos los sectores de la actividad social. Hubo quien se hizo
enormemente rico, aunque el pobre Drake muriera pobre: el estado de
Pensilvania hubo de sufragar los gastos de su entierro.
Otra contribucin cientfica importante de la joven Norteamrica la
aport Graham Bell, un escocs que se haba establecido en Estados Unidos
por razones de salud. En 1876 construy el primer telfono. De Thomas Alv
Edison debemos mencionar un invento todava ms sensacional. Nacido en
Ohio, obtena tan mezquinos resultados de su asistencia a la escuela que su
madre hubo de ensearle los rudimentos ella misma.
Como sus padres eran pobres, Edison hubo de ganarse la vida desde los doce
aos vendiendo peridicos. Dedicaba sus ratos libres a hacer experimentos de
qumica, y ste fue el principio de una carrera prestigiosa tanto desde el punto
de vista tcnico como del financiero. Debemos a Thomas Alva
Edison descubrimientos que han transformado nuestra vida: la lmpara de
incandescencia, el fongrafo, etc. Tambin obtuvo resultados excepcionales en
el dominio del cinematgrafo.
A new era was opening for the world economy that was soon to have serious
repercussions in all sectors of social activity. There were those who became enormously
wealthy, even though poor Drake died poor: the state of Pennsylvania had to meet the
expenses of his funeral.
Another important scientific contribution of young America was provided by Graham
Bell, a Scot who had settled in the United States for health reasons. In 1876 he built the
first telephone. From Thomas Alvarez Edison we must mention an even more
sensational invention. Born in Ohio, he obtained such petty results from attending
school that his mother taught him the rudiments herself.
Since his parents were poor, Edison had to make a living from twelve years of selling
newspapers. He devoted his spare time to chemistry experiments, and this was the
beginning of a prestigious career both from a technical and a financial point of view. We
owe to Thomas Alva Edison discoveries that have transformed our life: the
incandescent lamp, the phonograph, etc. He also obtained exceptional results in the
field of cinematography.
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You can not speak of nineteenth-century America without mentioning Henry Ford. In
1896 Ford built its first car.
It looked like a sort of flying chair mounted on four wheels like a bicycle. The driver
drove the vehicle through an iron rod; A two-cylinder engine ensured the propulsion.
After this, Ford built other more refined models. The industry he created was going to
build millions of cars.
From the point of view of technique and energy production, the Americans had made a
real revolution. And they would not stop picking up laurels in the most diverse domains.
In 1903, the brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright were able to build the first airplane
equipped with an explosion engine that had actually flown. From this time, North
America developed rapidly and became a great industrial power.
THE NEW DEAL In 1920, Congress adopted a constitutional reform that bans the
manufacture and marketing of alcoholic beverages: Economic euphoria was interrupted
in 1929, when overvaluation and widespread bankruptcy of companies plunged into the
New York Stock Exchange York and the world capitalist economy in a serious crisis of
recession.