Scribd Logo
Загрузить

Добро пожаловать в Scribd!

  • Whats Going On

    Загружено:

    ZéZé Cordeiro
    24 просмотров26 страниц
    popular culture popular music and media literacy

    Оригинальное название

    whats going on

    Авторское право

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Доступные форматы

    PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd

    Этот документ был вам полезен?

    Это неприемлемый материал?

    Пожаловаться на этот документ
    popular culture popular music and media literacy

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    24 просмотров26 страниц

    Whats Going On

    Загружено:

    ZéZé Cordeiro
    popular culture popular music and media literacy

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 26
    lncoducelassignifcan new polis Fst, hse ae ‘to egulte popular msi Sal pne lated oboe ty Second cone popula, ttnaton of Live Ai, ad urn tothe sigan of einche me il ot be coe to exper Say be ices acer er fom the sine of omoion enc ere That lb ether dhe eestiions vied vero ba rl etn ‘ance, who have ween snyet heb ew here renin Tol she Trterene provider acl demourl nny mene pot Pap Mi) ewe shoves from the Rensis eracknowidement eto hee mri od myo Erm, Sgr an een Sage of The Spe Gi, a Coan an ford testo my Routede ets th, New Zslnd, Aug 2000. Chapter t ‘What’s goin’ ont? Popular culture, popular music, and media teracy Test nitty popes Whe wo pe sb sacécvientclim, mech wing on populist west ti heaton ‘ome eu inche pene eld thin whichicesitaxed The il enc heres wit the general mature and ole of poplar eure» wll phenmeno, Primacy in contemporary soi but abo i em oft hist Jevelopmet, ‘Wihio this broader amb my inert with guetons about the nat ed ration of poplar elt soil eeption, and consume, the de of stain poulie cule and he way in which wch studs can bat be el ‘Tho questions embrace the dyamies of popular cule, cludes sal the polite we In examining these quttons {ave dawn on ange ofthe ‘ei nd cesta material ees ste cll teh ly td worsens ais. This overview indicates wha asm fo met be the srt Poin snd peoecupaions ha chou form the dy of pop calare | move fm this general dacasion eo fac on the stay of pop mn. ‘Academic nals of popular muse and sacs maniesans an ally sow to develop. Daring the 197s and 1980s, even the increasingly popula ido ‘ed ses ened concentrates atenion onthe ial medi parley ‘elcvbon, nd nlc popular muse Tere wee nb exceptions nh the wotk of schol such as Simon Fith, Geo Lipsy lain Chabot. Acgela McRobbie, Richard Mido, Joba Shepherd, Dave Lang. Lawrence Gober, sea Nebon Gage, Dring the 190, hee ws wtb ood of water, wel saved ere sth umber of cone che dee on popular ns oon lcasanapet of popularclareand mada ates While aed poplar ne ‘shal continued produce important ew wok (eg Fh 1996, Groner, 92 Lipits19, chy were joe by write sich Andy Bennet, Manas Bas Mavs Bye Sata Cahon,Recboe Onl, Phil Hopwank Seve Jon, Tony “Machel Ret Nos, Wil Stand Deena Weise. fe flats mean of chp The new pinence of opular msc st ties cent 9 sol cll pbenomenon, asocied with » mb Cllr. nao many fasted popu clare ech ot ino every ng ‘Paste Th marying leary epost and peice top fom 1 range offence, ncaling poli economy Fein sti, sod medina cis ith ome ch here o film (rarer wed eval thoy foe the wt Bisiogayes in Oren 1995, Hagen 19952, pec, Sherbet 1997 sho Shker 199) “The dcanion hee neces slective se highly condensed cencentating cn thse questions theoreti postne ad appeoaehes which oom the back ‘pointe tent Ihave tterptedtomake theoreti mania ccc {oon falar mith he moe extensive original dcusons, while the wx ‘sed endercan allow thse up ia the ferences povided ‘As Horer nd Sw (1997) shure, the diernt mening given tems commun tthe vray of popu muse wate including the very terms oul nt ms’ el shape the music ad ourexpeience oft Accordingly, ‘ain by claifingsome ey empire’, Poplar opel ms then moe onto able examination of ver cetal us sy atempe ta alse he popu the lnm Betver ved etre rd ear preeences ‘Begone eno se prefered esting the planer ofthe ext and eau ring rae and dete ove he eof popular sre. A ber ays i the eumieaon of popular clue ar then outines the high elt toon, cried vith Leave English etic the mam ocey tess seca ith Frankie Schost Marsan thee vines of ertcal dia theory ~ poliiel economy eval, ad ctu and aly attempts wart ps Inne sles ofthe popuac In ach ev, examples of the apt ofthe theoreti penpecive to poplar muse ae presente “Themeaningand iy oftrmsstcha poplar ans specily ine (ceo empl, Willams I98I; Ep and Sedgwick 1999) irl, "popule tsi’ a asocind ee uh Tok ork ll and pop are sed by ms ‘Cn fnsandscaenc nals inaconfing variety of ap Then heres ed Ivemy’ sera which ert ter to econespain eer leeicy tome cea dng of al os of medi, mln popular mas nll 2 Any Bennet, Marie Brn 1 Hayward, Seve Jone, Tony des sngion of whoop tocted wih ullon beret fan appoate the ial econo ula sali, ech hee if le, seca they (ce the ie especialy, Shepherd eal. 1997, thiy condo, concentrating ‘Shs whic kom nde ck hort trl ccs "co, ede ce vr. erent mening ger ves specs fe Aconting Peale and pple mie ral ses i any mp hae aclu preeencs sles of heen and eer Tare. A number of ys tthe high ular waon, Society thei asoced wih te media theory ~ ple Is atemps to aaltepet ples of the application ofthe i 4 ma epecily nein dere Gucusion and debate ck 1999). Silly opr Mandy ate sd By mas rf way Then tered ‘eae prinorental tee” ‘eating popu musa thas tne be remake hii w define nem whi se wll practice wally comomicphes or pote cones od hah awe aot sie but consandy eval Indked pate Hk ways pease pend Sting Keane hile ering within bite gop Ths 0 se des Bevin drriing ‘Ar Buuntin oseve, thing ons cldy afis ones hig ‘nice donee nis’ (98418) Academia wn aly “onto cpr the relinstapbstwoen pul ue nd lala mrs be row acy of ts expering ou sins am floss asc toc enc ge, aetna ati th ‘thea (0! Choyer 11). oun nos of elo expe a Ben ly fever wa apie tov “Thornton dation of eller the UR). te pate and les of i preeenes ( Aner ine of debt oun popular ele st belo rl in iin repent voles Wits wh concent onthe text se fi “ng cones fom semocc and pychoanuytic alas ae tat these ‘hoe in he tour apf ing ha a dbouimant mesa st win the Stra leeds conversions and practices o he prcennd onsie Thrash there doin ule, vw strony dled ineuaa theory Een i we acest the ation of telogelydominan vals an whi le onsen may et lily ov wun by ache per wing cmaiing ds als, est Be pea md the acres tre that eau a whole a0 In prt cdot our ee Freese eps aking ens’ of hem a diferent war. Tsp a Thee ef popular esicnceandeabversn of dominant cule, “The ann ay encima bee atx ads consumes cannot be ame te of, on tent carceritc lone, The extshisr con ‘nol podton and comunpenaeamprtant ss the nati of i allen sn the aroun ways in whih they mite thelr encountcr with Ce text ‘Ginvendy, nr can meaning be py ea of fom ee ctrl Tain of the ‘Sonmmer Tet and andes inert, Herman al Hoare (1979) pone to amumber sdemgles of his occuring ith poplar aie wx the Sev’ "Pat of he UUnon vended dec sack on tae untonin, achive he oposte fee by Coventry car wear we ional Balla, You News Wk o when ‘Aone en up by Liverpool ol Ci spore ece athe ety they conclade: "Bron corte intertts, Boa they Song th consmptonw nor macy pase A sors meanings ot nab, “4 keting. Forde Sack dleconomicenerencc ef poet Int penal gender sopra socal ponte open {offense ln uthingmon: ‘Aca ily wily i an any oing os een se ‘lca, on ater ee vaca a eon ly slr of aie pecrences (eg 1 olga ae reefing ‘eet the txt eh, fen Solan age tact foc “inne msgs etn ce ‘ceo the prem an ane teu deed neu aly donoee ve and te Seto buy i the red Finder ei col Tinie way Thon bien cle. tea comes can Alone The tents ave cond sermithe ef der tice ecnntr wh thee som the waco fhe ‘rte (97) pneos umber “eve the Seu Pat fhe tion achtved the epee Be Sol bal, Yo Never le pores beeen othe ot sce hey ante “cnt neg om lrnkpesoc of cnt’ (Herman nt Hore 1979:53)-The ty pp me ss ein dt eau ean ar only mae by ores oe thi rosa t uskr conditions aed eros (Grape) Some aon commento lading to being del opal eal, de ac fal conveying he hin of uly plese, an aeaton of are Jidwmene chroush the mpi sugustion ea culn' lp ml Yet eo Bnuman and Darth Vit, ER and he Simpsons, Maton and Spengacrs Ryord Chandlers Moro nl Raber Pathe’ Spon sto sl schnelee hace alien in pout el, an that pas sigan le inca lives This she eae even withthe wo ley eet in pe Boone he reduction of popu cle Fogerty sides the eeu ly to mee ory marks taste: For example, ne 90 percent of receded mk ld ronfock msc nd its asecinted genres, he ince fm ths core mare nly nef subsiding dealer market or tcl ms cha claclnd ‘The show lt of popular clr hee and tus ines the words Played by herent Tobe able to parte nthe mori eat kia Aicasing lst evenings television programmes (Want Cope Closer pa that emerency room sene In ER, peippss a knowledge ofthe pal propane, ts mig charter a native dynamics Te pose sone ‘eth mn’ arent ove hereltve eof ani ofthe vata mrs Parla performer Srl You'd ape th Dyan 19ers ae suptor thie Aube wok? The inser able jin ihe ite, pode eo se ha he omy background knowlege ~ cura ail - todos. Allee pe ew fas ben tered the pleas ee exch sic sleet with prc eras &F popu colare anda fume wih its cides and Convertor, they ovine tan estes remot enjoyment ofthe fr he pean ofthe text can lo be phys: the slay pleases of bring Sheri in ‘aus rent, creeing anos of privacy a lf sation ay ‘ins and craton the sheer tale ples fang corals, th Sis scxorenving rial of wing the scene for leteningcleming the eon and ganew be deeve notes and the physical plu thse oe ef eat Belt which vove activ paripaton, txt nly dine. Then th ae the onal esses ro be dered fem both he anton and eomsmgton a Bilis pls a weeloved ecole fll, 4 fvourte aot eon geo anther once bya fot performer Fagen sah pau Hin cee of citar the lene fom eve eons nd once 880 se moment oeonspeon Theses dnenson ol hi 1s ‘hate asumytin ees ae with rnd Gal nd lve an pavak Contest ford porat ofthe ge, fo catching up om gpa othe ne Tra bck row oftheir peal replaced ye ngs there vd, or he Int dt om! Comunption as acl tty oes to pay the indivi hota of dhe tet whic Popular culture, ‘ettects! and morat pante “The atience reset (0 poplar caer media has fe sesctanon host enced owl stay chal ode In Earl nthe ims ceed fea) se rete cotry parce Cle wih the cist wis and el of workings an ner tlle la groups The mile closes lanl conceived of these lower clas boc ind behav annoying, mast immoral ada tte, deen an Alngercu Accondacly thee energal dee to replte and ental popula pry thse expsmns of ated wih roy, pbb toe ecesive dking and lence The dapee of tcc the Visovan ring cw enjoyed i dt project, al woring- che sen ase "What reo doops ld fr thr ch encod heavy meal fk ete” Tica it teed ou us Hertel lfrntcion thi is evider win ees sachs heavy nt feshnadance mnie ace Caper), opens whan you we ear o view sath that you mde che furs his proces of medion no uth ta nda pc level. silenced bythe conten within whch he activity exe, Sex, eerily us ecteamic dem, tha the Fc of piel “The pli csnomy ape o dhe pans ms hs ts ting thefissuethe po ed an taco ive bythe logical the purse ssi reared only. lively sl Pike acl are tud i dhe United Ste i et Hsopeal pow, Sflr (199) fw raced he per anneal in ace information ander paces de t che re oad erttion abroad aie her ection od and pbc emus Commesgon the Unie txts Bin (197) ae ea smal mb of the cot ngs i eomorations ave Sos pom than any pate basins fs ever {ec posed nmol soy peter cet ae uy farce prof this poses of comoliiton of peril oro caesarean vam 198), Arbus the consequent vein contl eee rend ube trees operat i a the laos beowecn diver inert va aay (he Feit School aubl a ‘Chil pital sr el wo devel te sgniance of cule, ing pray the pus aeey, The inflocnce of pies ooo i tcfltion of the con ce fhe cupmcntf han contempt Marxists who exh th owe SERIA canton tc mnplte anderen cans: mata auences More hn ay fhe the efoming ts the wo ong donned By eee eae eon the ne and el the orl ens he mia othe Tne ptbliy of aeraive sim mating termes eu ale sae rants chan pom non-erene The son stcsongiba ely spel comma The vy that ogi te pve rope of - (Rosen 179-40) “The ptr of pom oot cpt ns indry. abe 0 mails ea erie forte and malice strees how che mac bine ROW 0 Me ofa aetwek of ese nd enterinment cpio pied Pree melon an ait mximinto (Bere and Cavanagh 199) Fos areeihr i lami am ecole unetalon thes, popularised aera ah pled ht ss mated opel, piary om (hc, swamping the nest ality of ia ka forms “Schgcstmsconal os easiap ino aormof econo Seerminsn moi ro eames) coniney thew sing cle rc by oni elon, 20 st mis in ie seting in ‘tal atten nly rv seu. The bt ha thee ce Mumberafpelysnl seman ed Ses ssn inven, >) ap ened the pore and san call pra ew the ibe hereto, nd Fe Unie Sees, sgh (1997) pet ilar corporis ave fam any pate bins a ever Ings new communication cre afeomeluacn of gral rp thecomaxuent quston of onto rlhereatmbipBetweoh der Frankf School i angably, a0 lr, sing i primal 2 the Indence of pollen lant whoerphaiethe pert sect ates the wrk of song dominated by somal ere ofthe lic the ‘aking themsles heal aby The son that sang a ly ‘og the pve pope bs (Rosetan 1979-40) se ima to mania ad tow the ei ines nat eraamen corporations, pitied ton (Benet an Cavanagh 194) {tal ingen tens poplar sporulation ‘eset a ‘ef ecoromi dermis, maria ‘proce by economies POPULAR CULTURE AND Music, MEDIA LITERACY soning ay Seo he ‘ecm pelea male be ce (nc ato of he peste. Tey noe rh oerting dhe conapion om rive aetvy. Chica politi econo sli en toner bb urge thc many mane ofoppoirn is mock ngthe symbubereolrf abun ifetey comune andthe diction Ice the ely Reston fem Hammar oe 1979:un Gage 2). CContangurary poll wanomy thera have become more spite in thei aprctton ofthe recieve elton Between fe aed spentnactie, Medi rsctcons hve ben examine by aking main ets who pte the ‘est? For wha aon! In whose terete Wht ese? Sach interop thn nsesiins examin pat alin em thins cones func fwesechnol lie tne a hie ont of «nse. sr loblcatyalenaupo th cha colar pci ve has uranic, with the stat ofthe lea aa ils oo elstion being seen in more open and ameter oe Wala td Ml 1984 Robinson 191 anal he dicsion im Chapter 4), This ew wos hoe ‘smertedthe importance piel econo, which come i in he let dele in efaming olor mse Structural and musicotogy ‘Sinctui view of pula cular concentate on how meaning gee ate in ot texs exmining how the art’ of the tex (al, eto hor) pots pre okilteanings Sah ye pray thoy sens the sudy fs a ete which termes totale hom the toca tener fatext combi o reenter extn’ (ors mente doer san, mesoge or munity) forthe enaumer (iene, iene, rae Sch pooch involves ystetclyuoonering the vr layer of meaning in eae, ‘Attn sophisicae oreeee, Spending on ouput ew), thsevales the aplication of pyehenalps, i conjuction wih emits to ck hoe ‘ei teats shape the inva uncon the consumer Secor ee Sher fr example, wll ero how fl und tevin roams potion the “ites ‘cnsrct sets in secon withceen colo positon ‘The macloia agpeich canbe regalo 8 eet om ela alysis ieprileptbe et by pine empha inlyom eer popc fs: Mascolgi tackle grves such pop and eck mse, sing comet tel derived fom the say of more eons frm of sie harmony, Fela bes teh, andthe re: Academic miso, meer, esi ane Wes Mc 986; Shep 1991: Midleton 1980), al as a ied ingen Pelermecrcan Tus suet mt on-clsicamcn eal PPK general lck formal meal, ad he ler proce 2 ith he wcidoy of mek The obs daly wih dhe masa pp thor the proceuation with the tex nad of olf many cons kceon Imi ab Socal henrmenon. The mic Done dene yrcene Tachi soil ee, Tne, cm be cl that much poole mc ly a mac of dhe ba sl emoxon nits nna enna nly be shea ong ens shown by Path comparan of tao expanaton ofthe Anima” 196 he Ching Rikon! Midleton, 8 mscloge,empbaiesin hi exp eh arma msl quali th competion inching the pon te The cos elation in the sit (hich oie and a spalens of la not ring fi ‘onal impletions ‘The del te) meth maine confic erm mel ake moverent ofthe int, wiht bie cles wth he teal ned fr ar ink imped ye 2 Baers (ite Fit 198.13, Comareshis th Alan Pc deepen wot the mica ve (Bunko) dc the words and ve a tren opts nee in Blackpeol We ja ack ‘ogetherand rede tad by chance ow ces i) Sich exampes aside, msclogy deters eter pes than thas eee ne we an point ea nmi of ect examples fs help pletion o> pol ric (eg Mowe 195; Becker 1995, Comach and Bonne 1997) kas sppcaton ropa ext ae examined a Caper Carat peretves on populace hare examined the ution f how he imei acl ndetake the poditon of consent esc concn and ole ‘ea srucres which fou the maintenance of dominant ters ace, fr ‘example, che ely mor of Sot Hall) Those working in thas have hoon ttt infenced by the Wew of the lean Marit hens, Arsene Gramsci che concep of espa hegemony. advanced by Crome phn how a ming cass maieans i doninanc doh achieving popular ‘conser mdse though he vrcus nine cladng thes in ren hee sclgion an popular eat. olga hegemony hes ee Sen the emgmsition of consent,» proses underpinned by the how of sce yal curcin by the Sate Aa important ase hep that iis and cones exsting oer ret nd soi rngerens. Plead ‘ule ae conse ttc nd univers eo 2 set ae the poplar men ty wth he mesg pyran ‘Lal omit ny inalratonof Teeomer» demoed pre, rideraionel sic is ig 90 twihca ton spec tral en cosy boone rte thn ofthe Animal 1964 btm smghases in his explanation dhe ding the on ha is melodie and harmon) ne dhe sila confecr berween mel st torent ofthe oxi, with aor teed pal bythe L2-bat (ete eth S13) se the msn reason) dl san Blackpool Wet ck ent (i) ere prea has ese and 2p application to pole {and Boone 197) vale and Supers tralism and popular muse examin he quation of how the Se forts economic nd pb oman nares 6 ‘Sn Manta theoreti, Aone Fegeny advance! by Gras 2 cance though achieving 2 pops. fonsofaciey nluing esol “ecg hepemon dh pe ‘ered by te deat cto fpectofhepemoay isch msi Tenge Particles ad son ene and he pop il ay eng olen his proces Heweve,sinony ve abt, Bt inte’ ond being eallngal nd, “Those who tr dhe remo of pope psitpreces, who Mey che many sens of epi ‘mica who cipher and connctons at wee within the ae ‘katy an he sally esrb ‘lati nthe wing on pope nn fulalon sbseprny he wrk on mn nd youth subeleres cet wih Bingham Gene fr Cater Carl Sais (BOCLS) rn ‘he 197s Will 1973 Heb 1979 Hal ol foro £978) This ta dy ‘ork nhs the pce of dhe inva in dhe dentin of carck cnr, For expe, Chabert the onan inp between cmt Galfcson Kiva engeince! For afr the commrchal power af the rear companies has been coisa ser the ponenine sie of Ue rab sku, arth ecomen ‘onsof he mse pow me lly dhs who by the cond tne theryhm allve tothe exh demons, dete the determina con ‘ose procton, the wid poste ep {Chambers 1985 lendtion Ins Fhion, Millen (1950) places popular unica the pce of oti ton an camstion ying eewsen the ped? an he then’ a tphasses there acanony fcr cies, Filly. the mye of potoderis ee oe acknowl with it challenge 1@ the ctblshed notions of repesentin ithe verbal hd ul apres osoolem eis co blr nat ely ds the ain ppt ad Brendes ren the ett a the mci herent och moe al eorer ih rd low ela The prec rate of pstmt, howree, roves ar o in down anche ia ated lack of tty a cosieacy all ang vase the erm Ts sey ely contbeton, Poseoderisn, or the Curl Logi of Late alan Janeon overviews posnoderian a the cll expres of new ff capil, chants! by cotmuicatons achnolge cating he ly escnamious shfig of incerta erie, the emerges how sf epi (Japan) i gba eons, new clas foratns beng be oe Lour ver capital don, anda cone capt hich nage and tates as much acta product. The commodiction of Fas esl anew poplin ofthe min ule ental rd 2B sity of emeurtl eeaion (mca 1984; a a the weng oF pester hr Beat and yor Despite pln as gene explo of deepen ia clr, reser ae fom » amber of dn. To eed (inlay ae, prdeo hardy 2 wnt th Fost) thos tt ruc lack pectic, over psec with fs nd suines tthe expe of loti tha ihn the eorumica prec ‘coneext wih whch cult pot rae alc rs enon ‘aton clases tons of pod (scence 19. ‘A for patasder ths we popular in the 1980s wath cee cement torson popu au who dhe me, once cid with youl clin nd plain enw dhonohly commercial nd cpr i estar cipal oer What was once revolt ha Bs mother apd polite mca and okie the fell emp, Mae fr Pm (1988), pd in bis contbucon ths id "olune Fang The Mio (19880), Sion Fah ugg dea fcuk nc, poxmekeic pops woluetoe ne where seat jee re Ht: nan arate of 3 numberof yor contemporary pop sts, Hill echo! Ado esti of ppl neat maufetial mam cute. Apprprntely subd "Manuctcing the *0s Pop Dre Hil dy of performer suc ‘Mehl Jackn, Dun Dun, sd Madonna, aged that hs eh pin of senuinel lal prctitonen ar reajand wing to mance themselves (ht erp) and that never before ave commerce an rey 20 haps eld Ind (1869, While bh ith and Hil conc that‘ ely ber shoe more hv ja msc hey ed chad never been aoe oad was increingly abvered tothe eis commercial, Ths eo mize stro opr mn, which han lays ben at em party ku lend ones ss do pis the continue pil axe o many comin ere tuaclon ovo pected endef, he nceang eden of sicher ality and eck and cond nerened ctu futon andthe calling of Tow cle pe diction in ack Pasmodeni view of man vide or ample egy rend ia exemplifing ce calle ofall intone ‘erwcen art nd the commer, the athte and the uae, andthe sthertc nd ae (ey Kaplan 1987), However thi conan pox hing actly boing me adolf ding the ater 19%. ablieao mn elven sch w MTV, Goodin (99; 199) et 24 Sve ko the wring of rch af explanation of developments in mmber of dificil ‘se hay bey theta iets overprenccputin wth ets thin the economia probe is edt of ary and pis sss of preteen 4h 1980 wih academe coment ascot with youth bln vec an incorpo ito the revo hal bse le In his ‘in bis condom to his eid I sageted heal of ans where ssh jenny are fon MTV and i pic in Ssh temporary pop st, Hil echosd ‘ture ma eure. Appopriaely ils say of eformer such = ned hi th sh pels of lingto manutictre themselves (hie sce and rest 0 gpl Bed ence that hs lays ben idrever ben meres an ws ‘ian Tho trope te ‘eee ply abo yeaa my fs consent ee ‘isco popular mae rary rngevidence of sche, inert Saal fon andthe alg desist views of ts vide ‘allie of radon dine tie nd the ume, and de ‘ever th conflation of perm sxc, wth mate tele Sem digheler 1904, Goi (1991 le 1993) fs numberof pon whee the debe sou postmen nce with orl ms: che mnt whee clans ve mae or teat een ofp ‘mods; the we of ampling and panic; the emenence of oredr Foran of sane "which exktnte pusiche nal soeiel eee oe

    Вам также может понравиться