N0.

1
2008 INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE ON DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING

innovative technologies in
danish cities

DBDH - direct access to

district heating technology
www.dbdh.dk
 Contents INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
ON DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING

The Chairmans Column 4

Innovative meter reading
with a Danish touch 6 HOT|COOL is published four times a year by:

DBDH
Project Zero - a bright green future Gregersensvej, Indgang 3 DK-2630 Taastrup
for district heating? 8 Phone +45 4355 0888 Fax +45 4355 0889
dbdh@dbdh.dk www.dbdh.dk

Total utilization of energy

in Bjerringbro 10 Editorial Committee:
Lars Gullev, VEKS
Lone Vlcker, DFj
Temperature Optimization Jes B. Christensen, DBDH
Kathrine Windahl, DBDH
- Hrning District Heating Company has
achieved remarkable results 14 Editor-in-Chief:
Lars Gullev, VEKS
Controls providing flexibility for the con-
sumer increase comfort and save energy 16 Coordinating Editor:
Kathrine Windahl, DBDH

Real energy savings can only be correctly Total circulation:

evaluated by analysing the 7,000 copies in
primary energy demand! 20 50 countries

ISSN 0904 9681

Storage tanks or heat exchangers in one-
family houses supplied with district heating? 23 Layout: DBDH /galla-form.dk

Pre-press and printing:

DBDH co-operation Kailow Graphic A/S
International District Energy Association 26
DBDH welcomes new member 27
member profile
Logstor 28

List of members 30

Energi Viborg is a multi-utility

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Energi Viborg A/S I Bssemagervej 8 I DK-8800 Viborg I Tel.: +45 8929 2929 I Fax. +45 8929 2939 I www.energiviborg.dk

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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The
Chairmans
column
Mr. Lars Gullev, Managing Director, VEKS,
and Chairman of DBDH
For more than 100 years since 1903 Danish district heating
has literally been living beneath ground as a stable and secure
heat supply at a reasonable price. Only in periods with a limited
supply of fuel to the country (primarily caused by the First and
Second World War and during the wars in the Middle East in
the 1970es) has the focus been put to district heating and its
societal advantages.
District heating is much more than just
another type of fuel such as oil or gas
Fuel flexibility and energy efficiency are two concepts that have
been referred to frequently when people in the sector have been
talking together. We have been so convinced about the superior-
ity of district heating that we have almost forgotten that people
outside the sector simply do not know the difference between
oil, gas and district heating. Too few people in Denmark realize
that more than 60% of the Danish heating demand is satisfied
by district heating and that 42% of all Danish district heating
production is based on renewable energy. And outside Denmark
the knowledge of district heating is even smaller!
Of course this situation is unacceptable and has to be changed.
That is why the Danish District Heating Association together
with all district heating companies in Denmark has just launched
a branding campaign with the aim of improving the knowledge
of the advantages offered to the society by district heating
today.
One might ask the question as to why a Danish district heating
branding campaign is necessary when more than 60% of the
market is supplied by district heating?
There are several good reasons for that let me mention
three: First of all, a conversion of natural gas consumers to
district heating might result in a CO2 emission reduction to
the benefit of society. Secondly, there is a need for imparting a
greater knowledge about district heating generally, to local as
well as national and EU politicians in order to secure a suitable
framework for the further development of the industry. Thirdly,
there is a need for presenting the district heating sector as a
responsible one, which is interesting to future employees. This
goes not only for the supply companies but even more so for
the suppliers of components to the sector.
The branding campaign will focus on the fact that district heat-
ing is not just a fuel such as oil or gas, but a concept that makes
it possible to utilize surplus heat from industrial companies and
waste incineration plants, geothermal energy, large-scale solar
heating, and surplus heating from CHP plants which use straw,
wood pellets, oil, natural gas or coal as fuel.
In other words, district heating is an integrated part of the
infrastructure in every modern society that aims to minimize the
use of fossil fuels. Without a well-functioning district heating
infrastructure it will not be possible to utilize societys low-grade
energy resources.
For the next two years we will in the communication with all
the many Danish district heating consumers put focus on the
advantages of district heating in our daily life. We will empha-
size concepts such as comfort, security, simplicity, clean air,
flexibility and sustainability notions which can all be related
to district heating.
District heating cannot solve all the worlds challenges regarding
the climate, energy and the environment. But on the other hand,
no modern society can solve those problems without district
heating. This realization now seems to be growing in more and
more parts of the world. Even a country like Norway, which has
Europes largest reserves of oil and natural gas, has made a
decision about a targeted extension of district heating based
on biomass and has, at the same time, banned the establishing
of oil-fired boilers in all new constructions.
When we meet towards the end of 2009 at the climate summit
COP15 in Copenhagen, the Danish district heating success
has to be known to both the Danish people and the parliament
and EU. We should all be able to say proudly that we work in
district heating sector.
The ambitions are high but realistic as we have a product which is
a substantial precondition for EU to be able to reach its climate
and environmental goals.
See also District Humor, page 26
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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Innovative meter reading

with a Danish touch
By Lena Warming, Sales Promotion Coordinator, Kamstrup

With 60,000 instal-
lations and well over
1,600 km of trans-
mission pipe work,
Distric Heating Fyn
(Fjernvarme Fyn) is
the third-largest
district heating company in Denmark and a major player in the
European district heating business. Since recently Fjernvarme
Fyn is also the inventor and owner of an innovative meter
reading concept based on environmental, financial and com-
mon sense.
In 2002 Fjernvarme Fyn, placed in the city of Odense, decid-
ed that all new heat meter installations in their distribution
net should be electronic and prepared for remote reading. By
2004 it became clear that all existing meters (approx. 60,000 in
numbers) were to be replaced over a period of time. Since then
a large quantity of meters have been replaced and, by the end
of 2007 20,000 new electronic meters were in place.
During the whole installation period, several options for re-
mote meter reading and data transmission were weighed by
Fjernvarme Fyn - but found wanting in respect of cost effec-
tiveness, labour resources and performance.
trucks. Establishing such an agreement was not difficult since
the work of the garbage truck operators would be completely
unaffected by the device. The operators can carry on as usual,
oblivious to the fact that they now collect heat consumption
data, just passing by households in the street.
In the city of Odense garbage is collected twice a month, and
wishing to read the meters once a month, Fjernvarme Fyn has
two monthly chances of receiving data in case the truck some-
how cannot get into contact with the meter. This guarantees
a high success rate.
How does it work?
The garbage trucks that operate in the local area have been
mounted with data collecting units, and via radio communica-
tion the meter data (meter identification and meter data) is
retrieved from the heat meters.
At the district heating plant the central data system calls
the garbage trucks once a day and collects the data via GSM/
GPRS. All data is stored in a customer file and forwarded to
Fjernvarme Fyns own billing system for the purpose of internal
analysis and forecasting programmes.

Customized solution
Fjernvarme Fyn wanted a simpler solution. Having staff drive
around in the area collecting data would demand considerable
resources, since the personnel allocated for the job would be
100% occupied with meter reading.

Requiring a low cost, tailored automatic solution, Fjernvarme

Fyn began a development project with the Danish compa-
ny Kamstrup. Based on the ideas of Fjernvarme Fyn and the
technological knowledge of Kamstrup an automated drive-by-
solution, performing remote meter reading in large scale was
found.
Different possibilities of drive-by solutions were investigated,
and finally the choice was made to use the existing logistical
network of the local municipal sanitation service.
Fjernvarme Fyn contacted the local authorities the owners of
the municipal sanitation service in order to make an agree-
ment concerning placing data reading devices in the garbage
Fjernvarme Fyns experience
Fjernvarme Fyn now receives meter data once a month with
very high success rate in readings.
The immediate results and benefits are economically sound,
as the utility optimises the costs for the meter reading proc-
ess. Through creative thinking combined with innovative new
technology and existing resources, the costs for meter read-
ing, such as personnel and means for transportation, are sub-
stantially minimised.

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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Further benefits can be found in an improved image in the lo-
cal society as the utility shows an environmentally responsible
behaviour by undertaking a project like this.
In future there can be found multi-utility benefits, as the sys-
tem is lain out to handle data from both electricity and water
consumption. Also the system is fully scalable, meaning that
the number of measuring points can be extended infinitely.
Why remote reading?
The increasing energy consumption contributes heavily to the
rising CO2 emission and global heating. It is of great impor-
tance that consumers change their energy consumption be-
haviour. The energy industry is facing the challenge of creating
energy consumption awareness among consumers, and load
management is becoming vital to ensure an environmentally
responsible energy supply.
Fjernvarme Fyn want to be able to provide better customer
service. Instead of annual meter readings they can now read
the meters every month. In this way they can supervise the
monthly energy consumption of each particular household, and
they can discover problems, like leaks or a low heat extraction,
at a very early stage, and offer targeted proactive service to
customers.
The frequent monitoring of heat consumption also forms basis
for household level analysis where consumers can supervise
their consumption. Fjernvarme Fyn is planning to place the col-
lected data on their internet site at the consumers disposal.
In the finance department the data forms basis for better
economy management. The department now has access to
valid data for heat sales prognosis and accurate billing.

With remote meter reading the utility gets access to precise

and frequent consumption data, enabling staff to visualise
peaks and thus optimising the load management with improved
performance and optimum exploitation of the existing produc-
tion plant as a result.
A garbage
truck which
In the case of Fjernvarme Fyn the advantages of remote read- also performs
meter reading
ing were clear from the start. Their expectations are to re-
duce the energy consumption, and with remote meter reading
they see a big potential.
For further information please contact:

Kamstrup A/S
Att.: Lena Warming
Industrivej 28
Stilling, DK-8660 Skanderborg
Phone: +45 8993 1000
Fax: +45 8993 1001
LEW@kamstrup.dk

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Export Promotion Denmark has delivered at more than
600 international promotions and exhibitions in 80 countries since 1975
Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Australia Austria Azerbajdjan Belarus Belgium
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Czech Republic Denmark Egypt England Estonia Finland France Germany Ghana
Greece Holland Hungary India Iran Iraq Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazahkstan
Ke n y a K u w a i t L a t v i a L e b a n o n L i b y a L i t h u a n i a M a l a y s i a M e x i c o M o n g o l i a
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EPD - DBDH Annonce 185mm x 65mm_rev.indd 1 05-12-2007 14:33:28

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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Project Zero
a Bright Green Future
for District Heating?
The climate challenge requires
a new global approach
ProjectZero is rooted in Sonderborg, a
city in Southern Denmark, with a vision
of creating zero carbon emissions and
at the same time generating vibrant
new businesses. The project is an ambi-
tious vision that will change the future
of the region, as it will hopefully attract
new investors, businesses and innova-
tive forces. In addition, the focus on
Cleantech will help secure existing jobs
and establish thousands of new jobs in
the region. By this, the region will be-
come a vibrant regional showcase of
how to save energy and, at the same
time, strengthen the business commu-
nity. The project is established as a 25+
year project and financially supported
by donations from a.o. Danfoss and the
Sonderborg Municipality.
District heating is core in
future urban planning
District heating plays a vital part in how
ProjectZero plans to achieve its vision.
The Sonderborg region is already cov-
ered by several district heating net-
works, out of which the Sonderborg
network is by far the largest with its
app. 7,500 subscribers. The same net-
work is already fuelled with high con-
By Mr. Peter Rathje, Managing Director, ProjectZero
tent of biomass (residue), and there
are further plans to reduce current
carbon content substantially by adding
new sustainable and CO2-neutral solar
and geothermal technology to the en-
ergy sources. Thus, district heating is
secured a key role as a backbone struc-
ture in the future supply of heat and
comfort to Sonderborgs many existing
residents and buildings.
During the spring 2008 a ProjectZero
master plan will be developed for how
to achieve zero carbon emission by year
2029. The plan will focus on how to gen-
erate comprehensive energy savings
combined with new renewable energy
sources. All interested stakeholders will
be allowed to take active part in the im-
plementation.
CO2 baseline compilation
ProjectZero is compiling a CO2 baseline
that will record energy and water con-
sumptions and the related CO2 emis-
sions of the Sonderborg Region. The
baseline will be presented to citizens
and other local stakeholders and will be
used for frequent monitoring the CO2
emissions and benchmarking with other
regions in the world.
E N E R G Y
In order to save the planet, it is neces-
sary to challenge the local stakeholders
values to create a substantial change in
the energy consumption behavior. Pro-
jectZeros Bright Green Education will
focus on sustainable value and behav-
ior through the entire education chain
from kindergarten to Ph.D. Science and
entrepreneurship are other key ele-
ments of this concept.
Together with Sonderborg Municipality,
ProjectZero is also focused on setting
new ambitious goals for zero carbon
building construction and maintenanc-
es. Currently, buildings in Denmark con-
sume, on average, 40% of the countrys
energy consumption. On top of that,
additional energy related to cooling,
lightning, home appliances etc. can and
should be reduced by focusing on in-
telligent energy consumption behavior.
Sonderborg Municipality is prepared
to set new high standards for sustain-
able building constructions including
apartments, town houses, summer cot-
tages, public schools and buildings. The
ultimate goal is of course to construct
energy-plus buildings that will deliver
energy to outside networks.
A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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Bright Green Harbor For further information

Bright Green Harbor is Sonderborgs vi- please contact:
sion for a 50,000 m2 attractive located
harbor area that will be converted from ProjectZero
current industrial use to a vibrant ur- Att.: Mr. Peter Rathje
ban quarter. The harbor project will Project Zero A/S
demonstrate the use of sustainable Alsion 2
energy sources in a large number of DK-6400 Snderborg
interesting new constructions. World- Phone: +45 6550 8098
famous architect Frank Gehry has been Fax: +45 4040 8636
hired to design a master plan of an ap- peter.rathje@projectzero.dk
proximately 50,000 m2 building work.

Transportation is another key focus

area for achieving zero carbon, as
transportation accounts for more than
25% of national energy use. Infrastruc-
ture, traffic patterns and the use of
public transportation will be reviewed
in order to develop and implement sus-
tainable transportation.

Bright Green Business

For many years there has been a strong
commitment to Cleantech within the
Sonderborg business community led
by Danfoss. The competences are uni-
fied in heating, cooling, lightning and
processing applications, all of which are
key areas for energy savings. KVCA (a
local center of cooling companies) rep-
resents a role model for how to set new
standards for cooperation between
companies, universities and consultants
within an industry. Our Bright Green
Business concepts will build on the best
practice already laid out by KVCA. KVCA
is located in Sonderborg and is based
on 26 participating universities and
companies.

It is therefore our conclusion that with

its strong visions Sonderborg has a
once in a lifetime opportunity to chal-
lenge the CO2 emissions, develop new
Bright Green Businesses and document
district heating and cooling as core cli-
mate technology solutions all oriented
toward the bright green future.

You can read more about the project

on: www.projectzero.dk.

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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Efficiency improvement
If somebody believes that district heating is old technology
without significant perspectives, they should turn their eyes to
Bjerringbro heating plant. Here, they have succeeded in utilis-
ing the energy far more efficiently by using known technology
in a completely new way. The result is that expensive natural
gas is saved, and that at the same time CO2 emissions are
reduced by 1,350 tons per year. And the investment? It is ex-
pected to be paid back within two years!
It all started with Bjerringbro Varmevrk having to invest in
new equipment. A gas boiler was ripe for replacement. How-
ever, with increasing prices of natural gas, there was an inter-
est in finding something more efficient than just buying a new
natural gas boiler.
One possibility was to condense the flue gas from the engine
by means of electricity, but that was not interesting due to
the electricity taxes. If, however, the flue gas could be used
for powering a heat pump, that would be an interesting pos-
sibility.
0.9 MW extra
During 2006 it was clear that Thermax could supply a suitable
absorption heat pump, and it was decided to install a pump on
one of the engines.
Total
utilization
of energy
in Bjerringbro
New heat pump at the CPH plant in Bjer-
ringbro utilizes the heat in the flue gas
and thus increases the plants heat effect
without increased use of natural gas.
By Charles W. Hansen, Production Manager, Bjerringbro Varmevrk Amba,
Bjarne Christensen, Sales Engineer, Hollensen Energi A/S and
Niels Otto Clausen, Project Manager, COWI A/S
In November, 2007, Bjerringbro Varmevrk could demonstrate
that reality surpassed the first calculations. By installing an
absorption heat pump in one of Bjerringbro Varmevrks four
gas engines, there is now an extra heat effect of 0.9 MW at
disposal - and that is without using more natural gas.
Previously, the flue gas from the engine was cooled from 428C
to 63C in district heat exchangers before it was led out di-
rectly through the chimney. In a new flue gas exchanger con-
nected to the heat pump evaporator, a further cooling to 27C
and condensing of the flue gas vapour take place. The heat
pump absorber and condenser are cooled by district heating
water, which is hereby heated from about 40C to 80C. That
is above the operation temperatures in Bjerringbros district
heating network, and thus there is no need for cooling of heat
from the heat pump, which is using the evaporation heat from
the flue gas without losses. Condensing of flue gas has been
considered before, but the network return temperature is not
low enough.
Higher degree of efficiency
Before the renovation the heat efficiency was 48.4%. With
the extra output of 0.9 MW, the heat efficiency has increased
to 60.1% while the electricity efficiency remains unchanged
42.1%. The total efficiency of the plant has thus increased
from 90.5% to 102.2%. In other words, an increase in effect
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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from 3.7 MW to 4.6 MW has been obtained without causing ad-
ditional consumption of natural gas. However, the condensed
vapour from the flue gas must be discharged as waste water,
implying a discharge duty.
A consequence of the conversion of so far one engine is that
the district heating flow temperature has been reduced from
max. 90C to 80C. This means that the capacity of the plants
heat storage tank is reduced correspondingly - to the extent
that the heat is supplied from the reconstructed plant alone.
Therefore, Bjerringbro Varmevrk is now considering estab-
lishment of another heat storage tank in order to maintain the
full capacity.
The action plan is continuously revised
The first ideas of using a heat pump for increased utilisation of
the heat in flue gas developed in connection with preparation
of the Bjerringbro Varmevrks action plan in October 2005.
The plan has subsequently been revised several times.
For the time being, the extra heat storage tank is being con-
sidered, as this is the precondition for it being profitable in-
stalling flue gas cooling at another of the CPH plants four 18-
cylinder lean-burn engines from Rolls-Royce/Ullstein.
Because, even if the marginal price has decreased by 100 DKK
(approx. 14 Euro) for the reconstructed engine, there must be
07:28:46 November 29, 2007
capacity to store the heat produced when the electricity price
is high.
Whether the third and the fourth engine are to be equipped
with heat pumps some day is depending on Bjerringbros fu-
ture heat requirement and on the number of working hours
expected for the individual engines.
In any case, an action plan is a good tool to estimate the future
investments.
The test operation has demonstrated that the plant has the
expected output. Therefore, the heat effect of the CPH plant
can be increased by further 3 x 0.9 MW without increased con-
sumption of natural gas.
In November 2007, the plant has definitively been taken over by
Bjerringbro heating plant, which carried out the project in co-
operation with Hollensen Energy A/S and COWI. Thermax has
supplied the absorption cooling plant. The investment in heat
pump, building and installation amounts to about 6 million DKK
(approx. 0.8 million Euro).
Possibility of district cooling
Another possibility of using absorption cooling plants at CHP
plants is production of district cooling, which also is included in
Bjerringbro Varmevrks action plan.

07:28:46 November 29, 2007

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29/11/07 7:27:39
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Total utilization of energy in Bjerringbro
By district cooling, the distribution grid will be supplied from
the evaporator with a supply temperature of 6C and a return
temperature of 14C, while the flue gas is only cooled to 63C.
In that case, it will be necessary to cool some of the surplus
heat in a cooling tower.

The COP of such a plant will be about 3 (Coefficient Of Per-

formance is the cooling power and the supplied heat- or elec-
tricity power ratio).
The hot exhaust gas is led through the engines genera-
For comparison, COP for an absorption cooling plant operated tor, which contains a mixture of water and lithium bro-
by hot water is about 0.7, whereas a traditional compressor mide (LiBr), approx. 58% LiBr. In the generator, enough
plant has a COP of about 5. In the latter case, it must be taken heat is added from the exhaust gas to make the solution
into consideration that the driving energy is electricity, which boil, and the water is led out as steam. The concentrated
involves conversion losses. LiBr solution, ca. 62%, returns to the absorber of the
engine via a counterflow heat exchanger.
Seen in that light, the possibility of district cooling is promising.
The steam from the generator is condensed in a con-
Layout of the plant with the absorption heat pump causing an denser and flows via a heat exchanger, which cools the
increase in the total efficiency from 90.5% to 102.2%. 80C hot condensate with the return water from the
district heating, back to the evaporator.
BEFORE NOW
Flue gas temperature in chimney 63C 27C From the evaporator, the water is pumped via trickle
Electricity efficiency 42.1% 42.1% tubes out over the evaporator tubes. Thus the water
Heat efficiency 48.4 % 60.1% evaporates, absorbing the necessary evaporation heat
Total efficiency 90.5% 102.2% from the evaporator tubes, as the pressure in the evap-
Thermal output 3.7 MW 4.6 MW orator corresponds to the desired evaporation tem-
perature.
Overview of output and efficiency before and after installation
of the absorption heat pump. The evaporated water passes a tower with absorber
tubes, which makes the steam condense again, and the
For further information please contact: evaporation heat is delivered as condensation heat. The
condensate/water is then absorbed by the intense LiBr
Bjerringbro Varmevrk A.m.b.a. solution from the generator, which has flown to the ab-
Att.: Mr. Charles Winther Hansen sorber. The now diluted LiBr solution of approx. 58% is
Realskolevej 18 pumped back into the generator, and the process cycle
DK-8850 Bjerringbro is finished.
Phone: +45 8668 1422
cwh@bjerringbro-varme.dk What is used for district heating is the cold water in
the evaporator circle condensing a large amount of the
COWI A/S steam in the engines flue gas in a heat exchanger for
Att.: Mr. Niels Otto Clausen the purpose. At the same time, the flue gas is cooled to
Jens Chr. Skousvej 9 about 27C, and the heat thus absorbed by the evapora-
DK-8000 rhus C. tor circle is released in the absorption cooler via the ab-
Phone: +45 8739 6712 sorber and a number of internal heat exchangers, which
ncl@cowi.dk a.o. also reuse the condensing heat from the water in
the circle.
Hollensen Energy A/S
Att.: Mr. Bjarne Christensen The thermal output from an 18-cylinder Ullstein Bergen/
Drejervej 22 Rolls Royce motor has thus increased by in total 888
DK-7451 Sunds kWh per operation hour, corresponding to the thermal
Phone: +45 9714 2022 efficiency having increased by 11.7%.
bch@hollensen.dk

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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|x~ x{ z~

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y{~ z|| x{ | { x{ | x| y x{| | ||zx
} | || |~ | } z} 1| z| x {z |x~ x{ z~
||| z{~ ||~ } x~|zx| zzx | x{
|{z 
0 ~{}z || ||| {z | x{ y| |{
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Temperature Optimization
Hrning District Heating company has achieved remarkable results

Two years after the initial decision of implementing dynamic

temperature optimization in Hrning District Heating Com-
pany the solution has proven its worth. Significant savings in
heat loss have resulted in reduction of purchased heat as well
as a reduction of CO2 emissions. Furthermore the module has
led to several operational benefits that were not anticipated.

By Jens Krogh Lppenthien, Managing Director, 7-Technologies A/S

and Mr. Peter Jensen, Operational Manager, Hrning Fjernvarme

Hrning District Heating Company decided in the autumn of
2005 to install the TERMIS dynamic temperature optimization
module (TO). At that time Hrning District Heating Company
varied the inlet temperature as a result of the forecasted
outdoor temperature, on a day to day basis. Hence the inlet
temperature was only changed once per day, and it remained
constant during the day, irrespective of the consumption.
The TERMIS TO (described in details in fact box) changed this
philosophy. The inlet temperature is now varied to meet the
fluctuating demand of the consumers during the day hour
by hour and day by day. The overall idea is to reduce the heat
loss in the distribution network, and still meet the demand (at
any consumer).
In 2007 the company purchased 56,948 Mwh heat, whereof
44,624 Mwh was sold. The remaining was heat loss. Compar-
ing with the years 2004/5 where TO was not installed this is a
reduction of approximately 1000 Mwh or equal to a saving of
300,000 DKK (40,000 ) per year.
Associated to producing less heat, Hrning has also reduced
the CO2 emission with approximately 150 tonnes a year.
The above savings are extremely positive and provide a return
of investment of approximately one year for the system. The
Hrning district heating network consists primarily of stand-
ard isolated dual piping in a good condition. For networks with
poorer piping, higher savings may be expected.

The system was implemented in the first quarter of 2006;

Temp. oC
hence 2007 was the first full financial year of operation. And
84
the results achieved are extremely positive.

80
The average temperature of the inlet temperature has been
reduced from 78 degrees C in 2005 to 70 degrees C in 2007. As
76
a rule of thumb Peter Jensen, operational manager of Hrn-
ing District Heating Company, says that 1 degree C provides
72
a resulting reduction of the heat loss in Hrning by 1%, and
the heat loss in Hrning has been reduced from 13,300 Mwh
68
to 12,300 Mwh - a reduction of 7.5%. In figure 1 the variation
of the inlet temperature is shown on a typical day, 7th Febru-
64 Time
ary 2008. hours
4

10

13

16

19

22

01-01:00

01-04:00

01-07:00

The red line indicates the inlet temperature. The other lines
indicate various check points in the network.

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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Hrning District Heating Company is experiencing a reduction

in the consumption at the individual consumer, as a result of
better insulation of housing and other energy saving initia-
tives. This tendency will continue for the years to come, with a
resulting increase in heat loss. The TO module should assist in
reducing this effect.
In addition to the direct savings Hrning expects indirect sav-
ings in network maintenance. Before installing TO, the constant
inlet temperature resulted in quite significant temperature
changes in the vicinity of the distribution network, where the
piping is small. Now the changes occur controlled in the larger
pipes that are less influenced by temperature variations and
stresses induced by fluctuating temperatures.
Temperature Optimization Module
The automatic Temperature Optimization module mini-
mizes the heat loss in district heating networks.
The inlet temperature is continuously adjusted to the
lowest possible, taking into account the amount of heat
that has to be supplied to the consumers in the net-
work, and ensuring that each consumer has at least the
minimum guaranteed supply temperature. The module
furthermore considers the accumulated energy in the
network, and the changes that will occur as a result of
changes in weather conditions.

This results in a different way of operating the network

TERMIS also gives Hrning District Heating Company the over-
view of the network real-time, thus providing the company op-
erational data from areas in the network where they have no
instrumentation. The real-time plot can show supply or return
temperature, pressure, heat loss or other relevant information
based on very limited instrumentation. In the case of Hrning
this is based on instrumentation at the plant, and at two loca-
tions in the network.
The experience in Hrning has led to the temperature opti-
misation module being implemented throughout Heating Plan
Aarhus, covering approximately 1000 MW of supplied heat. The
module has been implemented or is about to be implemented
in 17 other locations.
Hrning District Heating Company
Hrning District Heating Company supplies heating for
heat and hot tap water for Hrning, The heat is pro-
vided from an exchange station taking heat from the
large Studstrup heat transmission line supplying heat to
most towns around Aarhus, the second largest city of
Denmark. Hrning has further a gas fired boiler station,
normally only used for peak heat supply.
as the inlet temperature is fluctuating according to de-
mand, and at a constant consumer temperature, which
is a temperature that normally fluctuates significantly
during the day.
The TERMIS engine considers as part of the dy-
namic optimization:
The geographical layout of the network is an
integrated part of the model, hence any time delay
is included in the optimization
Any heat accumulation in the network or heat
accumulators is included. Proper operation of these
may lead to significant savings in the peak periods.
Several heat sources and accumulators can be
included in the optimization
Operational changes or process upsets are
immediately included in the optimization.
Data are imported from the SCADA system,
thus taking into account that pumps are started,
valves opened or closed and plants or consumers
going online or off-line.
The TO module has been installed in 20 cities, primarily
in Denmark.

Key figures: For more information on For more information of

Capacity 20 MW and 200 TJ/year Hrning District Heating TERMIS Temperature
Maximum pump capacity 420 m3/hr Company please contact : Optimization please contact:
A total of 2550 consumers from both industry
and private households Hrning Fjernvarme 7-Technologies A/S
36 kilometres of double piping and another Att.: Mr. Peter Jensen Att.: Jens Krogh Lppenthien
36 km of connection pipes. Hjgrdsvej 32 Bistruphave 3
DK-8362 Hrning DK-3460 Birkerd

Phone: +45 8692 1305 Phone: +45 900 700

info@hoerningfjernvarme.dk jkl@7t.dk

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By Halldor Kristjansson, Consultant of Applications,

Danfoss District Heating

Controls providing flexibility

for the consumer
increase comfort and save energy
Increasing energy prices, together with more demands for
comfort, lead to further development of DH (district heating)
consumer-end technologies. This development involves better
controlling and metering possibilities for the individual con-
sumer, so unnecessary heat supplied to the consumer is not
wasted. Maximum individualisation of the heat supply is be-
coming more feasible than ever. In the case of blocks of flats,
this brings about thermostatic radiator valves and a district
heating unit for the individual flats, the flat station. And blocks
of flats include a huge energy-saving potential, as they tradi-
tionally make up a big part of the DH consumers in most cit-
ies. In the former Eastern bloc countries, they constitute the
majority of consumers.
not be balanced; the DH temperatures are not precise; the
insulation effect of a room differs from preconditions; one
day the wind is coming from the south, the next day from the
north; the heat balance is influenced by electrical installations
and persons in the room; the residents differ in their prefer-
ences about indoor temperature (Fig.1), etc. For instance, eld-
erly people and parents to babies may choose higher indoor
temperatures, whereas lower temperatures are preferred in
bedrooms.

One of the main advantages of the district heating system is

its excellent flexibility in utilising waste heat and CHP, as well
as most kinds of primary energy sources. It is relatively easy to
replace one fuel type with a new one, in case of fuel shortage,
or for the purpose of reduction of fuel costs and environmen-
tal straining.

Another kind of flexibility is involved with the consumer-end
of the DH system. The heat supplied from the DH system to
the consumer should match the heat demand of the individual
consumer as much as possible. Any difference between the
consumer heat demand and the heat supplied makes up an
energy-saving potential. The energy-savings can be obtained
by means of local control equipment (temperature and balanc-
ing controls).
In theory, it may be possible to design a constant flow heating
system with perfect radiator dimensions in a block of flats.
In reality, it is not possible to avoid overheating without local
automatic controls, for the following reasons: the flows can-
Fig 1. In theory, it may be possible to adjust the heat supply to the heat
demand without local controls but not in reality. The figure shows the room
heat supply, but the same principle applies to the hot tap water supply.
In case of heating systems without local controls, it is neces-
sary to overheat one part of the building to ensure that all
residents in another part of the building get sufficient heat.
This results in huge energy losses related to high indoor tem-
peratures, the so-called open window losses (Fig 2). This de-
sign was chosen in many Eastern regions in times with low
fuel prices. In later periods of recession, the heat supply was
limited, leaving some of the residents with very cold rooms. In
this case, an even dispersion of the scarce heat would have
improved the average comfort level considerably.

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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The purpose of automatic control equipment is to fit the heat

supply to the individual consumer demands, with a minimum of
losses. It is important to distinguish between different levels
of individualisation of the control (Fig. 4).

Fig 2. Individual needs for heat should be met with individual controls. Oth-
erwise, either comfort, heat, or both, are lost. Note that several parameter
alternatives exist on both axes.

Comfort level is an important factor involved with energy con-

sumption. Economic growth results in increased demands of
comfort, which in case of non-controlled systems leads to a
rapidly increasing heat consumption (Fig.3). The saving poten-
tial of local automatic controls would be underestimated, if
the first sight savings were not adjusted according to the
development (left side of Fig. 3). The correct reference basis is
what the heat consumption of the obsolete system would have
been in the future. These conditions, together with increasing
energy prices, can make investment in local automatic controls
Fig 4. There are several levels of individualisation of control equipment. They
far more feasible than at first sight. heavily influence both the energy consumption and the comfort level.

The traditional Eastern regional designs are found in the left

side of the figure, while the best control quality is found in the
right side of the figure. This design involves thermostatic valves
on all radiators and a substation with a heat meter for every
flat, the so-called flat stations. This design allows each family
to optimise the indoor comfort and hot tap water prepara-
tion with the heat cost from time to time, providing maximum
energy savings (Fig 5).

Fig 3. Within unregulated systems, economic growth results in a substantial

increase in heat consumption and an increased saving potential through lo-
cal automatic controls. The leftmost side of the figure indicates a tempting
underestimation of the final savings potential.

The most common examples of increasing comfort demands

are the available higher indoor temperatures, elongated heat-
ing seasons, more air ventilation, and a stable suitable hot tap
water temperature. The literature includes extensive formu-
las for, for instance, how indoor comfort depends on indoor air
temperature, draught, radiation, humidity, air dust and chemi- Fig 5. The increasing demand for both comfort and energy savings urge the
cal composition. individualisation of automatic controls. The most reliable energy savings are
achieved in a system where the individual consumer is allowed to optimise
comfort and energy cost (system D).

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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Controls providing flexibility for the consumer increase comfort and save energy
Evaluation of the energy-saving potential of local automatic
controls only becomes credible when also considering the
comfort level. Energy-saving data have to be cleaned for dif-
ferences in comfort level. If the comfort level were not consid-
ered, the most efficient energy savings would be obtained by
simply turning off the heat! No controls needed! But as far as
the future brings increasing demands for comfort as well as
energy savings, a maximum individualisation of controls is the
most relevant issue.

Another important effect of the flat station design is that the

authorities relatively quickly can obtain optimal energy savings
by raising the energy price during energy crises. It should be
kept in mind that building distribution systems are normally
constructed for the purpose of lasting several decades, while
Fig 7. The Flat Station System decreases the risk of hygiene problems in the
hot tap water, as it is prepared immediately before consumption, in a one-
way flow. In riser systems, the water may flow in a loop for days, through or
past pipes with inexpedient temperatures.

energy crises can occur within unexpectedly. This is especially

relevant for many European countries which rely on imported
primary energy.
The third important effect of the flat station system design
is that installations are maintained, as their condition influ-
ence the consumers bill directly. Experience shows that jointly
owned substations hidden in cellars are poorly maintained,
causing unnecessary losses and too high a return temperature
in the DH pipe network.
As for flat station systems, the HTW pipes are mostly idle, and
most families would not utilise a circulation pipe, or only shortly
according to a timer function. Even if the total length of pipes
is slightly larger in case of flat station systems, the heat losses
are lower due to operation time of the different parts of the
system (Fig. 8). And as for investment, it is more convenient to
lay horizontal pipes inside flats than to drill riser pipes through
concrete floors.

As for the riser pipe system, the basement is filled with hot
tap water and room heating pipes connected to several riser
pipe pairs drilled up through the floor and ceilings of flats (Fig.
6). According to the literature, the HTW (hot tap water) sys-
tem heat losses are bigger than the net heat for preparing
the HTW.

Fig 8. Comparison of pipe lengths and pipe heat losses for a riser pipe sys-
tem and a flat station system. Operation time in different parts of the sys-
tem strongly influence the final heat losses. The example concerns a four-
storey building with flats of 120 m2 each.
Fig 6. Principal geometrics and operation modes in case of two basic de-
signs of heat supply system.

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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The piping makes it possible to make individual adjustments of For further information please contact:
the room heating season. A resident on the top floor would
typically prefer the longest heating season. In riser pipe sys- Danfoss District Heating
tems, this would keep all risers hot for an extra 500 hours. In
case of flat station systems, this makes no difference. This is Att. Halldor Kristjansson
an example of energy savings related to individualisation and Nordborgvej 81
comfort demand. DK-6430 Nordborg
hkn@danfoss.com
According to measurements of a few groups of houses in Den-
mark between 1991 and 2005, individual billing resulted in sav-
ings of 15-30%. Savings of 15%, out of an energy cost of EUR
1,000 per year, would generate EUR 1,500 for the consumer
over the next ten years, provided that energy prices are fixed.
But energy prices will probably not stay constant for long - as
it is with the demand for comfort in many countries. The flat
station design principle is an important opportunity for energy
saving activities in the near future.

check our daily news at: www.dbdh.dk

Individual The installation of 57,000

Brunata heat cost allo-

heat metering
cators in apartments in
five Romanian cities has
delivered energy savings

makes sense of 24%.

Allowing households to
A recent project in Romania proves once control their heat con-
again that individual heat metering makes sumption and pay accord-
both environmental and financial sense. ingly is common sense.

Call us on tel.
+45 7777 7000 or visit
www.brunata.com to
learn more about Brunata
and the Phare project in
Romania.

After all who would not

want to make money by
making an effort for the
environment?

Brunata Futura+ the heat

Vesterlundvej 14
cost allocator of the future DK-2730 Herlev

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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Real energy savings can only

be correctly evaluated by analysing
the primary energy demand!
The tool to use is Primary Energy Factors, PEF

By Tomas Bruce, President,

Capital Cooling Europe

The European Union, and thus its 27 member states, has clearly
expressed far reaching ambitions to make the European en-
ergy system more efficient. The Union has simultaneously de-
clared a savings potential of 20% to be achieved by 2020. One
step towards this goal, as stated in the Energy Services Direc-
tive, is to reach an increased energy efficiency by at least 9%
by 2016. Important motives are the fact that most available
energy sources are limited and that use of all these resources
in one way or another affects the environment and often con-
tribute to global warming. The focus must be on saving primary
energy resources that is what counts!
If an end-user switches from gas or oil to electricity for heat-
ing and/or tap hot water heating, it will seem like the customer
saves energy since the amount of measured, purchased en-
ergy will be reduced. However, in reality, due to the inefficient
production of the necessary extra electricity, the demand of
primary energy will be approximately twice as high due to more
fuels used. Also emissions to the environment will be substan-
tially higher. Hence it is obvious that an analysis of the con-
sequences of a customers change of energy end-use must
go beyond the meter. Otherwise the real effects cannot be
determined!

Instead of focussing on primary energy the public debate of-
ten discusses the so-called energy end use, even though this
clearly does not give the full picture. Energy end-use is, in
practice, the amount of energy that the final customer pays
for. This amount of energy naturally includes the losses cre-
ated in the customers own buildings, vehicles, industrial plants
etc, but it does not include the energy lost on its way to the
customers.
The figure illustrates the different points of measuring energy
from the primary source (i.e. the demand of natural resources)
over the customers purchase to the net energy use (i.e. the
real energy demand to be met). The figure shows the necessity
of carefully considering how to perform the savings calcula-
tion.

Some forms of energy have high losses prior to delivery to the

end user but small losses when used by the customer. Electric-
ity is the most evident example of this. A change of electric-
ity consumption will in almost all parts of Europe be met by
changes in condensing power production based on fossil fuels,
with an efficiency of around 40%. At the customers end the
efficiency of the use of electricity is close to 100% due to the
high quality of electricity. In a local burner case, the losses at
the customers end are higher and thus the amount of pur-
chased energy is higher. But to supply a customer with gas or
oil is much more energy efficient than the marginal supply of
electricity.

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

As illustrated in the figure the primary energy could also be
so called free energy. This means that there is no restriction
from a resource perspective in using the energy in question.
Let me give you some examples.
The use of wind energy and solar energy has no limits. It is
purely an economical question how much could be utilised. The
flow of wind and solar is abundant compared to human needs.
This qualifies wind and solar to be given a primary energy fac-
tor, PEF, of 0 (zero). There are no limits in the use of these
energy forms.
Oil, coal and gas are limited resources (and also net CO2 emit-
ters). Still in the ground these energy raw materials will be
given a PEF of 1. Also biofuels (before harvest) will be given a
PEF of 1, as there is a limited availability (only a certain amount
grows each year). This applies in spite of biofuels in themselves
being CO2 neutral the importance of these fuels for combat-
ing climate change makes it even more essential to use them
efficiently. Hydro power should be regarded in the same man-
ner as biofuels.
ABB A/S, Meterbuen 33, DK-2740 Skovlunde, Phone: +45 4450 4450, e-mail: abb.dk@dk.abb.com
J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 0 8
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All savings or incremental use of electricity must, to reflect
the reality, be measured according to how the power system
reacts to the demand change. Undoubtfully, in almost all cases
of reduced or increased demand, this change will be met
by fossil condensing power. The efficiency of fossil condensing
power is in calculations usually assumed to be 40%. This means
that one unit of electricity purchased by an end user has to be
multiplied by a factor of 2.5 to reflect the real use of energy
(the primary energy). Electricity must be given a PEF of 2.5 at
the customers meter.
If an end customer could find and utilise free energy, the PEF
at the customers meter might decrease significantly below 1.0.
One example is free cooling from deep sea sources where the
water is cold enough to be used in the customer appliances.
The only energy needed in this case is for transportation of the
naturally cold water. PEFs between 0.1 and 0.4 could easily be
achieved in well-designed cooling systems (often district cool-
ing is the most efficient way of realising this potential).
Together We Can Solve
the Challenges of Tomorrow
ABB undertakes a variety of projects within
district heating from small to large-scale
turnkey projects.
We offer a wide range of automation solu-
tions and products all based on the latest
IT technology.
ABB in Denmark is the worldwide research
and development center for district heating and
cooling automation within the ABB Group.
www.dbdh.dk
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Real energy savings can only be correctly evaluated by analysing ...
Other sources of more or less free energy is waste heat (sec-
ondary heat that otherwise would have been dumped) from in-
dustries, power stations and burning of refuse with no other
treatment options. In most cases district heating systems are
needed to deliver these quantities of heat. The hot water in
the district heating systems is the carrier of these more or
less free flows of energy. District heating at the customers
purchasing point thus often shows PEFs considerably below
1.0, often in the order of 0.5.
Given the above example of a customer switching from oil or
gas to electricity for heating and/or tap hot water heating (and
the resulting approximate doubling of primary energy demand),
it is interesting to see what would happen if the customer had
instead the option of connecting to district heating generated
with a major share of waste heat (which would otherwise have
been dumped in the nature). The real change in use of energy
(the primary energy demand) will be a reduction in the order of
50% - corresponding to a reduction of PEF from 1.0 to 0.5. In
fact it is even a bit better since the transfer of district heat-
ing to the customers equipment is more efficient than the lo-
cal burning of oil or gas.
With the use of PEFs it is also easy to see where electricity
is best used to improve energy efficiency. There are two main
areas:
Firstly: For vehicles. The efficiency of conventional motors is
considerably lower than the efficiency of burning fuels in big
power stations. Electrically driven trains are more energy effi-
cient than fuelled trains. This also applies for cars, but here the
development of commercially available batteries will determine
the future development. The potential, however, is huge.
SEE the new job bank on:
www.dbdh.dk
Secondly: For heat pump solutions. A heat pump operating
on a free flowing medium (ground water, ambient air etc.) with
a coefficient of performance (heat factor) exceeding 2.5, will
fully compensate the PEF of electricity. 2.5 divided by 2.5 equals
1.0. Hence, well-designed heat pumps (heat factors of 3 to 4)
will, from an energy efficiency point of view be a better solution
for heating than oil, gas or biofuels. However biofuels will most
likely emit less CO2. But: efficiency-wise heat pumps will not be
competitive to district heating based on surplus heat from, for
instance, combined heat and power!
Finally: Electricity has many applications where other forms
of energy cannot be used. This is due to its high quality. How-
ever, it is quite obvious that the valuable electricity must be
used with the best efficiency as possible.
The use of Primary Energy Factors is a prerequisite when de-
signing the future European energy systems, aiming at the
highest efficiency possible. It is well known that the theoretical
potential of improving energy efficiency in Europe is enormous,
since large quantities of energy is lost due to analyses most
often being based on the end-use of energy. The Ecoheatcool
study, jointly financed by the EU-commission and Euroheat &
Power, clearly shows this. But that is another very interesting
story
For further information please contact:
Tomas Bruce
President Capital Cooling Europe, Stockholm
Advisor to the Swedish Government on Energy Efficiency
Former President, Euroheat & Power
Box 7535, S-103 93 Stockholm
Phone: +46 (0)70 316 14 14
Fax: +46 (8) 20 05 77
tomas@tomasbruce.nu
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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Storage tanks or heat exchangers in one-

family houses supplied with district heating?
Mr. Sren Vesterby Knudsen, Consultant,
District Heating Systems, Ramboll

In Denmark two systems are commonly used for preparing domestic hot water in
one-family houses with district heating: a storage tank system or a heat exchanger
system.

In a storage tank system the domestic hot water is stored in domestic hot water, as well as theoretical calculations con-
the tank and heated by the district heating water through a cerning temperature loss and pressure loss in service pipes.
helical coil heat exchanger. This reduces the maximum hydrau- This article concentrates on the cost comparison.
lic load of the district heating supply as a flow rate of 50-100
l/h is necessary. Cost comparison
The cost comparison is carried out by comparing district heat-
In a heat exchanger system the domestic hot water is heated ing supply to the following 3 alternatives:
instantaneously by the district heating water through a plate 1. One-family house with heat exchanger system
exchanger. This gives a high maximum hydraulic load of the dis- for domestic hot water
trict heating supply as a flow rate of 700-800 l/h is necessary. 2. One-family house with storage tank system
for domestic hot water
In recent years the district heating companies in Denmark 3. One-family house with heat exchanger system
have been very focused on reducing the cost of district for domestic hot water combined with a small pump
heating supply to dwellings in order to keep district heating on the district heating side of the heat exchanger
cost-effective compared to other alternatives of heat supply.
Therefore, there is a conflict between some district heating
companies and consumers as the companies want the con-
sumers to install heat storage tanks in order to reduce their
Alternative 1 Heat exchanger
costs. The companies costs will be reduced as they can use
domestic hot water
smaller dimensions of the service pipes and in some of the dis- cold water
DH
tribution networks due to the lower maximum hydraulic load.
On the other hand: most of the consumers want to install heat Supply
Space heating
Return
exchangers because they require less space, are cheaper to
install and do not run out of hot water.
Alternative 2 Stor ag e ta n k
domestic hot water
R&D project
However, a new R&D project, which is financially supported by
the Danish District Heating Association, shows that it is not cold water
DH
possible to offer a clear conclusion of which type of installa-
Supply
tion gives the most cost-effective district heating supply. Space heating
Return

The Danish district heating company Roskilde Distribution

(Roskilde Forsyning) and consulting engineers Ramboll re-
cently finished the R&D project. The project consists of a cost Alternative 3 Heat exchanger

comparison of district heating supply to houses with heat ex- domestic hot water
cold water
changer versus houses with storage tank. Furthermore, the DH
project consists of an investigation of the consumers sat-
Supply
isfaction with heat exchangers, measurements on district Space heating
Return
heating supply to one-family houses with heat exchanger for

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24 Storage tanks or heat exchangers in one-family houses supplied with district heating?
Figure 1 illustrates the principles of the 3 alternatives. Alter-
native 3 with the small pump on the service pipe just before
the heat exchanger makes it possible to reduce the dimension
on the service pipe compared to alternative 1. The service pipe
pump is in operation when there is a load on the heat exchang-
er for domestic hot water (typically less than 1 hour per day).
The cost comparison is carried out by comparing the total
costs defined as the sum of the costs for the consumer and
the cost for the district heating company. The cost for the
consumer consists of the investment cost (heat exchanger,
storage tank or heat exchanger with service pipe pump), the
cost of heat loss from the installation and the costs for the
electricity for the service pipe pump in alternative 3. The costs
for the district heating company consists of installation costs
for the service pipe and cost of heat loss from the service
pipe. Furthermore, the extra installation costs and heat loss
cost by designing the distribution network for heat exchang-
ers instead of storage tanks are included.
The cost comparison is carried out for new and existing houses
on 120 m and 180 m and for 3 different lengths of the serv-
ice pipes: 5 m, 15 m and 50 m. The comparison is also carried
out for 3 marginal heat production prices: 5.38 /GJ, 8.06 /
GJ and 13.43 /GJ. The marginal heat production prices cor-
respond to production based on straws/wood chips (5.38 /
GJ), large transmission network based on combined heat and
power (8.06 /GJ) and a small distribution network based on
combined heat and power (13.43 /GJ).
The cost comparison for existing houses is carried out to help
making the right decisions when renovating service pipes.
The cost comparison is based on calculating the net present
value (NPV) over a time horizon of 30 years and with a real in-
terest rate on 3%.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Results
Table 1 shows as an example of the result of the cost compari-
son for new houses of 180 m with a service pipe of 15 m and
at a heat production price of 8.06 /GJ. Table 1 shows that
alternative 2 (storage tank system) in the actual case has the
lowest costs in terms of NPV. However, it also appears that the
differences are relatively small. The total costs for alternative
1 (heat exchanger system) are 6% higher and for alternative
3 (heat exchanger system with service pipe pump) the total
costs are 2-3% higher.
The cost comparison also shows the contradiction between
the consumer and the district heating company as alternative
1 has the lowest cost for the consumer and the highest cost
for the district heating company. However, the costs for the
consumers does not take into account that higher costs for
the district heating company will also lead to higher costs for
the consumer.
NPV pr. house Extra costs pr. house
over 30 years compared to alt. 1
Type Consumer Company Total Consumer Company Total
Alt. 1 2521 6823 9344 -308 859 551
Alt. 2 2829 5964 8793
Alt. 3 2958 6070 9028 129 106 235
NPV pr. house Extra costs pr. house pr. year
over 1 year compared to alt. 1
Consumer Company Total Consumer Company Total
domestic hot water showed a maximum flow rate of around
Alt. 1 84 227 311 -10 28 18
Alt. 2 94 199 293
Alt. 3 99 202 301 5 3 8
Table 1: NPV per. house for new houses on 180 m with a service
pipe of 15m and at a heat production price 8.06 /GJ.
In general the cost comparison showed the following tenden-
cies:
Alternative 1 had the lowest costs for short service Mr. Sren Vesterby Knudsen
pipe lengths of 5m
Alternative 2 had the lowest costs for normal service DK-5100 Odense C
pipe lengths of 15m
Alternative 2 or 3 had the lowest costs for long
service pipe lengths of 50m depending on the heat
production price
J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 0 8
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25
The cost comparison also showed that the heat loss cost from
the pipes only has a minor influence on the results. Instead it is
the construction costs of the pipes that have the major influ-
ence on the results. One of the reasons why the heat loss only
has a small influence on the results is that the investigation is
based on the usage of twin pipes.
Based on the cost comparison it is not possible to give a clear
conclusion of what type of installation gives the most cost
effective district heating supply to one-family houses as the
results depend on the length of the service pipe, location in
district heating network, and long service pipe length also de-
pends of the actual heat production price.
As a very general rule the following can be proposed for supply
of one-family houses:
Heat exchanger systems should be used for short
service pipes
Storage tank systems should be used for service
pipes of middle length
Storage tank systems or heat exchanger systems
with a small pump on the service pipe should be used
in case of long service pipes
However, it should be mentioned that the total costs between
the different installations are relatively small.
Furthermore, measurements in the project on the hydraulic
load on service pipes to two houses with heat exchanger for
300 l/h. This is lower than the design flow of 700-800 l/h. It is
therefore recommended to investigate this further, because
if the design flows in service pipes for heat exchangers can
be reduced to 300-400 l/h, then the cost comparison will be
changed in the favour of heat exchangers.
For further information please contact:
Rambll
Englandsgade 25
Phone +45 4598 8696
Fax +45 6542 5999
sork@ramboll.dk
www.dbdh.dk
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Trying to find a compatible place for district heating systems
in the electrical power system of Serbia, during 10 years of
existence, the Business Association of DHPs (district heating
plants), TOPS, actualized the cooperation with the Serbian
Government and corresponding ministries, the industry that is
oriented towards the co-operation with DHPs, numerous as-
sociations and related organizations in Europe.
The policy of prices and energy demand of DHPs has been
standardized and discussed with the Serbian Government and
ministries. During difficult years the financial help has been
provided on some occasions, and used for repairs and supply of
energy materials. The business association was actively involved
in the legislation of the Law of energetic. Many suggestions were
accepted as key issues, while district heating systems for the
first time obtained a place in the law.
In the last years, assisted by TOPS, DHPs have been providing
energy materials, in order to secure supply during the heating
season and assure adequate discount on acquired quantities.
10 DHPs in Serbia used several donations and favorable credit
lines granted by The European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (EBRD) and the German KFW Bank, which enabled
an installation of new DHPs or revitalization of existing ones,
with the replacement of a significant percentage of the current
distribution system.
District humor
District heating: the best hidden secret
dbdh co-operation
With the assistance of TOPS DHPs received a donation from
Denmark, and some DHPs were involved in international con-
tracts, whereby they provided, under favorable conditions, the
replacement of the worn equipment.
In regular annual visits to the most important exhibitions in
Serbia and abroad, the association gathers DHPs on seminars
organized with interested partners. The companies which
cooperate with DHPs are also taking part in the workshops,
while 15 of them are present in TOPS as associated mem-
bers. Among the workshops organized by foreign partners, the
most significant one was Danish District Heating Days, where
members of 35 DHPs were present. This was an extremely good
opportunity for the members of DHPs from Serbia to get to
know more about the operational process of related companies
in Denmark, including those which have already a long-lasting
co-operation with the partners from Serbia. The organization
of this seminar will be the prototype for the future seminars
planned with interested partners in other countries.
With the scope of elevating the internal information to a higher
level, The Business Association has established the magazine
TOPS. It is published 5 times a year and apart from covering the
work of the Congress, the Managing Board and periodical bodies
of the association, the most important part of the magazine
are topics about the investments in DHPs, prices of the energy
materials, seminars and other joint activities.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

DBDH welcomes new member
Dall Energy is a new company (established December 2007) with
the purpose to develop and implement innovative solutions for
biomass based energy plants.
The activities include combustion plants for production of
district heat and gasification plants for heat and power pro-
duction.
Dall Energy is a specialist company with high theoretical and
practical expertise.
Dall Energy also provides conceptual design and detailed design
of new solutions to manufactures of biomass based energy
plants. The company co-operates with universities, research
institutes and industrial partners.
www.dallenergy.com
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27
Evaporative cooling in biomass plants
A major challenge of biomass energy plants, both combus-
tion- and gasification plants, is fouling and corrosion of the gas
cooler. These problems can be solved with the use of evapora-
tive coolers.
The gas cooling is done by injection of water droplets into the
hot gas. As water has a high evaporation energy (2.2 MJ/kg) the
gases are cooled effectively while the water evaporates.
Heat recovery
Due to the evaporative cooling system the dew point of the
flue gas increase to about 80C, and the gas become ideal
for condensation. A Dall Energy condensation unit produces
up to 5 times more energy, and the district heating water can
be heated to much higher temperatures than in traditional
condensation units.
Strategic partnership
Dall Energy has patents pending of new technologies and has
established a strategic partnership with global providers of
evaporative cooling technology Spraying Systems and AutoJet
Technologies.
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DBDH member company profile
LOGSTOR
The rise of new LOGSTOR
LOGSTOR is a global leader and special-
ist in pre-insulated pipe systems when
it comes to cost-efficient systems and
technologies and energy saving solu-
tions. In 2005 LOGSTOR was established
as a result of the merger between Lg-
str Rr and Alstom Power Flow Sys-
tems. Both companies have a long his-
tory behind them as well as long lasting
experiences in different areas, which is
undoubtedly some of the reason for the
companys present success. The fact
that things have been done differently
in the two companies has created a
large amount of synergy. However, ac-
cording to group managing director of
sales & marketing Lars Ibsen, the merg-
er is now complete and the company of
today is LOGSTOR. Consequently, when
talking about future challenges and
interests it is necessary to keep ones
focus on that new company.
Main business areas
LOGSTORs core business, insulation of
any type of media pipes, can be divided
into four divisions:
District heating
District cooling
Oil and gas (offshore and onshore)
Industry
Of these four areas district heating
is currently by far the largest, but the
other areas are experiencing signifi-
cant growth.
Apart from district heating and district
cooling, which the readers of Hot|Cool
are familiar with, LOGSTOR is also ac-
tive in the oil & gas market, where pre-
insulated pipes are supplied for both
onshore and offshore oil pipe lines. Fur-
thermore, the companys pre-insulated
pipes are used for LNG-terminals from
where liquid natural gas (LNG) is export-
ed or imported. For this market LOGS-
TOR has created a new product which
is setting new standards in many coun-
tries. Most recently, LNG-terminals in
Peru and Chile have been supplied with
LOGSTOR technology.
The fourth division is Industry, where
pre-insulated pipes are supplied to var-
ious industrial purposes as well as for
the marine industry, where pre-insulat-
ed pipes are installed on ships. For ma-
rine activities LOGSTOR has joint ven-
ture productions in Korea and China.
The companys activities today are
therefore spreading beyond Europe all
over the world from North and South
America across Asia to the Middle East.
E N E R G Y
How a disastrous fire can turn to
an advantage
The headquarters is still located in
Lgstr (a town in the Northwest of
Denmark), where the office buildings
are currently being rebuilt after a fe-
rocious fire last year. No one was hurt
during the fire, and the service level of
LOGSTOR was reestablished in such
a way that problems were minimized.
However, it also had some unexpected
side benefits e.g. concerning the team
spirit. As Lars Ibsen puts it: The fire ac-
tually proved to be kind of a team build-
ing exercise, of which everyone came
out stronger.
Where LOGSTOR
makes a difference
The company has identified three areas
in which they wish to play an active role:
Reducing energy losses
Reducing the CO2 emission
Making economical products
and systems
Mr. Lars Ibsen,
Managing director,
Sales & marketing
A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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Of course these areas are closely con-

nected. With the political reaction and
attention to the impact and problems
of CO2-emissions, it is only natural
for manufacturers in the energy sec-
tor such as LOGSTOR to embrace this
as part of their business. Conclusions
have been made that By doubling the
district heating in EU-15 countries,
CO2 emissions could be reduced by
9.3% (Ecoheatcool 2005) and Glo-
bally, district heating reduces existing
CO2 emissions by 3-4% ( International
Energy Agency, 2002), so naturally the
concept of district heating itself con-
tributes to an answer to environmental
challenges and threats.

Reducing lifetime costs (through bet-

ter values of insulation) has always been
an important part of the products of
LOGSTOR and an area where the com-
pany has been a leading player, and this
of course is closely connected to en-
ergy efficiency. One way to save CO2 is
simply to use the right pipes! Generally,
LOGSTOR has made heavy investments
in both product development and tech-
nology, and naturally the company in-
vests with a view to improving the qual-
ity and reducing the costs. One example
of this is the pipes with diffusion barri-
ers, where the high insulation values are
maintained over the entire lifetime of
the pipe system. The energy companies
using these pipes are thereby reducing
their energy loss, which is positive to
both the environment as well as their
own economy.
Headed for further growth
It is LOGSTORs aim that district cooling
and oil & gas will expand, too, so that in
the future the company together with
district heating will have three main
customer areas.
In the field of oil & gas (off-shore as
well as on-shore) LOGSTOR foresees
considerable growth. Rising oil prices
are stimulating growth in the oil in-
dustry, and a large number of projects
will be realized. The building of LNG-
terminals is predicted to take place all
over the world during the next 20 years
and thereby increase the trade of gas
across continents.
The company is also making large in-
vestments in district cooling, basically
to expand the market overall. Accord-
ing to LOGSTOR district cooling is much
too under-represented in most parts
of the world, and the company tries to
actively push the market and is taking
concrete action organizationally. Re-
cently the process of expanding district
cooling activities has been kick-started
in Dubai where, together with the lead-
ing district cooling company Empower
in Dubai, the company has formed the
joint venture Empower LOGSTOR Insu-
lated Pipe Systems (ELIPS).
In the European district heating mar-
kets, the current political agenda is
expected to stimulate further growth
even in markets where district heat-
ing is not yet present on a large scale.
Currently, the company is furthermore
enhancing its district heating activities
geographically in Russia. The company is
already present on this huge continent
through distributors, but it is the com-
panys intention to have its own factory
there within the next years.
Generally speaking, LOGSTOR sees
positive trends all over Europe when it
comes to district heating and district
cooling, and the company is expecting
growth in the coming years.
And, quite naturally, the new head office
currently being built in Lgstr will be
provided with both district heating and
district cooling.
LOGSTOR is the worlds leading manu-
facturer of complete pre-insulated
pipe systems for the transportation of
gases and liquids to the district heating
and cooling, oil and gas, marine and in-
dustrial sectors. For more information,
please go to www.logstor.com.

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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List of members
Aalborg Engineering A/S Phone +45 9631 3950
Supplier of boilers and boiler systems Fax +45 9631 3951 Energi Viborg A/S Phone +45 8929 2929
ae@aalborg-engineering.dk Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 8929 2939
www.aalborg-engineering.com energi@energiviborg.dk
www.energiviborg.dk

ABB A/S Phone +45 4450 4450 Fjernvarme Fyn Phone +45 6547 3000
Monitoring and control for Fax +45 4450 4311 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 6547 3001
district heating networks abb@dk.abb.com kontakt@fjernvarmefyn.dk
www.abb.com www.fjernvarmefyn.dk

Albertslund Fjernvarme Phone +45 4364 8692 Focus Energy A/S Phone +45 9714 2022
District heating company Fax +45 4364 3888 Biomass-based boiler systems Fax +45 9714 2686
michael.poulsen@albertslund.dk post@focusenergy.dk
www.focusenergy.dk

APV Phone +45 7027 8444 Forsyningen Esbjerg Kommune Phone +45 7614 2414
Plate heat exchangers Fax +45 7632 4110 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 7614 2511
per.f.hedegaard@invensys.com forsyningen@esbjergkommune.dk
www.apv.invensys.com www.esbjergkommune.dk

Bredahl ApS Phone +45 7555 1250 Grontmij | Carl Bro Phone +45 4348 6060
Steel compensators Fax +45 7555 4140 Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4348 6660
hensgen@webspeed.dk cbg@carlbro.dk
www.carlbro.com

Broen A/S Phone +45 6471 2095 Grundfos A/S Phone +45 8750 1400
Ballomax valves Fax +45 6471 2195 Submersible pumps, centrifugal Fax +45 8750 1490
broen@broen.dk pumps and circulators tkynden@grundfos.com
www.broen.com www.grundfos.com

Brunata A/S Phone +45 7777 7000 Houe & Olsen A/S Phone +45 9619 5300
Heat cost allocators, heat meters, Fax +45 7777 7001 Consulting engineers specialising in Fax +45 9619 5311
water meters and heat and water brunata@brunata.dk geothermal energy ho@houe-olsen.dk
accounting service www.brunata.com www.houe-olsen.dk

BWSC Phone +45 4814 0022 Huhnseal ApS Phone +45 4390 4720
Heat & power plant developer, turnkey Fax +45 4814 0150 Mechanical seals Fax +45 4390 4775
and operation contractor sales@bwsc.dk huhnseal@huhnseal.dk
www.bwsc.dk www.huhnseal.dk

Cowi Phone +45 4597 2211 Hydro-X A/S Phone +45 9828 2111
Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4597 2212 Boiler water treatment Fax +45 9828 3021
cowi@cowi.dk info@hydro-x.dk
www.cowi.dk www.hydro-x.dk

CTR Phone +45 3818 5777 Kamstrup A/S Phone +45 8993 1000
Metropolitan Copenhagen Fax +45 3818 5799 Supplier of energy meters & automatic Fax +45 8993 1001
Heating Transmission Company ctr@ctr.dk meter reading systems for heat, cooling, energi@kamstrup.dk
www.ctr.dk water and gas www.kamstrup.com

Dall Energy Phone +45 2987 2222 Korsr Forsyning A/S Phone +45 5836 2500
New biomass technologies info@dallenergy.com Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 5836 2501
www.dallenergy.com info@korsoerforsyning.dk
www.korsoerforsyning.dk

Danfoss A/S Phone +45 7488 2222 Kbenhavns Energi Phone +45 2795 2750
Heating controls, metering Fax +45 7449 0949 Copenhagen Energy Fax +45 2795 2012
and pump speed control danfoss@danfoss.com ke@ke.dk
www.danfoss.com www.ke.dk

DONG Energy Phone +45 7622 2301 Logstor A/S Phone +45 9966 1000
Fax +45 7622 1980 Preinsulated transmission Fax +45 9966 1180
market@dongenergy.dk and distribution pipes lr@logstor.com
www.dongenergy.dk www.logstor.com

DTI Phone +45 7220 2000 OKR Cleaning ApS Phone +45 8692 4422
info@teknologisk.dk Boiler cleaning Fax +45 8692 2919
www.teknologisk.dk okr@email.dk
www.okrcleaning.dk

Energi Randers Phone +45 8911 4811 Rambll Phone +45 4598 6000
Energy company producing and selling Fax +45 8911 4800 Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4598 6700
heat and power energiranders@energiranders.dk ramboll@ramboll.dk
www.energiranders.dk www.ramboll.dk

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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7-Technologies A/S Phone +45 45 900 700 Vestforbrnding Phone +45 4485 7000
Quality software for profitable Fax +45 4590 0701 Power and heat supply based on Fax +45 4485 7001
operation of industriel plants sales@7t.dk waste incineration vestfor@vestfor.dk
and utilities www.7t.dk www.vestfor.dk

Siemens Flow Instruments A/S Phone +45 7488 5252 Vestforsyning A/S Phone +45 9612 7319
Flow measurement Fax +45 7488 5250 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 9612 7301
bent.vestergaard@siemens.com ss@vestforsyning.dk
www.siemens.com/flow www.vestforsyning.dk

TVIS Phone +45 7594 0711 DBDH Phone +45 4355 0888
Heat transmission company tvis@tvis.net Secretariat Fax +45 4355 0889
of Denmarks triangle area. www.tvis.net dbdh@dbdh.dk
www.dbdh.dk

VEKS Phone +45 4366 0366

West Copenhagen Heating Fax +45 4366 0369
Transmission Company veks@veks.dk
www.veks.dk

download articles from Hot|cool on: www.dbdh.dk

Clean, reliable and affordable heating

CTR Metropolitan Copenhagen Heating Transmission Company

CTR
Sthr Johansens Vej 38
DK 2000 Frederiksberg
Phone +45 3818 5777
Fax +45 3818 5799
ctr@ctr.dk
www.ctr.dk

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
 Its worth doing more

P i n d P r o m o t o r . d k 17354
for the environment
Our Series 2 continuously produced pre-insulated pipes with
diffusion barriers are approximately 14% more energy efficient
than traditionally manufactured Series 2 insulated pipes.

Every 1000 meters of DN 100 pipe with Series 2 insulation

Calculation assumptions: fitted with diffusion barriers reduces CO2 emissions by
Heat source: Central power station approximately 18 tons annually for every year of the pipes
Energy: Coal
service lifetime.
Efficiency electricity/heat: 65%
Operational temperature: Supply 80C, return 40C
Pipe dimension: DN 100 Significant reductions in CO2 emissions means significant
savings in operating costs.
Lambda value (average 30 years):
Continuously produced pipe
Visit www.logstor.com to learn how much you can save and
with diffusion barrier: 0.0240 W/mK
Traditionally produced pipe: 0.0285 W/mK how you can help the planet.

[ We document the difference ]

LOGSTOR A/S
Danmarksvej 11 DK-9670 Lgstr
Tel. +45 9966 1000 Fax +45 9966 1180
logstor@logstor.com www.logstor.com