N0.

4
2008

INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE ON DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING

District heating
from a CO2
perspective

DBDH - direct access to

district heating technology
www.dbdh.dk
Contents
HOT|COOL is published
District heating four times a year by:
- from a co2 perspective
DBDH

4
Sthr Johansens Vej 38
THE CHAIRMANs COLUMN DK-2000 Frederiksberg
Phone +45 3818 5440
6 District heating built of Lego Fax +45 3818 5444
dbdh@dbdh.dk
8 VEKS - How to attract capital to a large district www.dbdh.dk
heating system
Editorial Committee:

10 Heat Plan Denmark The Danish heating sector

Lars Gullev, VEKS
Lone Vlcker, DFj
can be CO2 neutral before 2030 Jes B. Christensen, DBDH
Kathrine Windahl, DBDH
14 District heating is tomorrows heat market
Editor-in-Chief: Lars Gullev, VEKS
18 District heating distribution
Coordinating Editor:
in areas with low heat demand density
Kathrine Windahl, DBDH

22 Maintenance of district heating pipelines

Total circulation:
7,000 copies in
DBDH co-operation
26
50 countries
The Mongolian District Heating Association
ISSN 0904 9681
27 District humor Layout:
DBDH /galla-form.dk
28 member profilE
Pre-press and printing:
DANFOSS
Kailow Graphic A/S

30 List of members

Consultants: Energy, Water and Environment

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In the district heating
sector we are not good
enough at activating
feelings
In the district heating (DH) sector we are very good at speak-
ing with each other we speak technician to technician about
boilers, fuel mix, pipes, SCADA systems, heat exchangers, pumps,
ball valves, radiator thermostat valves, hot-water tanks etc.
For many years we been so convinced about the superiority of
DH that we have almost forgotten that people outside the DH
sector (including our politicians) simply do not know the differ-
ence between DH and the fuels oil, coal, natural gas and other
terms of the energy area.
When asked what DH can offer a modern society we have used
technical terms such as environmentally friendly; fuel flex- different sizes some were round, others were rectangular and
ibility; energy efficiency and sustainability. These words some thick, some tiny. They could be put together in numerous
describe correctly what DH gives to a modern society, but they
do not create pictures to ordinary people.
To those people who have their homes and workplaces heated
by DH, DH means comfort, security, safety, simplicity, clean air,
responsibility to the environment and flexibility.
Comfort is the knowledge that there is always hot water in the
radiators, when the need for heating is there, as well as hot wa-
ter for the shower or the hot tub. Moreover, the consumers are
not burdened with the requirement for maintenance of boilers or
the purchase of fuels: everything is secured from the utility.
Safety is the knowledge that there is no risk of discharge of
inflammable fluids or gas. When it comes to security there is no
need for an annual check-up of the heat system, but it might be
a good idea to ensure that the DH system is optimized for the
present needs parameter at certain intervals.
Simplicity is the knowledge that the heat system is simple and
easy to regulate without a need for great technical under-
standing.
Clean air is the knowledge that there are no emissions from
many small chimneys of particles, CO2 and unburned gasses. The
production of heat takes place on large central plants where it
is possible to clean the flue gasses effectively and, consequently,
reduce the emissions to the surroundings.
Responsibility to the environment is the knowledge that DH
utilizes the low-grade energy resources that exist in all modern
societies, prior to utilizing biomass or fossil fuel for production
of DH. Some of these low-grade energy resources are surplus
heat from industries, surplus heat from waste incineration
The
Chairmans
column
Mr. Lars Gullev, Managing Director, VEKS, and Chairman of DBDH
plants, heat from production of electricity, geothermal energy
from deep beneath the surface of the ground, and solar energy
from large solar panels connected to the DH system.
Flexibility is the knowledge or feeling of Well, what is flexibility
actually and how many of us have met the word for the first time
without realizing the scope and the meaning of it?
Many of us learned about flexibility for the first time, when we,
years ago, were playing with little bricks of plastic. The bricks
were in different colors (red, white, blue, green, yellow, black); of
ways and create mansions, castles, churches, high-rise blocks,
pirate ships, ferries, speed boats, F-1 racer cars, trucks, robots,
elephants there were no limitations. After the castles and the
palaces had been built, the bricks could be separated and new
models could be built. Concept and design of the models played a
part in the development of our creative skills and the conscious-
ness of the need of thinking in more dimensions.
Yes correct: we played with LEGO bricks, which in 2008 cel-
ebrated its 50 years anniversary. Just before the millennium
the bricks were made Toy of the Century, one of the highest
distinctions in the toy industry. The story behind the name LEGO
is rather simple it is a merger of the Danish words LEg and
GOdt (which means: play well).
An energy system as flexible as LEGO bricks must be ideal. And
that is exactly what DH is.
DH is not just a fuel such as biomass, solar, oil or gas, but a
concept that makes it possible to utilize surplus heat from
the industry and waste incineration plants, geothermal energy,
large-scale solar heating, and heating from CHP plants using
bio-oil, straw pellets, wood chips, olive see, oil, natural gas or
coal as fuel.
In other words: DH is a flexible, integrated part of the infrastruc-
ture in any modern society, where focus lies on minimizing the use
of fossil fuels. Without a well-functioning DH infrastructure it
would not be possible to utilize the low-grade energy resources
of the society. Like LEGO, DH also acts as an integrator: it inte-
grates the opportunities to utilize available resources and waste
into one system, thereby facilitating cities and municipalities to
become sustainable and carbon-neutral.
See also District Humor on page 27.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Companies are often able to reduce
energy consumption in the data centre
by 50 to 60% if they choose energy-
efficient equipment,
HP focuses on green IT
Eco-consciousness regarding choice of IT equipment is be-
coming increasingly important for Danish companies. But
even though you can take better care of the environment
while saving money on IT at the same time, only less than
half of the IT managers in Denmark think in terms of the
environment when they buy computer equipment.
The leading IT provider in Denmark, Hewlett-Packard (HP),
is experiencing an increasing demand for green IT especially
from the business sector:
Danish companies have become greener partly because
eco-consciousness is an important element in their repu-
tation and partly because they realize that green IT makes
a difference on the bottom line in terms of energy savings,
and we are talking about a considerable amount of money,
explains Keld Jersild Olsen, Managing Director of HP Dan-
mark.
Half of them dont know
Unfortunately, all the companies in Denmark have not yet
realized the benefits of green IT. According to a recent Ser-
mo survey made for HP Danmark, half of the IT managers
in Denmark do not attach sufficient importance to energy-
efficiency when they buy new IT equipment even though they
could save a lot of money:
Companies are often able to reduce energy consumption in
the data centre by 50 to 60% if they choose energy-efficient
equipment. But the rest of the companys IT equipment could
J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8
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ADVERT
Keld Jersild Olsen,
Managing Director of HP Danmark.
green effort
HP has more EnergyStar-rated computer products
than any other IT company in the world. By 2010, HP
plans to reduce energy consumption in computers by
25%, in printers by 30% and in servers by 50%.
also become greener both in terms of energy consumption
and production methods. You can for example make a major
environmental effort while saving on power by using com-
puters and printers with a low energy consumption, says
Keld Jersild Olsen.
It is easy to change to green IT
HPs development department, HP Labs, has conducted re-
search on sustainable IT since the 1990s. This means that
HP is currently able to provide a number of intelligent, green
technologies both for private consumers and for large,
professional IT intensive companies.
It is very important for HP to be in the lead when it comes
to development of energy-efficient products with the same
high quality and user-friendliness as traditional IT products.
It should also be easy to see how much energy our products
use thus facilitating selection of an energy-efficient product
when you buy IT equipment, says Keld Jersild Olsen.
www.dbdh.dk
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By Flemming Linnebjerg Rasmussen, Legoland
District heating built of Lego
The amusement park Legoland has a
new energy area, and of course the dis-
trict heating network has been built in
the world-famous little bricks.
Amalienborg, Mount Rushmore, Hol-
lywood, and now also Braedstrup and
Thisted district heating systems: each
of these have that in common that
they have been constructed in precise
and very detailed miniature editions by
thousands of lego bricks.
This can be seen in the miniature land
of Legoland a historic area that has
been world-famous for the accurate
reproduction of famous towns, build-
ings and landmarks from all over the
world since 1968. The fact that the
concept of energy has been erected as
a theme area in the park can very much
be seen as a sign of energy having come
into focus all over the world.
According to Legoland news value is
certainly among the most important
criteria when a section of the mini-
ature country is to be renewed. At the
same time the theme has to tell a story,
and it must be possible for the area to
be made interactive so that visitors in
the park can be active.
All of this is very much the case in
Legolands new energy area which tells
the story about Denmarks energy his-
tory through various devices. The area
displays an abundance of supply types
and energy shapes, and the visitors are
able to be part of the game. By push-
ing a button they can see an illustration
of how the gas comes from the North
Sea and to the shore through a number
of lamps blinking under the water. They
might also turn a handle and control a
solar panel in the direction of the sun
and see that the energy production ris-
es when the panel is facing optimally.
900,000 bricks
For the past eight months at least 6-7
model designers have been constantly
working on the models for the new en-
ergy area, and 900,000 bricks later the
area was done.
The preparation of the project, how-
ever, began back in May 2006. The first
part of the process was about forming
a general view, choosing and measur-
ing. We began by brainstorming and
we simply wrote down all that we could
think about when we thought of the
word energy. Then we zoomed in on the
story of energy in Denmark, says Peter
Christensen, who has been one of two
primary model designers.
Long before he and the other model
designers of Legoland could take the
first step and begin playing with bricks
and build models, a thorough research
E N E R G Y
job lay ahead. The model designers had
to study the energy area and find inter-
esting projects from past and present.
They have had to learn how the energy
plants work so that they could make
sure to include the details of impor-
tance to the plant correctly. This means
that they have had to read about the
subject and travel all over the country
to see the plants with their own eyes.
The model designers work by photo-
graphing the buildings from every an-
gle. They also use a special measure to
show the dimensions of the buildings.
It is necessary for the proportions of
the mini models to be precise. Legoland
normally builds on the scale of 1:20.
It must be pleasant
The entire process, in which the model
designers are developing ideas and
picking, is thus rather comprehensive
and time-consuming, but also impor-
tant for the end-result. We wanted to
bring something historic into the area
and we wanted to show a broad spec-
trum of different types of energy and
have tried to include a number of the
most interesting. Some of the places
are chosen because they have acted as
pioneers. Besides this, solar panels also
work well as miniature models. When
it comes to the visual impression, the
buildings must exude some pleasant-
ness that is important to the atmos-
A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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7
17

phere for
itable in the
the park. That
Danish is also
society. why it
Accord- Therefore everything, from the number For further information
Waste in Denmark 1980 2000 2005 2010 2020 2030
did not
ingly, make sense building
Vestforbrnding the power
is only allowed to of window bars to the tiny lamp at the please contact:
Status Statistics Forecast
plant in
invest inEsbjerg as heating
a district it looks like
pipeone
to large
sup- door, is reproduced as accurately as The Danish District Heating
Recycling 1000 t 1,600 8,461 9,454 9,752 10,600 11,753
brick, even if it plays a central
ply a consumer in the natural gas zone part in possible. Association
Incineration 1000 t 1,900 3,064 3,473 3,607 4,047 4,592
the real world. There are many things Att.: Flemming Linnebjerg Rasmussen
if it can be justified that the economic Landfill deposit 1000 t 5,000 1,426 981 950 900 900
that have to be considered: the look of Peter Christensen stresses that the Merkurvej 7
internal rate of return for the society Waste in total 1000 t 8,500 12,951 13,999 14,309 15,547 17,245
the buildings, the size and their mutual model designers are not allowed to DK-6000 Kolding
for this investment is somewhat larger Energy content per ton MWh/t 2,200 2,917 2,917 3,000 3,000 3,000
placement, and how they can be fit into cheat and have special bricks made for Phone: +45 7630 8000
than 6% (in fixed prices). Electricity production GWh 0 849 1,519 1,818 2,792 3,444
the energy area as a whole. their Legoland models. That is why the Fax: +45 7552 8962
Utililized heat GWh 1,756 5,912 6,640 7,763 9,349 10,608
more 1.6 million people visiting Legoland fr@danskfjernvarme.dk
The procedure, which is described in a Cooling of surplus heat GWh 1,170 657 349 158 0 0
When it comes to the general impres- each year are actually capable of going
secondary act and in guidelines issued Energy content GWh 4,180 8,937 10,821 10,821 12,141 13,776
sion, it is also important that the en- home and rebuild the entire area. That
by the Energy Authority, outlines the
ergy area not just becomes a bunch of is, if they have the abilities, the time and
requirements to the project propos-
energy plants. The buildings surrounding the 900,000 bricks.
als and the procedure for the municipal
the area must be part of the creation
approval. That includes a 4-weeks pub-
of the environment and atmosphere,
lic hearing in which e.g. the natural gas
and they are also models of buildings
company can complain and question the
from the local areas of the energy
analysis, and it includes the possibility
plants in the real world. One example is
that one of the parties after the mu-
Braedstrup District Heating Plant and
nicipal approval, with a 4-weeks notice,
the large solar panel which are situated
can appeal the decision of the munici-
next to the church of Braedstrup, the
pality to The Energy Board of Appeal.
old pharmacy of the town and some of
the towns houses.
For further information:
see News from DBDH 4/2006
Details, details, details
or contact:
One of the most eye-catching things
about the energy area and the mini-
Vestforbrnding
ature country is the level of details.
Att.: Per Wulff
Peter Christensen points out a lot of
Ejby Mosevej 219
little things which all are of great sig-
DK-2600 Glostrup
nificance: The cyclist over there il-
Phone: energy,
lustrates +45 4485 7000
and that is also the
Fax:
case for+45
the4485 7001
windsurfers on the beach
pw@vestfor.dk
over there, he says. In a small bush a
lego man is sitting on a branch holding
Rambll
a chain saw. Next to him there is a truck
withAtt.: Anders
small logs.Dyrelund
That is also energy
Teknikerbyen
biomass 31 the picture. When-
comes into
DK-2830
ever we haveVirum
thought of something, we
Phone:
have +45
thrown 4598
ideas 8766our brainstorm
from
intoFax:
the+45 4598 6700
exhibition.
ad@ramboll.dk
The level of details can also be seen in
the individual buildings: the gas plant
Nybro is for example a study of pipes
in all directions. The details are in-
credibly important. We want to do as
much as possible as precisely as pos-
sible. I can search a long time for that
brick which illustrates something to the
point. It is fun.

JJ OOu U
R NR ANL AN L0 . 3N/02 0. 0 4
8 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
www.dbdh.dk
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Mr. Lars Gullev, Managing Director, VEKS
VEKS - How to attract capital to
a large district heating system
VEKS was established in 1984 with the aim of utilizing surplus
heat generated from combined heat and power (CHP) plants as
well as from waste incineration plants and major industrial en-
terprises. The investments in our district heating (DH) trans-
mission system including heat exchanger stations, pumping
stations, pipe-network and a part of the CHP plant was cal-
culated to 350 million. The challenge was to find a company
structure which could attract capital at an acceptable cost-
level for the consumers.
This article puts focus on how it was possible to attract cost
acceptable capital to a company where the invested capital of
the owners amounted to only 0.2% of the aggregate capital
need. Thus, a loan funding of no less than 99.8% of the invest-
ment was needed.
Vestegnens Kraftvarmeselskab I/S, also known as VEKS, is a
DH transmission company supplying heat to 19 local DH distri-
bution companies at Vestegnen. Vestegnen is the overall term
for the western suburban area of Copenhagen, including 11
municipalities. The local DH distribution companies resell the
heat to private consumers, business customers and institu-
tions. Utilizing surplus heat under the VEKS system heat from
CHP plants and waste incineration plants equals a much lower
fuel consumption. The national economy and the environment
gain from this, with the environment being spared of CO2, sul-
phur and nitrogen emissions from local facilities that previ-
ously generated and supplied DH. VEKS now supplies heat and
hot water to the equivalent of 150,000 families. VEKS supply
area is connected with its sister company CTR in Copenhagen
and waste incineration plants Vestforbrnding and KARA/NO-
VEREN. The system in its entirety is one of Europes largest DH
transmission systems.
Which company form to choose?
When establishing VEKS in 1984 several types of company
structure were considered. VEKS owners consists of 11 mu-
nicipalities, and from the beginning it was clear that the even-
tual company form would have a considerable influence on the
future costs when procuring foreign loan capital. If choosing
the limited company model as the company structure, the eco-
nomic responsibility of the individual municipality would be lim-
ited to the municipalitys share of the capital. The consequence
would be partly a limited risk for the municipalities; partly a
smaller security for the creditors and, hence, higher costs for
the necessary capital procurement. By choosing a communal
partnership as the company structure the individual municipal-
ities the owners would be liable together for the total loan
debt. This structure would give the creditor maximal security
for their loan and consequently lower costs for procuring the
necessary foreign capital. The choice fell on a communal part-
nership with 11 municipalities as its owners, since low costs for
procuring foreign capital was a crucial parameter.
Although the 11 municipalities own VEKS, VEKS economy is fully
separated from the economy of the individual municipalities. It
is not the municipalities that pay back interest and repayment
on the loans that have been raised for financing the capital
investments no, the district heating customers do that. The
municipalities come forward in the form of their loan guaran-
tee only in the unlikely situation where the customers do not
respect the terms of payment that have been made between
VEKS and external financing source.
Interest level
In the last part of the 1980es the interest level in Denmark
was around 13-14%, while the level outside Denmark was ap-
proximately 5-6%. It was therefore important to VEKS to be
able to enter into loan agreements with financing sources out-
side the country. Although a loan outside Denmark would have
to be made in foreign currency with the risk regarding the
exchange rate the interest span between Denmark and the
foreign countries was so large that the company structure to
be chosen was governed by these conditions.
It was therefore decided that VEKS was to be established as
a communal partnership with a subsequent risk for the bor-
rowers.
At the same time a process was initiated with a firm of ac-
countants with international experience Ernst & Young
about preparing a project description which partly described
the technical project concerning the establishment of more
than 100 km DH pipe network; partly described the project
economy until the end of 2009; and partly described the very
limited risks that potential creditors would take on when fi-
nancing the project.
The project description was presented to the reputable cred-
it assessment company Moodys, and the result of Moodys
evaluation of VEKS project description was that VEKS at the
time got the same rating as the Kingdom of Denmark a rat-
ing of AA1. With this rating in hand VEKS was able to contact
the international loan market and in this way get the neces-
sary financing under more attractive conditions than a fund-
ing offered by Danish creditors. As a supplement to the credit
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

assessment at Moodys the Japanese company NOMURA also
went over VEKS project description, and NOMURA confirmed
the fine rating.
Creditors
Up until 1988 VEKS borrowing requirement was covered by
payment of the municipalities, the European Investment Bank
(EIB) with a loan of approx. DKK 1,350 millions (Euro 180 mil-
lions), the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) with a loan of ap-
prox. DKK 200 millions (Euro 27 millions) and a long-term loan
in Danske Bank of DKK 35 millions (Euro 4.6 millions) all in all
approximately 1,600 million DKK (Euro 213 millions). The possi-
bilities of EIB for granting long-term exchange loans with an
interest as favorable as 7-8% were thus emptied. With Danske
Bank as adviser creditors on the international market had to
be found for refinancing and new investments. Optimization of
interest and rate risk, loan period etc. were all considered. In
the period 1986-1990 the Danish interest was about 13%, so
currency loans with interests down to 6% could carry a certain
rate risk. By making some loan replacements to DKK, VEKS ac-
tually ended up with a profit on the exchange.
To obtain the most favorable terms the loans were divided
in portions of DKK 300-450 millions. The risk of losing on the
exchange rate was counteracted by swapping from loans in
Japanese Yen and American dollars to West German D-mark or
Swiss CHF. Surplus liquidity (up to DKK 400 million) was placed
in DKK on an investment account in Danske Bank at a higher
interest, until it was to be spent. That means there was no ex-
change speculation. The risk of these dispositions had to be
assessed as minimal, since the successive Danish governments
maintained a consequent fixed exchange rate policy towards
Western European currency.
With Danske Bank as guide VEKS chairman and management
had several road shows to London, where VEKS was present-
ed to the most interesting divisions of the large international
finance companies. Here contact was made to e.g. the Japa-
nese broker company NOMURA, which offered to carry out a
loan in VEKS name of 7.5 billion Yen (approx. Euro 40 millions).
The loan was made in the shape of Samurai bonds at an end
interest after a SWAP over dollars to CHF at 7.68%. A large
part of the loan amount actually consisted of investments
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P
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made by Japanese housewifes. One of the loan conditions was
that the documents were signed in Tokyo. This did not, however,
lead to any extra expenses on the part of VEKS, as the profit
exceeded the travel expenses by far.
At the end of the 90es the Danish interest level had fallen to
the same level as abroad, which meant that old loans were re-
scheduled and new loans were raised in DKK. It also meant that
the exchange risk was no longer an issue.
As a consequence of the municipal freeze on new construc-
tion work in Denmark in 1986 VEKS carried out the extension
of some municipal distribution systems, given that the invest-
ments were paid interest and paid back in a way that would not
have an impact on VEKS economy. In this way the heat supply
from VEKS to the local distribution companies was secured, and
any losses due to delays of the extension could be avoided.
In order to encourage the connection of heating customers
VEKS established a scheme with favorable conditions. VEKS
would grant a loan corresponding to the cost of changing the
heat system and expenses and connecting it to DH. The loan
was granted with no secured guarantee, but with a small extra
interest in the case of losses. The losses, by the way, have been
quite modest, which means that so far the scheme has yielded
a small profit.
Summary
By choosing a municipal partnership as the company form the
most attractive loaning conditions were secured. Without this
funding the project most likely would not have been realized,
and the Danish society would not have achieved the large re-
ductions in the emission of CO2 caused by the realization of
the project. On December 31, 2009 all loans will have been paid
back, and the company will be free from debt. The 11 munici-
palities that own VEKS can rightly be proud of the fact that 25
years ago visionary politicians decided to establish part of one
of Europes largest coherent DH systems.
For further information please contact:
VEKS
Att.: Lars Gullev, lg@veks.dk
Roskildevej 175, DK-2620 Albertslund
16250 HARTLY & MLLER A/S
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By Anders Dyrelund, Market Manager, Energy & Climate, Ramboll Denmark
Henrik Lund, Professor, PhD, Aalborg University
Heat Plan Denmark The Danish heating
sector can be CO2 neutral before 2030
Heat Plan Denmark is an R&D study financed by the Danish
District Heating Association (DDHA). It demonstrates that
district heating is the key technology for implementing a CO2
neutral Danish heating sector in a cost effective way.
Since the first oil crisis in 1973, improvements in the heating
sector have played a crucial role in the Danish energy supply
mix. The heat supply act and the gas supply act in 1979 started
a targeted, least-cost planning process and widespread im-
plementation of natural gas and district heating networks.
Since 1980 annual CO2 emissions have been reduced from ap-
proximately 25 kg/m2 to 10 kg/m2 floor area. This is due to two
efforts: firstly, consumers have saved 25% on heat; secondly,
the heat market share of district heating has increased from
30% to 46% (corresponding to 60% of the dwellings in Den-
mark). The district heating expansion has made it possible to
implement large-scale combined heat and power (CHP) plants,
using low carbon energy. Natural gas has also had an important
role.
The current awareness of climate changes and the decision
of the Danish Government to base future energy supply in
Denmark on renewable sources have, once again, brought the
heating sector and the possibilities of district heating into fo-
cus.
Increasing population and heat demand
Heat Plan Denmark shows that it is possible to continue this
progressive development, so that CO2 emissions from the
heating sector can be reduced by another 50% by 2020 and
that an almost CO2 neutral heating sector is achievable by
2030.
Heat Plan Denmark shows how these benefits can be achieved
by 2020 in a cost-effective way through a combination of the
following initiatives:
Consumers save another 25% on heating and reduce their
return temperature to the district heating network to
around 350C, e.g. in connection with renovation of the build-
ing envelope.
District heating is expanded from 46% to around 63% of
the market share, starting with the very profitable conver-
sion of large gas-fuelled boiler plants to district heating
based on CHP and renewables.
The majority (approximately 70%) of new buildings, for which
intelligent urban planning is possible and cost-effective, are
connected to district heating or block heating, whereas the
remaining will be individually supplied low energy houses.
Local district heating systems are further interconnected
by transmission lines so that utilisation of excess heat in
the summer, mainly from waste to energy plants, is im-
proved, and competition between the heat sources is in-
tensified.
District heating production is expanded with more heat
storage tanks, more renewable energy, in particular more
efficient waste to energy CHP plants with flue gas conden-
sation, large-scale solar heating, biomass boilers and CHP,
biogas CHP, geothermal energy and excess wind energy.
The remaining heat market will be covered by heat pumps
and wood pellet boilers in combination with individual solar
heating.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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The study compares three cases for the development after ceeds 25%. However, further savings may be needed in a long-
2020: term perspective in which Denmark is heading for an energy
system based 100% on renewable energy.
Case A: A 70% district heating market share and constant
heat demand from 2020, taking into account the effects of
electricity savings and increasing comfort, which could be a re-
alistic alternative in case of increasing fuel prices, cost-based
price signals to the consumers and a strong heat planning.

Case B: A 70% district heating market share and additional

25% heat savings after 2020, corresponding to a total 50%
heat savings compared to the 2008 level. This could be an al-
ternative to case A in case of strong enforcement of invest-
ments in the building sector.

Consumers save heat and shift to more environmental friendly heat

Case C: A constant 63% district heating market share and a
constant heat demand from 2020, which could be an alterna-
tive in case of modest fuel prices and a modest energy policy
after 2020.
Comparisons show that the additional heat savings of 25% to
50% in case C do not contribute to any additional CO2 reduc-
tion only less consumption of biomass. Moreover, a detailed
analysis of numerous heat saving options shows that the costs
per saved MWh increase dramatically in case the saving ex-
sources
A detailed analysis of the heat market, which could shift to
district heating (from 46% up to 70% market share), shows
that district heating and heat pumps are the best solutions
combining CO2 emission reductions and costs in a future CO2
neutral society around 2060. This will be the case even if con-
sumers in these districts reduce the space heating demand by
up to 75%, provided the district heating adjusts the networks
to lower demand and lower return temperature.

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Heat Plan Denmark The Danish heating sector can be CO2 neutral before 2030

District heating shifts to more efficient and environment friendly The total results of end-user savings and development of the district
heat sources heating is a significant reduction of the CO2 emission.

Moreover, compared to individual heat pumps, district heating
will further strengthen the reliability and flexibility of the sup-
ply of the overall energy system, not least for integrating large
amounts of wind energy (e.g. up to a market share of 70 %
wind energy in the electricity market), by combining CHP, large
thermal storages, heat pumps and electric boilers, which can
absorb excess wind energy and balance the fluctuating wind
energy.
With regard to new buildings and new city districts, our analy-
sis shows that district heating combined with CHP and renew-
able energy is more cost-effective than individual solutions
based on more investments in the building envelope and/or
investments in individual renewable energy solutions. Thus our
analysis confirms that it is a very good idea that the EU direc-
tive on energy performance of buildings requires that the CO2
emission shall be reduced in a cost effective way, taking into
account local conditions and options for utilizing district heat-
ing, block heating and CHP.
The figures show the heat market development from 1980 to
2050: heated floor area, heat demand, share of the heat mar-
ket, district heating demand, district heating production and
CO2 emissions. We note that the CO2 emission from waste to
energy is assumed to be zero, as waste to energy is a great
deal more environmentally sustainable than landfilling waste
and that utilization of the excess heat does not contribute to
CO2 emissions. We consider that the fossil fuel components
in the waste are used by industries which produce plastic or
utilize plastic in their products, not by those who utilize waste
heat from the most environmentally friendly treatment of the
waste.

Therefore the study presents case A as the preferred option.

The fossil fuel consumption to produce the district heating, (in terms of Fuel consumption and costs for alternative options show that district
MWh fossil fuel per supplied MWh) is significantly reduced. The market heating is an option compared to individual heat supply
share of CHP will be reduced in order to absorb excess wind energy

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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We note that the very dramatic increase in the heat utiliza-

tion from waste to energy is mainly due to more efficient CHP
plants with flue gas condensation and maximal utilization of
the summer load.

The very comprehensive heat plan for Denmark has been pre-
pared by experts from Rambolls district heating services de-
partment and Aalborg University, Department of Development
and Planning. The work was commissioned by the DDHA and can
be downloaded from www.danskfjernvarme.dk

For further information please contact:

Ramboll Danmark A/S Aalborg University, Dept. of

Att.: Anders Dyrelund Development and Planning
Teknikerbyen 31 Att.: Henrik Lund
DK-2830 Virum Fibigerstraede 13
Phone:+45 4598 8766 DK-9220 Aalborg
ad@ramboll.dk Phone: +45 9940 8309
lund@plan.aau.dk

Costs and CO2 emissions for supply of a new city district with semi-
detached houses show that district heating to normal houses can be
more cost effective than low energy houses supplied with individual
heat sources.

J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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District heating
is tomorrows
heat market
The last decades and the world outlook tell a story of rising
energy prices and increasing strain on the environment. At the
same time heat consumers demand comfort, simplicity, sta-
ble prices, supply safety and conservation of the environment.
The solution that meets all those requirements is now ready,
and it has been thoroughly tested with great success. The so-
lution is called district heating.
The district heating (DH) system has a unique flexibility for
heat consumers as it can utilize most kinds of waste heat
and primary energy sources. This is important in case of fuel
shortages, or for the purpose of reducing fuel costs or for
gradually reducing environmental impact in the future. Also, all
modifications and fuel replacements can take place without
disturbing the DH consumers at all!
However, the implementation of this brilliant technology re-
quires considerable planning with the immediate participation
of many parties from the community, which will be rewarded
later. The critical factor is therefore political strength. It is
needed at municipality level, at national level, and especially
at European level.
The DH system has a wide choice of primary energy sources
It can be fossils like oil, gas, and coal. However, in Denmark, the
majority of the DH production with fossil fuels takes place
with an efficiency as high as 2-300%. The reason is the benefit
of the co-production of heat and power in CHP plants com-
By Halldor Kristjansson,
Consultant of Applications,
Danfoss District Heating
pared to pure power production with the same power rate. The
amount of extra fuel needed to make the heat recoverable is
much less than the amount of heat recovered.
Other primary heat sources suitable for DH include waste heat
from industrial processes, household or industry waste incin-
eration; biomass (including wood, straw and vegetable oils);
biogas from farming and waste; geothermal heat, solar heat,
wind surplus electricity, or it might even be waste heat from
nuclear CHP plants.
The potential of the DH system can be illustrated using the
concept of a town food market.
Several kinds of primary energy available for a particular DH
system correspond to the range of goods available. The range
of goods and prices vary depending on the season, the har-
vesting weather etc. There may be short and long-term vari-
ations, predictable or non-predictable. But the consumer can
choose between the goods and optimize costs and preferenc-
es each time. The purchased collection of goods will probably
differ from time to time.
The time horizon of energy system planning is, though, much
longer than the time horizon of the town food market. It is, or
should be, several decades, which might be too long for some
decision-makers. It must take into account future develop-
ment within, for example, fuel supply safety, fuel prices, and the
impact on the environment. Generally, all three are expected to
become far more critical during the next few decades.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

In case of a crisis, it is easy to change fuel (Fig.3) within a few
days, if the alternative heat production units have already been
built, or within a few years if construction of a new production
unit is involved. The alternative - replacing thousands of indi-
vidual boilers and other consumer installations - is not practi-
cally possible under these (crisis) circumstances. It is easy to
store coal as a back-up fuel for bigger units. In the future, fuel
independence might even have a healthy influence on the long-
term fuel prices! If a large region such as Europe was sup-
plied with DH in most of its cities, the entire region would likely
benefit from lower and more stable fuel prices in the long run.
In Denmark, it is normal to connect several kinds of primary
energy sources to the city DH network. The most important
feature of the DH systems in the future might be the way in
which new kinds of primary energy sources can be connected
to the DH network later on and without disturbing the con-
sumers! No one knows exactly what the future will bring, and
the DH principle provides the necessary flexibility to change
the fuel mix at a later date, according to energy-political de-
velopment. It is both easier and more economical to build a new
central DH production unit than to change thousands of indi-
vidual boilers, or other heating equipment in factories, institu-
tions and private homes.
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As the financial, environmental and political costs of fossil
fuels increase, the DH allows smooth development towards
greener energy (Fig.4), without the need to change consumer
installations. This development is already taking place in a few
countries. For each MWh DH supplied to the Danish individual
consumer, less than only about half of MWh of fossils are com-
busted for DH.
Windmills produce about 20% of Denmarks electricity, and a
planned large extension of windmill capacity in Denmark will
increasingly result in excess power in windy periods. The situa-
tion is signalled by extremely low electricity prices temporarily
on the pool market, and this is a good opportunity for DH sys-
tems. DH water can be heated up by means of electrical coil,
which is a very cheap investment, or by means of a heat pump,
which multiplies the heat output relative to electricity input.
In some cases, this heat is stored in a tank, also called a heat
accumulator. The same principle applies to solar energy. It is
already increasing its share in DH.
The primary heat source dispersion of a modern, large DH sys-
tem has a patchwork look (Fig. 5). The lowest part of the figure
includes the highest prioritized production which is normally
the household waste (or unclassified waste) incineration, as
this kind of waste has to be incinerated immediately. The upper
part of the graph includes lower prioritized production, like the
fossil fuel gas. The priorities partly depend on how storable the
fuel is. In addition, the priorities may change for the same DH
system. The situation on the electricity market may affect the
priorities of the heat and power co-production plants, among
other things. The figure is designed to illustrate principles;
it includes simplifications of both priorities and heat supply
peaks.
The opportunity for heat storage has now become a major ad-
vantage of DH. Excess green energy / cheap energy is stored in
the traditional aerial DH accumulators as short-term storage
for a day or a week, or it is stored in much bigger underground
basins as a long-term or seasonal storage.
www.dbdh.dk
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District heating is tomorrows heat market

A future potential of the DH network, which is associated with
flexibility, is local heat sharing (Fig. 6). Future renovations of
buildings will likely involve conversion of the whole roof into a
solar heating panel. Some of the houses in the local community
will be renovated, whereas others will not. Then, according to
economists, the DH network can be a local market for the sur-
plus solar heat, or, according to technicians, a local heat ac-
cumulator for the surplus solar heat. Surplus solar heat from
those particular houses is put back into the DH network. This
is probably much more economical than storing heat inside the
houses. Storing tanks in private houses consumes space in the
region of one thousand Euro per square metre. Furthermore,
they involve extra investment, maintenance, and heat losses.
The surplus heat may either be transferred to the return
service pipe or put back into the forward service pipe. The
first option involves the lowest investment. The second option
is usually more energy-saving, but it includes an extra pump
in the consumer unit. The latter case also requires a system
design with low temperature and low differential pressure in a
local / secondary pipe network. Secondary pipe networks with
heat sharing should probably be designed with co-insulated
pex pipes to cope with frequent temperature variations mainly
caused by local green energy.
Conversion to DH normally reduces air pollution (Fig 7). Even
in the case of fossil fuels, one large heat production unit in
a DH system pollutes less, compared to thousands of small
individual house boilers of different qualities and conditions.
Cleaning technologies for large production units are more ad-
vanced, and subsequent maintenance and improvements are
both more economical and more flexible, because private con-
sumer installations are not involved at all.
It can be concluded that the flexibility of the DH system pro-
vides fantastic opportunities for the future. It has a unique
ability to utilise the potential of both green energy sources
and cheap energy sources. Its robustness against fuel crisis is
also unique. It is now a reliable and a well proven technology. Yet
still, it is just another kind of infrastructure - one of the main
characteristics of modern society (Fig 8).

In the future, the trend is likely to involve reduced tempera-

tures in local DH networks, since low temperatures facilitate
a more efficient utilization of green energy. Most new houses
in Denmark are heated using floor heating which only requires
40oC, so, it is the hot tap water that is critical for the DH sup-
ply temperature. Due to health conditions, the hot tap water
temperature must be at least 45oC, if prepared immediate- But why is DH not everywhere already? There are several rea-
ly before consumption in a heat exchanger, or it must be at sons. The initial investment in a complete DH system is ma-
least 55 or 60oC, if stored in a tank. Thus new low-tempera- jor the benefits come later, which can be viewed as too late
ture networks will involve hot tap water heat exchangers. They for some decision-makers in conjunction to reelection. The
can operate directly at 50oC DH supply temperature, or they investment in DH technology is in many ways the opposite of
can operate at 40 C DH supply temperature, if provided with
o
investing in bonfire technology. DH requires more start-up re-
a temperature boosting device. This design ensures that the sources, and the reward is bigger. Conversion to DH involves
pipe heat losses are very low, and is relevant in the case of planning and the cooperation of many organisations, which
low-energy houses. again requires a well developed authority system. One simple

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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example: Investment expenses are reduced if the installation
of new district heating pipes and renovation of existing sew-
age and water pipes takes place at the same time.
system. Connecting most or all consumers drastically reduces
the investment per consumer. Due to reasonable planning in
Denmark, new DH networks have already replaced existing gas
networks - even if the gas networks still run on 100% domes-
tic gas which is not likely in Europe, especially not in the near
future.

Green and supply-safe DH should play a central role in ener-

gy planning in Europe. Implementation of DH requires a large
amount of political strength from the very beginning; at a na-
tional or European level. The reward is huge savings of CO2 and
fossil fuels, pretty much immunity against fuel crisis, and low
and stable energy costs for the population. Implementation of
DH takes time. Make history and take action now! Tomorrow
might be too late.

For further information please contact:

Planning authorities should reserve the more densely popu- Danfoss District Heating
lated areas for DH, including all cities, where it must be agreed Att.: Halldor Kristjansson
that most or all heat consumers are connected to the DH Nordborgvej 81
network (Fig 9). This is, by the way, already the norm for water DK-6430 Nordborg
networks, sewage networks, electricity networks and the road Phone: +45 7488 2962
hkn@danfoss.com

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J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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By Benny Bhm1, Heimo Zinko (Project leader)2, Kari Sipil3, Halldor Kristjansson4, Ulrika Ottosson2, Miika Rm3
1) Danish Technological Institute, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark. 2) ZW Energiteknik AB, Box 137, S-611 23 Nykping,
Sweden. 3) VTT, Energy and Pulp & Paper, Espoo, Finland. 4) Danfoss District Heating, 6430 Nordborg, Denmark.

District heating distribution in areas

with low heat demand density
Summary
The following measures leading to improved system economy
were analysed, according to the following main sections of the
project:
a) Techniques for reduction of piping costs and heat losses
from heat distribution networks (DK)
b) Increased use of district heat instead of electricity in
households (SE)
c) Load profiles and operational analyses of areas with low
heat demand density (FIN)
The project was organised in such a way that each of the part-
ners had the main responsibility for one of the areas of inter-
est indicated above. However, all project partners of the other
countries are supporting the responsible lead partner with
relevant input from their own countries, thus covering a broad
district heating experience.
Background
In many countries with long district heating tradition, such as
is the case in Scandinavia, district heating is well developed
and the market development has been slowed by increased use
of energy efficiency measures in buildings. When available at all,
district heating reaches often about 80 -90 % of the central
city area. In the areas with lower heat demand density sur-
rounding the city centre, often only 10-15 % of the buildings
are connected to the district heating system. One way to allo-
cate an increased market share to district heating is to apply
new measures/techniques for supplying heat into areas with
lower heat demand density that to date have not been consid-
ered economically suitable for district heating.
The objective of this project is to propose and to analyse meas-
ures for improving the economy of heat distribution in areas
with low heat demand density. The consequent application of
these measures will not only reduce distribution costs but also
the environmental impact of energy use in these areas.
Systems with low heat density are struggling with relatively
high investment costs and high heat losses, cf. figure 1. One way
to reduce these costs would be to make components smaller
and lower the amount of groundwork in the distribution net.
Another way is to distribute more energy in the same piping
structure, hence decreasing the relative amount of fixed costs
of the delivered energy. Therefore, in this report we are first
presenting new technologies that are on the frontier for appli-
cation in district heating systems, cf. figure 2. This holds as well
for the heat distribution system as for systems using heat. We
describe technologies that have been used in demonstrations
projects or in real projects such as new types of pipes (i.e. tri-
ple pipes) or only just in the laboratory (egg-shaped pipes). For
the same purpose, we present new distribution methods, such
as small service pipes with booster pumps or small pipes in
combination with heat storage units. In addition, we describe
components and measures, which can gain worldwide interest
for their capability of replacing electricity by heat, in our case
district heating.

Among the investigated alternatives are measures for making

heat distribution more efficient as well as new heating appli-
Figure 1. Relative heat losses as a function of heat line-density for 250 Dan-
cations. As a result, heat distribution in areas with low heat ish DH networks. Heat losses and costs are a major problem, especially for
demand density could be done more effectively and at lower heat line densities below 1 GJ/year/m.

cost.

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Figure 2. Examples of traditional preinsulated single pipes and alternative
pipe types, for example twin pipes with or without a booster pump, and triple
pipes.
Cost analyses are critical for the outcome of this report. By
analysing real systems, we were able to calibrate other pro-
grams used for cost calculations. Because project costs can
be very site-specific and costs of different systems on dif-
ferent places are usually very difficult to compare, we con-
centrated in this project on the cost comparison of systems
constructed with comparable cost structures. These system
comparisons were applied on the systems analysed from Fin-
land and Denmark, leading to some general conclusions about
the systems to be used in areas with low heat density.
Concerning the use of energy, we are presenting measures for
increasing district heating loads without wasting energy. We
give example of systems in which the use of district heat is
increased at the expense of electricity use. Households can be
provided with equipment such as heat driven washing machine,
dishwasher and tumble-drier. In the future, people may want
to increase their comfort by using air-conditioning, pools and
spa-tubs and possibly other equipment such as car heaters
and greenhouses, all of those supplied with district heat in-
stead of electricity. This saves not only electricity for other
more favourable applications; it will also help to compensate
for decreasing heat loads and to maintain heat distribution ef-
ficiency.
Figure 3. The DH network in Neidonkallio, Finland.
J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8
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Content of the report
The report contains the following main chapters dealing with
the questions of heat demand, distribution systems and new
loads suitable for areas with low heat demand density.
Chapter 1 - Introduction presents the background and intro-
duces the problem area.
Chapter 2 - Heat demands for district heating - discusses
a.o. the basic load conditions for practical district heating net-
works and describes the relation of heat density and line heat
demand.
Chapter 3 -Examples of applications with low heat demand
describes examples from sparse district heating applications
realised in Sweden, Finland and Denmark.
Chapter 4 -Evaluation of loads in district heating systems
with low heat demand density describes the evaluation of
two systems with low heat demand density: Neidonkallio near
Espoo, Finland, cf. figure 3, and Peter Freuchenvej in Nykbing
Falster, Denmark, cf. figure 4.
Figure 4.
The DH network in Peter Freuchensvej as it appeared before renovation.
Chapter 5 - Techniques for reduction of piping costs and heat
losses from heat distribution networks discusses methods
and techniques that in recent years have been developed es-
pecially for areas with low heat demand density. A great deal of
the development has been achieved in development projects in
Denmark, Sweden and Finland.
Chapter 6 -Cost model for heat distribution systems in areas
with low heat demand density presents a simple cost model
for local district heating systems to be used for applications
with low heat density. This cost model is applied on the two
system analysed in detail for this report, i.e. Neidonkallio and
Nykbing Falster, cf. figure 5.
Figure 5. A cost comparison for Peter Freuchensvej for different pipe systems.
www.dbdh.dk
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District heating distribution in areas with low heat demand density
Chapter 7 -Increased use of district heat instead of electric-
ity in households shows how the load of detached houses can
be increased, partially by shifting the energy use from electric-
ity to district heating. The chapter describes methods for in-
creased utilisation of district heating that were demonstrated
in a project in Gothenburg, Sweden, cf. figure 6.
Chapter 8 -Improved system solutions describes results of
system analyses performed to illustrate eventual cost saving
that can be received by careful system design. Two systems,
one in Finland (Neidonkallio) and one in Denmark (Nykbing Fal-
ster) are investigated.
Figure 6 comparison between electrical energy and district heating usage.
Gothenburg demonstration case.
Chapter 9 - Connection of future areas with low heat de-
mand density. This chapter summarises the most important
items for achieving cost-effective connection of buildings in
areas with low heat demand density, for example small cus-
tomer loads such as detached houses. The chapter presents a
checklist of items that are important for cost reduction when
planning a district heating distribution net, either for an area
with existing detached houses or for new development. Finally,
the importance of reaching a high degree of connection for
local district heating net is underlined.
Chapter 10 -Conclusions summarises the quintessenceof
the work and gives recommendations for future applications.
Chapter 11 collects all References.
Additional information about how to calculate heat losses and
further costs comparisons for alternative system solutions
are collected in the Appendices.
Final conclusions
A main conclusion of this report is that a number of techniques
and measures are available to help reduce costs for heat distri-
bution in areas with low heat demand density. Expressed in terms
of heat densities, we believe that areas with a heat density of
10 kWh/m2,yr or with line heat demand of 0.3 MWh/m,yr can be
economically served by district heating. Based on a number of
projects, it has been determined that district heating, in order
to achieve good economy for low heat demand density, requires
more careful planning than traditional district heating. In many
cases, alternative solutions that do not follow the traditional
district heating manuals can be successfully applied and will
give lower costs. Some of these alternative solutions may in the
future find their way into handbooks for sparse district heat-
ing design, while others for now must be considered as unusual
measures and analysed carefully before being applied.
The first preinsulated networks were in use in the late 1960es
and thus many old systems are in need for renovation. The rec-
ommendations given here for better design and reduced heat
losses in new DH systems are of course also valid for the reno-
vation of old systems.
The following provisions have been found to affect the total
costs of connection to district heating:
System design
Examples from Denmark have shown that low pressure and
low temperature systems with direct connection of the radia-
tor system can reduce costs. Such systems can either be used
in small local networks or as secondary systems connected to
main district heating systems.
System design that reduces pipe dimensions is important in
design of systems for detached houses. Such systems can be
systems with hot water accumulators instead of directly con-
nected heat exchangers, or service pipes with reduced diameter
and ultimately even a booster pump for adequate heat supply.
House-to-house connection is already a classical way to con-
nect detached houses. However, it is difficult to get the cus-
tomer interested due to larger impact on their premises. On the
other hand, in connection with lower system costs and rewards
for own work, it is possible to implement this method of reducing
connection costs.
The degree of connection is an import issue for both the utility
and the customer, because the fixed costs decrease with the
number of customers. This accentuates the importance of in-
vestment in marketing and dissemination of information to the
potential customers from the very beginning of a project deal-
ing with new connections to an area.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

District heating pipes
Pipes have a twofold impact on the system costs: Investment
and heat losses. All measures that can reduce one of these are
of interest, such as good insulation performance and advanced
pipe design.
The thermal conductivity of polyurethane insulation depends
on the temperature as well as on the time elapsed since the
foam was produced (ageing). Heat losses and heat loss coef-
ficients can be accurately calculated for single, twin and triple
buried heating pipes.
New types of pipe systems are compared in respect to their
possible installation costs and heat losses. For an 80 mm (nomi-
nal) distribution pipe, we compared a pair of single pipes with a
circular twin pipe and with an egg-shaped twin pipe. We found
that the egg-shaped pipe reduces the heat loss by 37 % and
the investment index by 12 % compared with the pair of single
pipes.
For service pipes a pair of single pipes 25/77 mm is the ref-
erence case. We found that the triple pipe (a system with two
smaller supply pipes and one return pipe, one of them used in the
case of high hot water consumption) reduces the heat loss by
45 % compared with the reference case and by 24 % compared
with a circular twin pipe. The reduction in investment index can
be up to 20 %. New alternative designs of service pipes, involving
a combination of co-insulation, asymmetric insulation, and dis-
similar dimensions of two or three media pipes, have the poten-
tial to achieve saving of roughly 50 % compared with traditional
pair of pipes.
Service pipes should be as small as possible and no reserve ca-
pacity should be calculated for. Similar holds also for the distri-
bution pipes. Taken future energy saving measures into account,
reserve capacity should only be taken into consideration if it is
obvious that additional loads will be connected in the future.
Civil works
The classical trench design is for double pipes with drainage
bed. In accordance with local conditions, the trench can be made
smaller with corresponding reduction of excavation work and
handling of soil volumes. The following measures are possible:
The use of twin pipes is mandatory in systems with low heat
demand density. The reduction of excavation work is a clear cost
advantage.
Reduction of pipe dimension may in many applications result
in a smaller trench, which should be taken advantage of if pos-
sible.
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Reduced ground cover can be applied in piping without traffic
loads. Hence, the routing should take advantage of such pos-
sibilities (parks, gardens, sidewalks).
- Drainage bed pipes can often be omitted, especially in trench-
es for service pies.
New loads
District heating systems should be marketed to new customers
with an additional benefit: District heating can deliver part of
the energy, which to date has been supplied by electricity. Even-
tually, this could cover a broad spectrum of applications. In the
beginning, new applications could be the white goods washing
machine, disk washer and tumble dryer. Small absorption cooling
for air conditioning systems and heating of pools and spa-tubs
are other potential applications. An example is a demonstration
of new loads in Gothenburg (Sweden): There it was shown that
7500 kWh of district heating could replace 5500 kWh of elec-
tricity. This application resulted in 35 % reduction of primary en-
ergy (based on power generated from a coal condensing power
plant).
Evaluation and system analysis
System analyses have been verified with system simulations for
Neidonkallio and Nykbing Falster. The analyses compare the
total cost for different pipe systems and district heating solu-
tions, such as: single pipes, twin pipes, triple pipes, reduced pipe
dimensions, systems with booster pumps in service pipes and
systems with hot water accumulator instead of direct hot wa-
ter heat exchanger.
The results of these analyses conclude that costs could be re-
duced by about 25 % in smaller systems (Nykbing Falster) and
by 40% in larger systems (Neidonkallio).
For further information please contact
Danish Technological Institute
Att.: Benny Bhm, Senior Consultant, D.Sc.
Gregersensvej
DK-2630 Taastrup
Phone: +45 7220 2570
Benny.Bohm@teknologisk.dk
Reference
Heimo Zinko et al: District Heating Distribution in Areas with
Low Heat Demand Density. IEA-Report. IEA-DHC Annex VIII,
2008:8DHC 08-03.
This work is based on the presentation at the IEA session at
the International Symposium on District Heating in Reykjavik,
Iceland, September 2, 2008.
www.dbdh.dk
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Maintenance of district heating pipelines
Albertslund district heating power plant has at its disposal a
multitude of pipes, ranging from pipes welded and insulated
with cell concrete; in channels with Bitumen; and from first-
generation pre-insulated pipes to todays state-of-the-art
pre-insulated pipes. Todays pipes are a result of the coopera-
tion between producers, such as LOGSTOR, and district heat-
ing companies, which have developed and improved the pipe
design through their shared experience from seminars and
meetings over the years.
Today all plants in Denmark circulate treated, deaerated water,
as oxygen is the enemy of steel pipes. It is possible to remove
oxygen mechanically by means of a deaerator or chemically
by means of e.g. Hydro-x (articles in previous versions of the
magazine have treated this subject). A pH of 9.8-10.1, regular
control and treatment of the water quality prevent corrosion
from inside.
Albertslund district heating company has a closed loop to
the customers, which means that the circulated water returns
to the plant and is not used for other purposes than heating.
Phenoftaline is used in the water as an indicator for leaks (red
colour). Closed loop and treated water is the normal way to run
plants in Denmark, which means that the pipes of the plants
normally have a long lifetime.
Other countries, e.g. the old East European countries, still op-
erate open loop systems, which means that some of the water
is used for other purposes. Here the enemy of the pipes, oxy-
gen, is thriving, and consequently corrosion destroys the pipe
from the inside. In this system it is only the thickness of the
steel pipe that determines the service life of the pipe. Many
By Michael Poulsen,
Operating Manager
Albertslund district
heating power plant
pipes of Danish make or similar from other countries have been
criticised on this account, which is wrong. Modern Danish pre-
insulated pipes have been designed to a service life of at least
75 years, when treated accordingly as described in this article.
If you operate an open loop system, I can only see two solu-
tions:
1. Renovate the whole system, get it up-to-date, and save en-
ergy and money in the long run or:
2. Purchase the cheapest, thickest non-insulated steel pipe on
the market, accepting the loss of heat and money due to the
fact that you are operating an old system.
Corrosion in todays pipes mostly stems from the outside. We
have had more or less all generations of pipes, and experience
has taught us that some of the first pre-insulated pipes are
in a poorer state today than the old channel pipes, partly be-
cause the material of the casing has become fragile over time.
The temperature of the pipes causes the insulation inside the
pipes to crumble and thus the casing to deteriorate, resulting
in moisture ingress, which in turn results in corrosion of the
steel pipe and subsequently in leaks.
Another weak point is the joints. If the fitters are not compe-
tent and do not mount the casing joints properly, leaks may be
a result. This problem still occurs today. We see leaks in pipe-
lines that have been laid less than four years ago. This is due
to a combination of inadequate examination of the ground on
the part of the consulting engineers, a wrong choice of casing
joints and absent precision during the installation of the casing
joints. In the above-mentioned case investigations have shown
that the groundwater level was high.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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If we suspect a ground in Albertslund to have a high ground-

water level, we arrange for sufficient drainage and ensure that
our fusion welded casing joints are installed by specialists, who
can guarantee waterproof joints. When it comes to more nor-
mal jobs we use casing joints of good quality and make sure
that the job is done by skilled and certified personnel.

Most important is quality control. Expenses to a person who

carries out quality control are quickly recovered, and costs in
connection with one or two repair works on the pipe easily ex-
ceed the salary of a person in charge.

As mentioned in the introduction, Albertslund commands all

generations of district heating pipelines from 1963 and on-
wards, and until 2000 maintenance was mostly based on ex-
perience from leaks, when they occurred. Something had to be
done, and a plan was made in close cooperation between the
personnel of the plant and COWI. We made use of pipe maps,
the skills, knowledge and experience of the staff at the plants
and compared it to the experience collected by the pipe pro-
ducers; experience that has been gained from benchmarking
and seminars throughout the years.

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Aalborg Engineering recognizes that your investment

is considered a lifetime investment.

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Aalborg Engineering Slovakia s.r.o. | SLOVAKIA | Phone: +42 136 631 5518
www.aalborg-engineering.com

J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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Maintenance of district heating pipelines
Every year the costs of maintenance total 2.2% of the value of
the entire pipe system.
Good treated system water, pipes and casing joints that have
been welded and installed by professional persons are the best
guarantee of a long service life of the pipes. Supervision dur-
ing the work and final inspection are inevitable for the suc-
cess of a pipe system installation. X-ray is another possibility
of inspecting the quality in order to make sure that the welds
comply with the quality, agreed upon.
How can we detect leaks in pipelines in the ground, before they
see the light of the day? It is a fact that well-treated water is
expensive and that loss of water is like throwing money out the
window or in this case into the ground. Years ago leaks were
not detected, unless they occurred at the surface or steam
leaked out into the inspection chambers. Once the pipelines are
in the ground, they are out of sight and out of mind. Today new
pipes are normally equipped with detection wires that will give
alarm, in case water comes in the insulation between the pipe
and the casing. When the length of the leaking pipe is known,
it is easy to calculate the location of the leakage and thereby
save on expensive, treated water and expenses to contractors
who would otherwise have to dig holes to find the leak.
If a system is not equipped with detection wires, thermography
may be a solution where a hand-held camera can locate the
leak on the slightest suspicion. Thermography, done by car, can
cover a large area and make the analysis later or during the
driving. It only requires that there is a person present, who
knows the area and the pipe system, but it is of course not
possible to cover everything.
In Albertslund we use thermography by aeroplane, carried out
by a German company called Scandat which has an electronic
copy of our pipe system, of which an overlay has been made
that fits the map of the thermal flying. The advantages of using
thermography by aeroplane over other thermographic meth-
ods are that a large area is covered: when the weather condi-
tions are optimal, the angle to the ground is 900, which is the
optimal angle to find leakage in the ground - especially where
the ground does not transmit heat losses very well, e.g. grass-
grown areas. Another advantage is the quality inspection of
the contractors work: defects will become apparent and the
problem can be dealt with.
An optimal overview is provided on a CD and an A1 map in black/
white and another in colours, showing the thermal difference
in the range of 16C. The area is split up into thermal pictures
in A3 format, covering 350x250 m, with an overlay of a thermal
map. In this way leaks are easily detected. Normally we use a
hand-held camera for inspections and to pinpoint the exact
area of the leak. Another way is to mount manometers on the
flow and return pipes of a specific area, close the valves to the
section and check how fast the pressure falls. If it falls rapidly,
there is a basis for further examination.
The way we usually find leaks in the pipelines for instance
when steam leaks from the inspection chambers is by cut-
ting open the pipe and inspecting the pipes with cameras in
the drainage.
When we replace pipelines today, we use pipes of a guaran-
teed quality with the lowest heat loss possible, e.g. LOGSTORs
series 3: A pipe with high insulation, an aluminium foil diffusion
barrier between the insulation and the casing, preventing the
insulating gas from diffusing out through the casing and thus
reducing the heat loss - a reduction, which equals a reduction
in CO2-emissions when producing heat, because less heat is
required. As pipelines often stay in the ground for more than
75 years, selecting the pipes with the lowest heat loss over the
years is of great importance. Even though it seems to be the
most expensive solution, the expenses must be considered in
view of the increasing energy prices and the CO2-impact on
the earth. It can actually be rather a bargain to spend the
extra money. It is also a good investment to spend extra money
on the right welders, good casing joints and ball valves of high
quality.
For further information please contact:
Albertslund district heating power plant
Att.: Michael Poulsen
Albertslund Kommune
Vognporten 9
DK-2620 Albertslund
Phone: +45 4364 8692/+45 2323 5971
michael.poulsen@albertslund.dk
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
Grundfos district heating and cooling
Red + Blue = Green

Very few people think about the distribution of heating and cooling under ground,
yet most are aware that temperatures above ground are rising due to increased CO2
emissions. At Grundfos, our most important goal is to ensure that our wide range
of products for district heating and cooling has the lowest possible environmental
impact. We strive to turn the hot red and the cold blue into green, sustainable
solutions. We do that by producing intelligent pumps with highly efficient motors
and variable speed that comply with the variations in heating and cooling load.

Grundfos covers all district heating and cooling requirements from large-scale
circulation pumps to inline and end-suction pumps, so visit www.grundfos.com to
see our extensive product line and discover how a Grundfos solution can save you
energy and help save the environment.

JOURNAL N0. 3/2008 www.dbdh.dk

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DBDH c o - o p e r a t i o n
The Mongolian District Heating Association
Danish district heating solution providers have been active in
Mongolia for more than 10 years. Participating in large multi-
lateral programs funded by the Asian Development Bank and
also through direct financed projects the Danish companies
have cooperated with Ulaanbaatar district heating company.
According to the Asian Development Bank this has helped in-
crease the citys energy efficiency by at least 50%, thereby
also cleaning the air in the heavily polluted capital.
Mongolia is experiencing double digit economic growth rates,
and the economy is projected to grow over the coming 15 years
with an unprecedented rate of 15 times compared to the level
today. These exorbitant growth rates are expected to materi-
alize from mining of cobber, iron gold and coal. Vast resources
have been identified and a bright future can be expected for
Mongolia, if done right.
The primary resource for the energy sector in Mongolia is coal
by far. The World Bank estimates that the country has around
150 billion tons of coal reserves at its disposal. Therefore,
coal will inevitably continue being the most important fuels
source for producing heat and power. Denmark boasts some
unique technologies for combined heat and power production
based on coal. This is important for the future energy supply
in Mongolia, since the technologies used today all impose high
degrees of pollution during the long winter months. However,
utilizing renewable resources is a political priority, which is
why the National Renewable Energy Center was established in
2005. One important reason is of course to decrease the rapid
urbanization and social inequality by providing power to the no-
madic families. Another reason is the desire to improve the air
quality of Ulaanbaatar. According to the World Bank as much
as 90% of the ground-level pollution originates from individual
household stoves. Thus by centralizing the heat production and
utilizing the surplus heat from the power plants, Ulaanbaatar
can reduce the air pollution significantly.
Therefore Danish companies have been invited to frequently
visit Mongolia. On October 4, 2006 DBDH signed an agreement
of cooperation with the Mongolian District Heating Association
with the aim of establishing a formal framework for exchange
of information on district heating and CHP in both countries.
In 2006, 2007 and 2008 large Danish business delegations on
district heating and renewable energy visited Mongolia. These
visits give leverage to the cooperation within development of
district heating that includes training of Mongolian operators
and engineers in Denmark. In August 2008 H.R.H. Crown Prince
Frederik of Denmark headed a business delegation consisting
of ABB, Danfoss, EKF, Hydro-X, IFU, Kamstrup, Nordea, VEKS,
VKR Holding and Vestas. The visit was very successful, not only
establishing new business ties and maintaining old ones; Den-
mark and Mongolia also commemorated the 40th Anniversary
of Diplomatic Relations with an official dinner banquet hosted
by the President.
DBDH highly values the professional cooperation and close
friendship shared with the Mongolian District Heating Asso-
ciation, and the respect for each others expertise in providing
environmentally sustainable and energy efficient systems will
surely prevail for many years ahead, creating business oppor-
tunities while combating climate changes.
For further information please contact:
DBDH
Att.: Jes B. Christensen
Sthr Johansens Vej 38
DK-2000 Frederiksberg
Phone: +45 3818 5440
Fax: +45 3818 5444
jbc@dbdh.dk
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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dbdh
wishes
you a
happy
new
The supply of
year The fuTure
Do the right thing - pick the low-hanging fruits.
When you choose district heating you are on
the road towards a zero carbon heat supply.
Heat Plan Denmark is a strategic study
identifying the solutions of the future.

WWW.ramboll.Dk

District
humor
District heating:
future city planning
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DBDH m e m b e r
company profile
Danfoss district heatinG
a short history
It all began with a thermostat valve for
cooling. With the breakthrough of dis-
trict heating in Denmark return ther-
mostats entered the market in the
beginning of 1960. However, due to the
energy crisis and the consequent inter-
est in energy saving, radiator thermo-
stats took over the market from the
return thermostats. In order to have a
well-functioning system a differential
pressure regulator was needed, and
hence, such a regulator was developed.
Together with thermostatic valves for
hot-water tanks this marked the en-
trance into a new business area in dis-
trict heating regulation equipment, but
it was not until the 70es that district
heating became a separate business
area in Danfoss. Now, however, Dan-
foss is one of the few companies on the
market with products entirely dedicat-
ed to district heating, and the company
is the only total supplier of substations
and automatic controls for the district
heating market. This, fully-integrated
business approach is the result of more
than 30 years of specialization within
the DH market, and is based on an un-
paralleled range of competencies.
Danfoss a supplier of solutions
Danfoss district heating business
area boasts an extensive experience
with components and has a very large
technology span, from heat transfer to
DANFOSS
regulation technology, and also Danfoss
as overall company supplies well proven
products (frequency converters, heat
pumps, etc.) all of which are vital to
the complicated energy supply systems
of tomorrow. Besides supplying com-
ponents, Danfoss has also become a
system supplier; Danfoss supplies solu-
tions for Build to site as well as Build
on Site.
According to Halldor Kristjansson, ap-
plications consultant at Danfoss Dis-
trict Heating, who is interviewed for
this article, this extended role is a nat-
ural consequence of the rising energy
prices, the increasing fuel dependency,
the increased danger of fuel scarcity,
the adverse impact on the environment
and the increased technological capaci-
ty, all of which make the energy systems
more and more complicated. Also, there
are more and more energy sources that
can be combined, and in order to utilize
the RE market optimally, the operation
or regulation gets far more compli-
cated. One example of this two-edged
sword is solar and wind energy, both of
which offer degrees of exploitation and
load variation so vast that their use has
to be controlled carefully. But that is
the premise if one wishes for oil and gas
to be put into the background. And that
is a realistic goal. Halldor Kristjansson
says that he is pretty sure that in the
foreseeable future most European cit-
ies of a certain size will be supplied by
E N E R G Y
district heating 100%, as this is the only
long lasting sustainable solution for
heating cities anyway. And it should not
be forgotten that district heating pro-
vides the best comfort of all heat sup-
ply methods, and people demand better
and better comfort. Comfort is by the
way our specialty.
However, it is of utmost importance to
look at the entire system: all the way
from energy resource to consumer. How
do the different parts play together in
the best possible way? According to
Halldor this is increasingly getting our
attention. Danfoss is a large company
able to combine the different areas for
the development of new solutions to
the benefit of the energy area; in prac-
tice it means that Danfoss is active all
the way right from the primary energy
resource to the last radiator thermo-
stat, or in fact, to the comfort of the
last consumer.
Comfortable and green
Converting to district heating will make
the energy consumption a lot greener.
Another advantage, which is perhaps
often forgotten, is the fact that the
majority of the customers will only be
disturbed once, and this is during the
switch to district heating, where the
district heating unit is installed and the
oil and gas burners are removed. After
this the conversion can take place at
the power plants etc., where the mix of
A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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fuel and/or production capacities can
be developed according to development
in energy crisis, and the heat production
here can become more environmentally
sound all of this without disturbing
people.
It is important for Danfoss to communi-
cate the advantages of district heating
and this is one of the reasons why the
company is an active participator in the
Euroheat and Power workshop program
DHC Technology Platform. Here utili-
ties, the industry, universities, consult-
ants, and associations meet to identify
important areas of research and devel-
opment of DH. Three so-called dimen-
sions have been identified as focus ar-
eas; the technical and heat distribution
dimension, the demand and resource
dimension, and the institutional dimen-
sion. The aim of the program it is to find
methods that support and promote
district heating internationally. Be-
cause there certainly are barriers that
have to be done with. Many of these are systems keep getting better. The ad-
technical, but also commercial or may- vantage is of course that it reduces the
be even psychological barriers play a heat loss from the district heating net,
part (people do not know what district but it also means that the substations
heating is; it might prove problematic must be made even better and more
getting capital; local decision-makers advanced. Another challenge according
do not want to see to Halldor Kristjans-
the streets being Danfoss A/S is one of Den- son is the possibility
excavated; etc.). It marks largest industrial groups of using the district
might seem over- with annual net sales of approx. heating network as a
whelming convert- 3.0bn EUR and around 22,500 market. That means
ing an entire city to employees, of which 6,500 work that the heat can be
district heating, and in Denmark. We produce approx. sold and bought (to
Halldor Kristjansson 250,000 components every day and from the trans-
suggests starting at 61 factories in 25 countries. mission network) as
with one district all other goods, max-
or neighborhood at imizing the utilization
a time, and then, later on, all the local of domestic and green energy. This is
networks can be connected in an even already a reality to the large units now
more flexible system. (i.e. the industry), and in the future this
will probably also be possible to normal
Future households without, of course, caus-
One big challenge to the business is the ing the customers any nuisance what-
fact that the temperature in the dis- soever.
trict heating systems is falling as the

Individual The installation of 57,000

Brunata heat cost allo-

heat metering
cators in apartments in
five Romanian cities has
delivered energy savings

makes sense of 24%.

Allowing households to
A recent project in Romania proves once control their heat con-
again that individual heat metering makes sumption and pay accord-
both environmental and financial sense. ingly is common sense.

Call us on tel.
+45 7777 7000 or visit
www.brunata.com to
learn more about Brunata
and the Phare project in
Romania.

After all who would not

want to make money by
making an effort for the
environment?

Brunata Futura+ the heat

Vesterlundvej 14
cost allocator of the future DK-2730 Herlev

J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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List of members
Aalborg Engineering A/S Phone +45 9631 3950
Supplier of boilers and boiler systems Fax +45 9631 3951 Energi Viborg A/S Phone +45 8929 2929
ae@aalborg-engineering.dk Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 8929 2939
www.aalborg-engineering.com energi@energiviborg.dk
www.energiviborg.dk

ABB A/S Phone +45 4450 4450 Fjernvarme Fyn Phone +45 6547 3000
Monitoring and control for Fax +45 4450 4311 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 6547 3001
district heating networks abb@dk.abb.com kontakt@fjernvarmefyn.dk
www.abb.com www.fjernvarmefyn.dk

Albertslund Fjernvarme Phone +45 4364 8692 Focus Energy A/S Phone +45 9714 2022
District heating company Fax +45 4364 3888 Biomass-based boiler systems Fax +45 9714 2686
michael.poulsen@albertslund.dk post@focusenergy.dk
www.focusenergy.dk

APV Phone +45 7027 8444 Forsyningen Esbjerg Kommune Phone +45 7614 2414
Plate heat exchangers Fax +45 7632 4110 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 7614 2511
per.f.hedegaard@invensys.com forsyningen@esbjergkommune.dk
www.apv.invensys.com www.esbjergkommune.dk

Bredahl ApS Phone +45 7555 1250 Frederiksberg Forsyning Phone +45 3818 5100
Steel compensators Fax +45 7555 4140 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 3818 5199
hensgen@webspeed.dk ff@frb-forsyning.dk
www.frb-forsyning.dk

Broen A/S Phone +45 6471 2095 Grontmij | Carl Bro Phone +45 4348 6060
Ballomax valves Fax +45 6471 2195 Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4348 6660
broen@broen.dk cbg@carlbro.dk
www.broen.com www.carlbro.com

Brunata A/S Phone +45 7777 7000 Grundfos A/S Phone +45 8750 1400
Heat cost allocators, heat meters, Fax +45 7777 7001 Submersible pumps, centrifugal Fax +45 8750 1490
water meters and heat and water brunata@brunata.dk pumps and circulators tkynden@grundfos.com
accounting service www.brunata.com www.grundfos.com

BWSC Phone +45 4814 0022 Houe & Olsen A/S Phone +45 9619 5300
Heat & power plant developer, turnkey Fax +45 4814 0150 Consulting engineers specialising in Fax +45 9619 5311
and operation contractor sales@bwsc.dk geothermal energy ho@houe-olsen.dk
www.bwsc.dk www.houe-olsen.dk

Cowi Phone +45 4597 2211 Huhnseal ApS Phone +45 4390 4720
Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4597 2212 Mechanical seals Fax +45 4390 4775
cowi@cowi.dk huhnseal@huhnseal.dk
www.cowi.dk www.huhnseal.dk

CTR Phone +45 3818 5777 Hydro-X A/S Phone +45 9828 2111
Metropolitan Copenhagen Fax +45 3818 5799 Boiler water treatment Fax +45 9828 3021
Heating Transmission Company ctr@ctr.dk info@hydro-x.dk
www.ctr.dk www.hydro-x.dk

Dall Energy Phone +45 2987 2222 Kamstrup A/S Phone +45 8993 1000
New Biomass Technologies info@dallenergy.com Supplier of energy meters & automatic Fax +45 8993 1001
www.dallenergy.com meter reading systems for heat, cooling, energi@kamstrup.dk
water and gas www.kamstrup.com

Danfoss A/S Phone +45 7488 2222 Korsr Forsyning A/S Phone +45 5836 2500
Heating controls, metering Fax +45 7449 0949 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 5836 2501
and pump speed control danfoss@danfoss.com info@korsoerforsyning.dk
www.danfoss.com www.korsoerforsyning.dk

DONG Energy Phone +45 7622 2301 Kbenhavns Energi Phone +45 2795 2750
Fax +45 7622 1980 Copenhagen Energy Fax +45 2795 2012
market@dongenergy.dk ke@ke.dk
www.dongenergy.dk www.ke.dk

DTI
Phone +45 7220 2000 Logstor A/S Phone +45 9966 1000
info@teknologisk.dk Preinsulated transmission Fax +45 9966 1180
www.teknologisk.dk and distribution pipes lr@logstor.com
www.logstor.com

Energi Randers Phone +45 8911 4811 OKR Cleaning ApS Phone +45 8692 4422
Energy company producing and selling Fax +45 8911 4800 Boiler cleaning Fax +45 8692 2919
heat and power energiranders@energiranders.dk okr@email.dk
www.energiranders.dk www.okrcleaning.dk

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
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Rambll Phone +45 4598 6000 Uno Transport Phone +45 7020 8011
Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4598 6700 Transports Fax +45 7020 8012
ramboll@ramboll.dk uno@unotransport.com
www.ramboll.dk www.unotransport.dk

7-Technologies A/S Phone +45 45 900 700 VEKS Phone +45 4366 0366
Quality software for profitable Fax +45 4590 0701 West Copenhagen Heating Fax +45 4366 0369
operation of industriel plants sales@7t.dk Transmission Company veks@veks.dk
and utilities www.7t.dk www.veks.dk

Siemens Flow Instruments A/S Phone +45 7488 5252 Vestforbrnding Phone +45 4485 7000
Flow measurement Fax +45 7488 5250 Power and heat supply based on Fax +45 4485 7001
bent.vestergaard@siemens.com waste incineration vestfor@vestfor.dk
www.siemens.com/flow www.vestfor.dk

TVIS Phone +45 7594 0711 Vestforsyning A/S Phone +45 9612 7319
Heat transmission company tvis@tvis.net Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 9612 7301
of Denmarks triangle area. www.tvis.net ss@vestforsyning.dk
www.vestforsyning.dk

DBDH Phone +45 3818 5440

Secretariat Fax +45 3818 5444
dbdh@dbdh.dk
www.dbdh.dk

download articles from Hot|cool at: www.dbdh.dk

Clean, reliable and affordable heating

CTR Metropolitan Copenhagen Heating Transmission Company

CTR
Sthr Johansens Vej 38
DK 2000 Frederiksberg
Phone +45 3818 5777
Fax +45 3818 5799
ctr@ctr.dk
www.ctr.dk

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4 www.dbdh.dk
 Theres more to LOGSTOR technology
than meets the eye

LOGSTOR district heating

CO2 reductions

pipe systems
One pre-insulated district heating pipe looks much like any other.
Beneath the surface, however, there can be a world of difference
in their insulation, protection and monitoring technologies. These
differences are crucial for energy efficiency.

This is where solutions from LOGSTOR make a major impact,

10 years 20 years 30 years and help you dramatically reduce both the CO2 emissions and
270 tons CO2 680 tons CO2 1145 tons CO2 the operating costs of your district heating operations and the
savings you can make accumulate considerably over a 30-year
As an example, you can achieve major reductions in CO2 service life.
emissions by using LOGSTOR SteelFlex pipe with lambda
23 insulation foam and a diffusion barrier, instead of a
traditional flexible pipe that only provides lambda 26 insulation
If youd like to hear more, weve got all the evidence
performance.
The CO2 savings achievable with 5 kilometres of 28/90 mm
SteelFlex pipe for house entry are shown above.

[ We document the difference ]

LOGSTOR A/S
Danmarksvej 11 DK-9670 Lgstr Denmark
Tel. +45 9966 1000 Fax +45 9966 1180
logstor@logstor.com www.logstor.com