N0.

1
2011

INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE ON DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING

DBDH - direct access to

district heating technology
www.dbdh.dk
CONTENTS
HOT|COOL is published
FOCUS : four times a year by:

DBDH
4 The Chairmans column Sthr Johansens Vej 38
DK-2000 Frederiksberg
6 Utilization of industrial low-grade waste heat into Phone +45 3818 5440
district heating systems by means of heat pumps Fax +45 3818 5444
dbdh@dbdh.dk
8 Modern energy policy: Reduce - Recycle - Replace! www.dbdh.dk

10 Reduce: Next generation of district heating reduces Editorial Committee:

temperatures and cuts heat loss by 30 percent Lars Gullev, VEKS
Lone Vlcker, DFj
14 Recycling and district heating systems Jes B. Christensen, DBDH
Kathrine Windahl, DBDH
16 Replace - The agonizing farewell to fossil fuels
Editor-in-Chief: Lars Gullev, VEKS
18 ISO/IEC 81346 - A code to money
Coordinating Editor:
22 District heating companies welcome new Dutch Heat Act Kathrine Windahl, DBDH

24 Geothermal energy a rising star in Denmark Total circulation:

7,000 copies in
26 Latest News 50 countries

28 Member Company Profile: Niras ISSN 0904 9681

Layout:
30 List of members DBDH /galla-form.dk

Pre-press and printing:

Kailow Graphic A/S

YOUR DISTRICT
HEATING PARTNER
Per Diget
Senior Project Manager
P: +45 6312 5042
E: pdt@niras.dk

Lars Rossen
Senior Project Manager
P: +45 8732 3224
E: lro@niras.dk

NIRAS services include all aspects of planning,
design, construction management and
monitoring of district heating systems and
production plants.
We use state of the art modelling tools for
optimizing design including real time models for
optimizing temperatures in the distribution
network resulting in noticeable energy savings.
Integration of large scale renewable energy
technologies in district heating systems is another
of our core competences eg. biogas, biomass,
wind and solar energy.

NIRAS A/S www.niras.com

MAKING MODERN LIVING POSSIBLE

Perform your best even better

One wheel one step ahead
The ECL Comfort is an electronic controller for weather compensation. By fitting all typical applications for
district heating, cooling and micro network systems, it enables you easily to optimize system performance and
operation. This leads into energy savings and longer system life.

11-15%
energy saving or more
A correct commissioned ECL
Comfort controller optimizes
system efficiency by reducing
the return temperature.

Danfoss A/S DK-6430 Nordborg Denmark

Tel.: +45 74 88 22 22 Fax: +45 74 49 03 95
E-mail: districtenergy@danfoss.com ecl.danfoss.com
P
_
4
The Chairmans column
By: Mr. Hans Bjrn, Managing Director, TVIS, and Chairman of DBDH
I have recently read that some argue that the secret behind
district heating and cooling (DHC) is planning and cooperation. I
will surely agree to those two significant concepts. What is also
an exceedingly important feature of todays society is DHCs
ability to do something about the unsustainable global waste
of perfectly good energy.
We dont have to travel far north, south, east or west from the
Danish border before our view is contaminated by large concrete
silos soaring out white steam. These are called cooling towers
and the reason for the exhaust of water vapor is lack of installed
district energy systems, which serve the purpose of collecting
and transporting otherwise wasted energy as hot or cold water
to houses, thus heating or cooling the households.
DHC is the most excellent way of converting a low-value energy
product unfortunately by most countries still regarded as
merely waste to serving a high-value purpose of comfort in
buildings. This beautiful concept of utilizing exhausted heat from
power plants, waste incineration facilities and from industrial
processes such as steel, cement as well as refineries to heating
or cooling in buildings, also entails societies, so to speak, not
having to produce this demand twice. District energy consciously
handles energy with care, thereby creating sustainable societies.
Energy companies and industries smart enough to connect
to DHC, thus being able to sell a waste-product, also create
a long-term economical secure business opportunity. Why not
capitalize on this idea as well?
The current global challenge is unfortunately not as simple
as raising or even finding global capital to support district
energy infrastructure. The objective is political determination
and courage to formulate holistic life-cycle cost framework
conditions truly guiding and supporting energy efficient systems,
thus NOT supporting short-termed and narrow-minded policies
focusing on extracting more energy to satiate the growing
economies and the human nature of monotonous preferences.
In other words, more wants more, and we want what others
have also.
In a press release on 11 March 2011 the United Nations added
some flavor to this daunting challenge by its projection that
the world population will exceed 9 billion in 2050. The seemingly
insurmountable challenge is not only encapsulated in more
mouths to feed and homes to build, but that the additional 2.3
billion people from the current level of 6.8 billion will enlarge
the population of developing countries only! Combining more
people in fast growing economies with intrinsic monotonous
preferences is a daunting pleonasm.
In this regard two of the most populous countries China and
India are putting immense pressure on the planets aggregated
natural resources. To emphasize my point, China is currently
importing half of its oil consumption. To quench this thirst for
energy China has made titanic investments in geopolitical risk
zones like the Middle East and Northern Africa. Libya is at war
and Chinas 19 billion US$ investments right now serving 3% of
the total oil import seem to be a bit unsteady. Not to mention the
75 directly affected Chinese businesses with large investments
in Libya. Therefore, China, like the rest of us, has to take a step
back and consider how we energy-efficiently, economically
feasible and environmentally sustainably manage our energy
demand and subsequently supply. Not the other way around.
It took around 300 million years to build our stocks of fossil fuels
and the scary thing is that we are depleting the stock in just
a few centuries. That we are consuming energy unsustainable
is self-evident.
More importantly we should ask ourselves, what we can do
about it.
The International Energy Agency has documented that globally,
68% of energy input to thermal electricity production is lost
before any electricity reaches the consumer. In Europe the waste
is equally agonizing 55% and to put the relative number into
perspective: if this energy loss was crude oil, it would have an
annual value of estimated 600 billion Euros at current (February
2011) oil prices. Lost every year!
Therefore, I fully support the jointly growing demand from
stakeholders in EU advocating the new energy hierarchys
slogan saying, REduce, REcycle and REplace: Doubling District
Heating Now!
Achieving the EU 2020 and 2050 energy goals requires adopting
a systemic approach based on the three REs: reducing end-use,
recycling energy that otherwise would be wasted and replacing
fossil fuels with renewables. DHC play a key role in such a concept.
The global district energy industry is both ready and
technological mature, and will fully support politicians with
actual concerns not hiding behind bad excuses, such as it is
difficult. Difficult does not solve problems. Action does. As a
Chinese proverb goes, People who say it cannot be done should
not interrupt those who are doing it.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
Next Step - large scale solar thermal solutions

District energy - Heating, Hot Water and Cooling

Sunmark offers individual turn-key energi solutions within the areas of heating, hot water and
cooling. We customize each solution to the specific requirements of our customers from across the
world to ensure the highest output in a reliable energy production.
Pay-back time of a Sunmark turn-key installation is in Northern Europe 69 years and in Asia 3-4
years.

Changing from increasing energy costs to: Low fixed energy price

Attractive investment

Leading technology

Turn-key solutions

Contact us for an energy calculation and a feasibility study.

Position Energy from 1,000 m2 Price indication per m2

Northern Europe 600 MWh/year Collector price: 167 Euro/m2
Southern Europe 800 MWh/year Turn-key price: 220 Euro/m2
Asia 1,200 MWh/year Price/kWh: 0.02-0.04 Euro

www.sunmark.com
P
_
6

By Michael Markussen, Consultant, Grontmij | Carl Bro

Utilization of industrial low-grade waste heat into

district heating systems by means of heat pumps
The time for a better utilization of industrial low-grade waste
heat has come. Why now? The technology is ready and the
politicians are pushing on. This article is based on the work done
at a master thesis made at DTU (Danish Technical University)
in cooperation with Grontmij | Carl Bro about utilization of
industrial waste heat by means of heat pumps.
The still increasing focus on climate change along with the
political will to maintain the level of supply security is opening
up for utilization of industrial low-grade waste heat. EU has
targeted an energy and climate objective called 20-20-20:
20% reduction in greenhouse gas emission, 20% renewable
energies and 20% improvement in energy efficiency by 2020.
This puts pressure on available and new solutions to reach this
goal. Utilization of waste energy could be a significant factor
for reaching these goals. Reports have showed large amount
of low-grade waste heat in the industry. A large percentage
of the waste energy producing companies have no interest in
utilizing it for them. One way to utilize this energy waste is by
means of heat pumps through the district heating system.
The two natural refrigerants that are most developed in the
industrial heat pump systems are CO2 and NH3. Therefore
these refrigerants have been investigated in order to find the
most efficient one.
Through thorough investigation of how the parameters are
influencing the COP (COP is the efficiency index of a heat pump,
defined by the consumption of electricity and the energy that
is produced) value in a heat pump, it was concluded that only
4 parameters have significant influence on this value. These
parameters are the evaporating temperature, the ingoing
water temperature that is heated by the heat pump, the
outgoing water temperature that is heated by the heat pump,
and the efficiency of the compressor.
When comparing the two natural refrigerants CO2 and NH3 the
conclusion is that only one parameter has significant influence
on whether CO2 or NH3 is the most preferable refrigerant. As
showed in figure 1 this parameter is the ingoing temperature.
The separation value is approximately 25C.

The heat pump technology is ready. During the last decade T_w_in [C] COP Comparison
the heat pump technology has developed rapidly. Earlier heat 50
pumps could only reach temperatures of 50C - 60C, but with
40
CO2 refrigerant pushing the industry to develop high pressure NH3 best COP T_e = 20
components; it is now possible to make temperatures of 100C 30 T_e = 10
T_e = 0
with good efficiencies and using well-known technologies. By 20 T_e = 10
the use of more advanced technologies such as the hybrid CO2 best COP
10
absorption heat pump system with NH3 and water mixture, it
T_w_out [C]
is possible to reach as high as 130C. 0
60 70 80 90 100

Choosing the right refrigerant Figure 1: COP comparison between CO2 and NH3.
In order to make waste energy competitive in the market, it
is important that the right refrigerant is chosen. Today it is
widely accepted that natural refrigerants are to be preferred. A rule of thumb is therefore that CO2 is the preferable
First of all because both HFC and CFC are phased out (DK in refrigerant for ingoing temperatures lower than 25C.
2010, EU in 2015) because of environmental reasons.

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
 P
_
7

COP values for heat pump

10
Waste heat 20oC
Waste heat 30oC
9
8
7
6
5
4 T_w_out [C]
60 70 80 90

Figure 2: COP values for heat pumps available on the market. The values are
generated from an ingoing temperature of 40C.

Are heat pumps profitable?

Utilization of industrial waste heat cannot be carried on by
the environmental advantages by itself; the driving force has
to be a financial prospect. The profitability of utilization of
waste heat with means of heat pumps is depending on a lot
of parameters, and it cannot be concluded that it always is
profitable.

In general the prices for electricity are about 2-3 times

Choosing the right heat pump system
Different systems have been analyzed; such as one-stage and
two-stage systems with internal heat exchanger, economizer
and intercooler. The conclusions from this analysis are that
systems should be kept as simple as possible. Only about 5%
better efficiency can be achieved with more complicated
systems. It is the limitations of the compressors used in the
system that define the system, and not the efficiency of the
heat pump.
COP values for utilization of
energy waste to district heating
Several different available compressors have been
investigated; twin screw, single screw and reciprocating
have been the types of the examined compressors. By use
of this investigation it is possible to foresee obtainable COP
values for heat pumps operating at full capacity when certain
temperatures are available in the waste heat. These COP
values are shown in figure 2.
the district heating prices. Based on this there are positive
operational costs, but is it enough to generate an acceptable
payback period? The investment cost for a heat pump is
about 150 /kW. The payback period depends on the industry.
For some industries this can be as short as 1-3 years. In the
master thesis a heat pump for utilizing waste heat from a
company was investigated. The conclusion was a 5-6 year
payback period, which was a little too long for the company
to do the investment. In district heating, however, planning
periods are 15-20 years, which would lead the investment
to be very profitable. Because of these long, but acceptable
payback periods, the possibilities of utilizing energy waste into
district heating systems are a lot greater than utilizing it in
the general industry. Based on this prospect, utilization of low-
grade waste into district heating systems by means of heat
pumps is predicted to have a bright future.

The temperature of the waste heat and the temperature of the For further information please contact:
district heating system are very important for the efficiency Grontmij | Carl Bro
of the heat pump. Figure 2 reveals that, if the district heating Att.: Michael Markussen
system is lowered to 60-70C, heat pumps will become very Granskoven 8 Phone: +45 4348 6431
DK-2600 Glostrup Fax: +45 4348 6660
interesting. This could hopefully contribute to a discussion of
Denmark mma@gmcb.dk
the temperature in the district heating system.

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 1 www.dbdh.dk
P
_
8
By Birger Lauersen, Manager International Affairs,
Danish District Heating Association & President, Euroheat & Power
Modern energy policy:
FOCUS
As will be well known to most readers of this magazine, future
challenges in the field of energy and the environment are
daunting. Theres the climate challenge, the security of supply
issue, energy prices and a host of other problems to solve.
Many need political intervention of some sort, and, fortunately,
initiatives and proposals are plentiful. Stakeholders are
competing to bring them forward, particularly towards the
confused policymakers, who will have to prioritize what they
think will benefit the most. And here they often resort to a
traditional, sectoral approach, mostly biased towards supply.
So we think we have a gas security issue: Lets build some
more gas pipes to somewhere! Lets make our houses green;
lets support a square metre of solar collector on each roof!
Some of all these great ideas may indeed be great, but not all
are. And if we as societies pool our efforts in supporting some
of them, financially and /or politically, we must first judge their
costs and their benefits comprehensively. We need to take a
system or integrated approach. Nothing is without context,
especially in energy. Investing in gas pipes to the end of the
world could be a very expensive approach to a problem that
could have cheaper solutions nearer to home. A square metre
of solar collector on the roof does not solve winters heat
problem, and may even, if it replaces investments in insulation,
not just be a waste of money but directly counterproductive.
We need to take a more integrated approach. As readers of the
magazine will be well aware, the main point of district heating
and cooling is that while delivering energy services that could
also be delivered by gas, oil and electricity, it replaces the use
of these fine fuels and the energy carrier electricity, with
energy that would otherwise be lost as waste heat. Thereby
it not only delivers energy service in homes and buildings, it
also provides degrees of total efficiency to energy use in for
instance electricity production or industry. That is a primary
example of an integrated approach.
If we look at the whole European energy supply, the main
striking characteristic is that it is fundamentally inefficient.
Most of this primary energy available to us (coal, crude oil and
such) has to be converted to something more usable. Coal to
electricity or heat, oil to gasoline or heating oil, gas gasified and
purified and so on. Once this has been done in the conversion
sector (i.e. power plants, refineries and the like) 33 % of the
primary energy input has been lost as waste heat. Very often
in the form of warm cooling water.
What we then have is the energy input for final consumption,
which is what takes place in households and buildings, industry
and transport. And here again the losses are considerable.
Inefficiency in buildings, waste heat from industry and losses
in vehicles are the causes.
In total 55 % of the primary energy input to Europe is lost
before we actually get the energy service we want. It is
astonishing how little focus there is on the fact, that the
energy sector is a sector that looses 55 % of its resource
input, while at the same time we are concerned about our
ability to get enough energy in the future. Just to give an
impression of the importance: if this energy loss was crude
oil, it would have a value that can be estimated to around 600
billion Euros at current (February 2011) oil prices. Lost every
year!
This is not only a European problem. The International Energy
Agency has documented that globally, 68 % of energy input to
thermal electricity production is lost before any electricity
reaches the consumer.
This puts policies aiming at increasing and/or diversifying
energy imports in perspective. Why pursue such policies
without looking at the resources - the negajoules - already
available right where we are.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Considering that we have in Europe an abundance of waste
or surplus heat from energy conversion - mainly electricity
production - and industrial energy use, and considering that we
have a huge demand for low temperature heat in buildings and
hot water preparation, and considering we have the technology
to convert low temperature heat to cooling, the solution is
obvious in an integrated approach. Connect the demand for
heating and cooling with our heat resource, through one of
the simplest; most proven technologies: district heating and
cooling.
That is the reason that Euroheat & Power together with others
believe, that it is high time to adopt the use of a hierarchy
amongst energy measures.
First of all, obviously we must focus on energy efficiency in the
end use of energy. Buildings must be more energy efficient,
industry, transport all sectors must reduce their energy
losses, as this will have significant positive effects through
the whole energy chain up to and including the use of primary
energy resources. It will in many cases also be one of the
cheapest measures in the energy field, especially if in the
integrated approach the benefits achieved throughout the
energy supply chain are included. And obviously, improved and
more efficient energy consumption will place lower demands
on improved energy supply, thus needing lower investments.
Secondly, we must use the resources we already have and
especially those that are already there and would otherwise
be wasted. Thermal electricity production will continue for any
TERMIS Temperature Optimization
Reduces the heat loss by up to 10% and CO2 emission with 2-5%
Return on Investment in 1-1 year
Possibility of including multiple heat sources
Correct calculation of heat loss
Easy, quick and affordable start-up
Calculate your potential savings
www.7T.dk/calculator
P
_
9
foreseeable future, and while electrical efficiency may improve,
huge losses will continue to occur and they must be utilised.
Same applies for other energy conversions and for industrial
use of energy.
Despite improving recycling rates of municipal and industrial
waste may, we will also in future have an energy source in the
form of incinerable waste, that can be used in cogeneration.
This is an energy source, which is generated, and can be used,
where people live. We must recycle the energy and the fuel
that otherwise is wasted.
Thirdly we must replace fossil fuels with renewable energy
sources. Biomass can and will play a role in the future supply of
energy - also of heat - everywhere. But questions remain about
available amounts, prices, security of supply, sustainability
and so on. True renewables, like geothermal, solar, wind, wave
energy and such, are abundant but costly and - some of them
- unpredictable. But we must replace fossil fuels.
By assuming such a hierarchy as Reduce-Recycle-Replace, when
we design our response to the climate and energy challenges,
and using cost-benefit analysis to rank measures in it, we ensure
efficient use of financial resources and focus on the right
priorities. Simply focusing on the supply side, overdoing efficiency
in end use or introducing renewable into a fundamentally
inefficient energy system is costly and suboptimal.
In the following articles the theme Reduce-Recycle-Replace
is explored in more details by three authors.
Real-time monitoring and proactive decision making
PROVIDING RELIABLE ENERGY TO MORE THAN 100 MILLION HOMES
P
_
10
By district heating specialist Peter Kaarup Olsen, COWI
Next generation of district heating reduces
temperatures and cuts heat loss by 30 percent
FOCUS
The next generation of district heating systems is being tested
in 40 new low-energy houses in Denmarks second-largest
city Aarhus. The system the first of its kind in the world
is part of a development project to explore whether lowering
district heating temperatures can save energy without
inconveniencing consumers. Initial results are promising and
have proven to be cost effective.
The multidisciplinary development team which includes
consulting engineers, producers and educational institutions
has managed to reduce heat loss in the pipe network by 30
percent compared to traditional water-based district heating
systems.
Two factors contribute to the systems success:
First, the circuit temperature to consumers was reduced
to 50 C/122 F without loss of comfort.
Secondly, twin pipes, the newest technology in district
heating pipes, were used, reducing heat loss by 20 percent.
It was more cost effective than single pipe systems.
Innovative district heating unit
The project has demonstrated that low-temperature
district heating works fine with traditional hot water heat
exchanger. However, during development work, a new type
of low-temperature district heating unit was developed and
tested. The solution involves storing water from the district
heating system rather than storing tap water due to the risk
of fostering bacteria such as Legionella in a container with
heated tap water.
The development project began in December 2009 with studies
still being conducted. At the same time, the team has received
funding for a new project an aid scheme supported by the
Danish Energy Agency to showcase low-temperature district
heating in existing buildings in Hje Taastrup near Copenhagen.
Cutting heat loss
There are a number of advantages associated with low-
temperature district heating, says Jens Ole Hansen, Vice
President for Energy at COWI. For example, its possible to
use newer and more kinds of renewable energy sources such
as geothermal and solar heating because efficiency is higher
when temperatures are lower. The smaller district heating
pipes also provide dividends. When the pipes are smaller,
installation costs are reduced.
Human factor
The residents of our development project were in doubt as
to whether they could get enough hot water. But they could,"
says Jens Ole Hansen. But its one thing to introduce state-of-
the-art district heating technology in new low-energy homes.
Its something quite different to introduce the technology in
existing housing. And here lies the biggest challenge.
Solutions on hand
The technical solutions are within reach, its just a matter
of getting started, says Hansen. We have the expertise and
there is enormous potential for low-temperature district
heating not only in Denmark but in the rest of Scandinavia,
northern and eastern Europe and countries like China, the US
and Canada.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
 P
_
11

A smart choice
The entire district energy industry in Denmark agrees that
the low-temperature district heating is the next step in
the technologys evolution. An opinion that receives backing
from the Danish Energy Agency as well as Christian Holm
Christiansen, project manager at the Danish Technological
Institute: The development project in Aarhus has
demonstrated that by redesigning radiators, district heating
units and supply lines, we can reduce circuit temperatures in
district heating systems to slightly above 50 C/122 F without
adding discomfort to residents. He adds: If we use pre-
isolated twin-pipes with reduced dimensions, we furthermore
reduce heat loss in the district heating network to a minimum.
Based on initial measurements, we expect annual losses in the
network of only 17 percent, which is exceptionally low for an
area with low-energy housing.

Christiansen notes that district

heating can work together with
surplus heat from power plants
and renewable energy such as
solar or waste-to-energy. In this
way district heating is often a
smarter choice than the individual
heating solutions currently used
in many low-energy housing
projects.

Fewer investments

Wastewater Problems?
Energy suppliers and customers
will gain the most from lower costs
for investment and maintenance.
Envotherm has the answer!
The district heating company We make wastewater cleaner than your drinking water.
Hje Taastrup Fjernvarme a.m.b.a. Energy consumption: 10 kWh/m3.
just outside of Copenhagen is
looking forward to seeing those
figures in black and white. The
company is participating in the
aforementioned study sponsored
by the Danish Energy Agency which
will be testing low-temperature
district heating in 75 homes.

It will be interesting to see if

the results are as good as the
consultants predictions, says
the companys director, Rudi
Bjerregaard. In that case it Envotherm ET2500
would push forward the date
when it makes sense to renovate.

Envotherm A/S . Nordborgvej 81 / L3 . DK-6340 Nordborg

Tel.: +45 73 650 900 . www.envotherm.com

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 1 www.dbdh.dk
 P
_
12
REDUCE

Considering the increase of energy prices, there would be even

more focus on heat loss in street lines, and we would begin

TVIS Multicity renovating other residential areas much earlier than we had
otherwise planned."

District Heating
55,000 homes in Vejle, Fredericia,
Middelfart and Kolding Munici-
palities are served with surplus
heat through the regional heat
transmission network of TVIS.

Surplus
heat from
Refinery

Waste Save enormous amounts of energy

incineration Its also important to remember that low-temperature
district heating can save enormous amounts of energy," adds
Combined
Heat Only Heat and Jens Ole Hansen. "If we say that low-temperature district
Boilers Power heating can reduce heat loss by 30 percent, then in all of
Denmark, it will be possible to save 2800 GWh of heat per year.
Thats the same amount of energy used to supply 162,000
homes with heating and hot water for an entire year. Those
energy savings make it possible to reduce CO2 emissions by
about 500,000 tonnes annually.
Vejle
"Last but not least, its an important step toward sustainability.
The system is better geared to taking advantage of renewable
energy sources.

District heating temperatures

Steam 300 C/572 F
Fredericia
Traditional water based 120 C/248 F
Modern water based 80 C/176 F
Low temperature water based 50 C/122 F

Middelfart The multidisciplinary development team:

Kolding COWI A/S
The Danish Technological Institute
Danfoss A/S
LOGSTOR A/S
DTU Byg
The Energy Service Denmark

For further information please contact:

COWI
Att.: Peter Kaarup Olsen Phone: +45 4597 2211
Parallelvej 2 Fax: +45 4597 2212
DK-2800 Lyngby pko@cowi.dk

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Annonce til tvis nov 2009 60x200 med Diagram.indd 1 05-01-2010 11:58:32
Intelligent Energy Solutions

How to keep cool the

profitable way
Probably the most efficient boiler solution in the world
Aalborg Engineering is one of the world's leading specialists
in customized boiler plants. Package Boilers and Heat Recovery
Steam Generators, added the intelligence and know-how that
at all times has been Aalborg Engineering's trademark as a
research-based company and Lifetime Partner.
Each boiler and HRSG solution is created as a unique, effective
and sustainable solution. Designed to provide efficiencies of
6 - 10% above the market standard. This means significantly
reduced CO2 emissions, lower costs, improved returns.
See savings here
See how much the boiler efficiency
means for the CO2 emissions and
fuel consumption at the indicative
CO2ST-SAVER on our website:
aalborg-engineering.com. Enter your own figures - or compare
with the market standard. You will be surprised.
At Aalborg Engineering we think the environment into all our
activities. We do it for the planet and the climate - and most of
all to meet the quest of our customers: Lifetime Lowest Cost.

Aalborg Engineering A/S | DENMARK | Phone: +45 96 31 39 50

Aalborg Engineering Slovakia s.r.o. | SLOVAKIA | Phone: +42 136 631 5518
www.aalborg-engineering.com
P
_
14

FOCUS

By Peter Sonne, Senior Consultant, Grontmij Carl Bro

Recycling and district heating systems

Recycling and district heating. That is the substance of the whole idea of society infrastructure. By combining these mechanisms,
each technology can be optimised for the benefit of the modern society, which cannot live without it.

All over the world waste is an increasing problem. We are Landfill

polluting the environment, whether it is the oceans or it is the 4%
underground resources of clean water that are threatened. Special
Many countries are running out of sites for landfill dumps. treatment
1%
Everybody agrees that something must be done. And in many
places something is done. Sorting and recycling of waste
Incineration
is a growing activity and the price of sorted waste is now a
34 %
commodity which is enrolled in the industries in their business.

No matter how good the recycling intentions and rules are,

there will always be a residual fraction of waste that is not
Recycling
usable. This can be quite substantial and what should be done
61 %
with this? The good example of the use of the residual fraction
is best illustrated from one of the industries in Denmark:
Nordforbraendingen - a waste incineration plant in the
Northern part of Copenhagen; a company for recycling, waste
incineration and district heating systems.
The figure illustrates the shares of waste in the system.
Since the year 1991 it has been prohibited to landfill waste in However efficient the waste is sorted, the residual, non-
Denmark. No permissions to new landfills were given and existing recyclable waste still constitutes one third of the portion.
had to be closed. At the same time all municipalities have been The figure also illustrates that in spite of the objective for no
obliged to form and launch a policy for waste handling. Sorting landfill waste, a little portion is still necessary to allocate to a
of waste became the daily agenda for everybody, whether it controlled landfill.
is industries or private households. The local waste handling
company organises the recycling systems. There are weekly By incinerating the waste and produce energy out of this, the
waste collection at the homes. Larger articles are taken to outcome from this process is three to one. 25% of the heat
recycling sites by private people and industries. The fraction turns into power and 75% turns into thermal heat for the
which cannot be recycled is taken to the waste incineration connected systems.
plant, where it is used as fuel to power and heat production.
This constitutes the core idea of the waste-to-energy cycle.

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
 P
_
15

The economy in the process is also a good story to tell.
plant and accumulators are doomed to be integrated into the
district heating system, they can as well be placed distributed
in the system. The benefit of this is that the reserve capacity
is always close to the customers and the main pipelines do not
need to be designed for 100% capacity. A design capacity of
50%-60% may be sufficient. This saves money and reduces the
end-cost.

The threat but also the challenge with waste problems in

modern societies is present today. Handled in the right way
with sufficient clear-sightedness from the political decision-
makers and financing sources, it can turn into a success
story with low cost production of power and heat in waste
incineration plants. The opportunity for additional production
of cooling and the very low CO2 emissions is another story,
which just makes it even better.

The total cost of handling the waste is approximately 120

per ton waste. The power sold at market price returns 30.
The heat sold from the connected district heating systems
returns 60. The remaining is 30 per ton waste, which now is
the citizen cost for collection and handling of the waste to the
gate of the waste incineration plant.

This integrated process makes the cost of the waste handling

insignificant and the lowest cost in Europe. At the same time
the power is sold at market price whereas the cost of the heat
from the process is significantly lower than the competing
fuels, mainly natural gas and oil, but also bio-fuels, solar
heating and others alternative heat sources. Depending on the
situation of the boiler plant at the individual customer, district
heating with heat from waste incineration can today be up to
20% lower cost compared with heat produced at natural gas.

It is tempting to assume that all heat could be produced at

waste incineration plants, thereby securing the lowest heat
cost to the customers. But no. The nature of operating a
waste incineration plant requires additional heat sources. As
waste is a difficult fuel to handle, the boilers need to be rather
big and the operation must be very stable and constant. The
heat production cannot be controlled to meet the variable
For further information please contact:
heat demand. Therefore waste incineration is combined with
heat accumulation and peak-and-reserve load boilers, which Grontmij | Carl Bro
are operated on more traditional fuels. I.e. components, which Att.: Peter Sonne Phone: +45 4348 6431
are operated to level out the differences between the heat Granskoven 8 Fax: +45 4348 6660
demand and the production. DK-2600 Glostrup pms@gmcb.dk

This brings in other aspects of the optimal system design and

the aspect of supply security. A strategy for supply security
should always be discussed and agreed upon with a district
heating system. If the district heating system operates as a
monopolist, the customers are entitled to assume a high level
of supply security with sufficient back-up capacity. This means
sufficient peak and reserve load boiler capacity. The strategy
is normally turned into something positive. Since the boiler

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 1 www.dbdh.dk
P
_
16
By Mr. Jens Overgaard, Head of District Heating Department
The agonizing farewell to fossil fuels
In the history of the modern world, few developments have
been as important as the introduction of oil products as fuel
for transportation, power generation and heat. From the early
years of exploitation, oil offered advantages as an energy
carrier that were previously unknown and oil soon became
one of the decisive factors in geopolitics. The influence on
the industrialized world has been massive and it has played a
part in our history over the last 150 years which should not be
underestimated.
It is therefore understandable that the change from oil and
coal to other energy carriers is a painful process and it has
been difficult to see any alternatives to the continuing use of
fossil fuels. On the other hand we gradually have to accept this
inevitable development, which is driven by a steadily increasing
global demand for energy, dwindling resources, soaring prices
and an urgent climate change agenda.
Let it be entirely clear that a move away from oil and coal to
other energy sources is a far more serious challenge than we
have witnessed before in our struggle to provide the energy
we need. There is not a single answer to this challenge and the
reasons are in many ways related to the enormous scale of
the global energy demand. Also we have to face to fact that we
are running out of time. It took 300 million years for the Earth
to build up the stores of fossil fuels that we are now spending
within a few centuries and this is not a sustainable process.
It is therefore of vital importance to the task in front of us
that we give priority to initiatives that will deliver without delay
and technologies that are proven. As we take the next steps
on the long and arduous road towards total independence
from fossil fuels there will be ample room for more advanced
solutions and novel technologies.
FOCUS
The initial observation is that of the trinity "Reduce Recycle
Replace" the two principles to follow first and foremost are
"Reduce" and "Recycle" as described in other articles in this
magazine. The opportunities offered by following these two
principles should be pursued as far as it is practically and
economically feasible before the third principle of replacement
is introduced. It should be observed, however, that this is
likely to happen much sooner than is generally expected. It
is therefore appropriate place to communicate the lessons
that have already been learned in several European countries
but which may well serve as guidance for other countries and
regions around the world.
Firstly it should be realized that fuels are not just used
for power generation and transportation as is sometimes
ostensibly assumed. A considerable proportion (about 40-
50% of the primary energy supply globally) goes to heating
our buildings. If we want to move swiftly, the obvious primary
target must be to convert the production of this heat from
fossil fuels to other energy sources. The basic temperatures
required for the supply of heat - or cooling - to buildings are
moderate in comparison with the temperatures needed for
other processes making use of thermal energy. Therefore the
heat currently produced for buildings will be relatively easier
to replace with energy from alternative energy sources or by
recovering heat from other energy processes. In that respect
we must include an increased employment of combined heat
and power where the higher energy efficiency may even justify
an extended use of fossil fuels.
Secondly, many of the alternative fuels or heat sources that
are being considered in the exertions to replace oil and coal
are not easily made available at the scale that is needed. If we
add to this the fact that many technologies, which are believed
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

to be promising, are still in their infancy or are too expensive to
be regarded as real alternatives, the way forward can become
one of limitations rather than a choice between numerous
options.
Returning to the issue of heat it would make perfect sense to
take the first steps here. The demand is proportionally huge
and so are the benefits if we can move away from fossil fuels.
At the same time the technologies involved are potentially
the simplest and most basic in the energy industry and the
associated risks the lowest. Finally the supply of heat may
easily and naturally be connected to local schemes with heat
recovery from local energy processes, including the processing
of waste and the utilization of renewable heat sources in the
local community. Not until we have made sure that this is
progressing should we turn our attention to power generation
and transportation.
It is essential that the technologies we choose are proven and
the heat sources adequate. If we utilize the energy embedded
in our municipal and industrial waste as we must there are
a number of novel treatment processes which seem to hold
remarkable advantages, but mass-burn waste incineration
is the proven technology and the safe choice, technically and
economically. On the other hand waste alone cannot deliver the
amount of energy we are looking for and we will need other
heat sources as well. We may then begin to think of biomass,
geothermal heat and solar thermal, all of them renewable
technologies, suitable for the supply of heat and with a reliable
track record but again they cannot stand alone. Another
important feature of these heat sources are that they in
general will require a heat distribution pipe network to be
established, a fact that in the past has often been ignored
when the advantages of cogeneration have been praised.
download more news and articles from Hot|cool at:
www.dbdh.dk
J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 1 0
P
_
17
The characteristics of the alternatives to fossil fuels are
such that unless conditions are unique these alternatives
must be combined in different ways to give the security and
the flexibility offered by oil, gas and coal. Depending on the
combination of supply and demand it will also become necessary
to set up different kinds of thermal storage, not only to handle
variations over 24 hours but even seasonal storage of heat
from renewable heat sources.
To summarize, the challenge of replacing fossil fuels is
immense. As these lines are written we are running out of time
and we have to act now. We must rely on proven technologies
and at the same time accept that there is little space for
experiment in the short run, both in terms of technical options
and political decisions. Heat supply should be at the top of the
agenda when it comes to prioritizing our efforts. The utilization
of all available energy sources, waste, non-fossil fuels and local
renewable heat, combined with a comprehensive distribution
of thermal energy is crucial if a replacement shall succeed. In
this the involvement of the local communities at village, town
or city level is a decisive factor. With local champions rallying
behind such initiatives and politicians supporting them there is
hope that we will be able to meet the challenge.
For further information please contact:
Ramboll
Att.: Jens Overgaard Phone: +45 5161 8736
Hannemanns All 53 jo@ramboll.dk
DK-2300 Kbenhavn S www.ramboll.dk
www.dbdh.dk
P
_
18
By Henrik Balslev, Partner and Specialist, Balslev & Jacobsen ApS
ISO/IEC 81346 - A code to money
New common coding principles and letter codes for technical
plants based on the new ISO/IEC 81346 standard clear the way
for significant reduction of running costs by creating excellent
overview and effective monitoring of the complex installations
at Hafslund district heating AS in Oslo, Norway.
Hafslund District Heating Company is the largest supplier of
district heating in Oslo with more than 17 heating stations and
over 2,500 connection points to consumers and 32 district
areas to keep track on. With an ongoing expansion, the existing
coding principle for identification of components in the large
and complex installation had ran out of range, and needed a
redesign.
Together with leading personnel from Hafslund DH Company,
Balslev & Jacobsen ApS (Denmark) in joint work with technical
advisors from Goodtech Projects and Services AS (Norway)
has adapted the new ISO/IEC 81346 standard INDUSTRIAL
SYSTEMS, INSTALLATIONS AND EQUIPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS STRUCTURING PRINCIPLES AND REFERENCE
DESIGNATIONS as a basis for the new and easy monitoring of
the expanding installations.
Background
In general, most numbering principles of today has an internal
way to code technical gear, for example 4HAD01CQ201XQ01.
This typical and somewhat cryptically fixed code principle
meets the requirements when initialised, but often it is not
open to include unforeseen expansions and new technical gear.
Furthermore, most of these internal and self-made codes get
more or less religious as they mean a lot to people who knows
them internally, but for people outside the organisation they
seem inconsistent and confusing.
You may say that the fixed codes, identifying parts of a plant,
come to a point where the view gets blurred and a need arises
for new techniques which support future expansions and
supports cost reducing disciplines. The blurred and diffuse
view equals increase of time spent in general and thereby loss
of money.
The general problem for most internal and self-made codes
today is:
No smart overview is provided
Religious codes are hard to change
Codes are uneven across technical platforms
Hard to relate plant with related documentation
Difficult to achieve IT support and implement in software
Limitations in adapting new plant and design into existing
code
All of the above lead to a loss of information, traceability,
waste of time and a diffuse way of addressing components, if
possible at all. It initialises a huge amount of time to be spent
on inconsistent data, and leads to waste of money in all senses.
Initial studies provided indicates these problems to cause a
loss of 5-15 % of any turnover, which makes well worth the
time to explore for long term improvements.
Hafslund
The sum of challenges at Hafslund District Heating had reached
a point where new coding principles were required. Not just to
introduce these as a technical discipline, but also to support
an effective IT maintenance and establish systematic overview
in general.
A short extract of the requirements set for a new coding
principle at Hafslund DH was:
Shall add an economical value to the full lifecycle of a plant
or installation
Shall create an easy self-explaining overview of the plant
Shall support the full lifecycle of any plant or technical
installation
Shall support IT and exchange of information among IT
systems
Shall be flexible and must never run out of numbers
Shall be able to adopt expansions as plants are added
Shall allow for sub-suppliers to code individually but in
accordance with the general specifications
The overview shall be unassailable and support effective
monitoring
Use of international standard code principles
Adapting ISO/IEC 81346
The way out and the straightforward solution for Hafslund DH
was to adapt the principles for creating overview and applying
common technical letter codes from the new ISO/IEC 81346
standard series.
The standard has two essential and very useful methods, which
in a combination enables unambiguous identifiers for process
plants and installations the combination of the two methods
are called reference designations, known under synonyms like
IDs, TAGs, Component Identifiers etc.
Method number one is to organise all objects of interests
in a structure-based on a part-of technique. This means,
that all objects (pumps, sensors, motors etc.) always relate
to something else, i.e. they always form part of a system.
By doing so, easy navigating and tracking of components
are enabled, as most humans find such a structure easy to
understand (see examples in figure 2-4).
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
 P
_
19

Method number two is to adapt common letter codes
(based on a classical type-of classification scheme see
table 1) and merge this into the part-of structure to
identical items out and make these recognisable.
Among other subjects, the technical and economical
advantages of the ISO/IEC 81346 standard are:
Unlimited and flexible coding principle (no fixed codes, easy
expandable)
New common letter codes for all disciplines (17 in total
easy to adapt)
Easy-to-navigate principles with excellent overview of any
complex plant for all personnel.
Easy track of any component (minimizing downtime of plant
and fast ID)
Introducing aspects as a key to establish clear views of
any plant
Introducing structure within each aspect to enable easy
navigating
Providing well proven technique for easy re-use of any
design (cost reducing)
Allowance for sub-suppliers to provide additional coding
principles (cost reducing)
In part one of ISO/IEC 81346-1 standard the rules for creating
a structured view of any technical plant is introduced. The
structured view has two upsides for the money business: First
of all it enables an excellent overview of all components in
even extreme complex plants. The overview is easy to navigate
within and thereby enable easy identifying of anything of
interest. Secondly, the structure is the key to create modular
views, which are an excellent tool for re-use of any design. Re-
use is effective cost reducing upon design and maintenance.
In the second part of ISO/IEC 81346 the standardized letter
codes are listed, and the agenda is that these main codes
shall form a common base for all mechanical and electrical
components. The main codes consist of 17 letters, and are
shown in table 1:
As an option, a second letter code from ISO/IEC 81346-2 table
2 may be applied to the main letter codes shown in table 1 as a
subcode to the main letter code, for example:
Main code B Converting an input variable.
Sub-code F means flow => BF for a flow meter
Sub-code T means temperature =>BT for a
temperature measurement device
The letter codes from ISO/IEC 81346-2 are introduced as a
new common base at Hafslund District Heating, and replace
the jumble of existing letter codes. Furthermore they will be an
essential requirement to be followed by future sub-suppliers
to Hafslund. This will ensure a future base with a limited
appliance and thereby clear view to identify any components,
no matter where the component origins from.
Case at Hafslund
By calling anything you need to identify an object, the studies
at Hafslund developed 11 main objects which the total technical
plant consists of:
Main objects Total amount
Production unit 19
Pump station 2
Primary network of pipes 19
Primary valve chamber 916
Main consumer central 1,700
Heat exchanger central 1
Group exchanger central 55
Secondary network of pipes 55
Secondary valve chamber 673
House heat exchanger 1,810
Point of delivery 750
Total: 6,000 objects
Table 2: Main objects for Hafslund District Heating

ISO/IEC 81346-2 table 1 Classification definition

Main codes
A Two or more purposes or tasks
B Converting an input variable
C Storing of energy, information or material
E Providing radiant or thermal energy
F Direct protection (self-acting)
G Initiating a flow of energy or material
H Producing a new kind of material or product
K Processing signals or information
M Providing mechanical energy
P Presenting information
Q Controlled switching or varying a flow of energy or material
R Restricting or stabilizing motion or a flow of energy or material
T Conversion of energy, signals, form or shape
U Keeping objects in a defined position
V Processing material or products
W Guiding or transporting from one place to another
X Connecting objects
Table 1: Letter codes from ISO/IEC 81346-2 table 1

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 1 www.dbdh.dk
P
_
20
ISO/IEC 81346 - A code to money

To monitor and navigate within these 6,000 objects in total,
three views (called aspects) from ISO/IEC 81346 are
introduced, and furthermore the 17 letter codes forms the
basis for classifying the objects. See Figure 1.
Location view (+)
accomplished
space
Product view (uses - as prefix)
The product view is used to organise existing products
(motors, pumps, sensors, pipes, cables etc.) in systems which
they perform a part of. Each of the 11 main objects has been
divided into systems, which may consist of sub-systems and/
or products organised in a logical and easy-to-understand way
for fast identifying and monitoring see example in figure 3.

6,000
CLASSIFICATION
Pr
ac uct
=)

objects
vie hed

lab plish (-)

e

od
c
w(

ISO/IEC 81346-2
Fu ccomrpos

om view
tio plis

ou ed

A: Two or more
r
a pu
n

B: Converting
C: Storing
nc

Figure 1: Monitoring 6,000 objects with ISO/IEC 81346 standard series

Location view (uses + as prefix)

The existing codes indicating the location at Hafslund District
Heating domain needed to be unlocked, as many new locations
had been added over a decade, and the existing two-letter
code abbreviation had ran out of range. The solution was to
adopt the flexible structuring principles based on ISO/IEC
81346, and merge this with new abbreviations identifying the
location of production units, valve chamber, pipe lines etc.

According to ISO/IEC 81346, a successive adding of any new

locations is always possible. Furthermore it is possible to
establish even more precise location identification, as detailed
structuring just is added to the structure see example in
figure 2.
By following the rules of ISO/IEC 81346, it is possible to
establish abbreviations which identify specific areas.
Figure 3: Product structure for object Primary Valve Chamber
Function view (uses = as prefix)
The functional view of the objects identified is more abstract
to handle, as this view describes what the main object does
or is indented to do. This enables the functional view to
be more general, and to be used as early or general overall
planning, without taking into consideration how the function
is implemented in reality (the product view shows how the
function is implemented).

Figure 2: New principle Location View (+)

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
 P
_
21

The studies in Hafslund clearly shows, that the identification

codes based on ISO/IEC 81346 becomes shorter and much
more clear than the original fixed codes, and they serve the
required purposes very well.

Conductivity meter - WAS > D01CQ201XQ01

Conductivity meter NOW (ISO/IEC 81346) > -E1-B1-BQ1

Summary
Taking the decission of implementing ISO/IEC 81346 at
Hafslund district heating was driven by
the new coding principle adds significant economical value
to the business of Hafslund
the new coding principle adds value to existing IT systems
the fact that the standard supported the requirements set
by Haflund
the upside for future cost saving by effective monitoring
and overview is clear

Figure 4: Hafslund function structure for main objects For further information please contact:
Balslev & Jacobsen ApS
The unique identification of products within any object is either
Henrik Balslev Phone: +45 2168 4867
a unique identification number for each object to be handled
Kirkebakken 21 hb@balslev-jacobsen.dk
by the IT maintenence systems, alternatively a combination of
DK-4621 Gadstrup www.balslev-jacobsen.dk
the location and product view (+BJE+E2 QM2: By-pass valve
in mainchamber 2 in area BJE).

CHP
a benefit for the environment

west copenhagen heating transmission company

roskildevej 175, dk-2620 Albertslund
t +45 43 66 03 66 veks@veks.dk www.veks.dk
P
_
22
By Tijdo van der Zee, freelance energy journalist
District heating companies welcome new Dutch Heat Act
The Dutch Warmtewet Heat Act will pass the legislature
at the end of this spring. It is designed to protect consumers
from high costs and provide supply security. The contours of
the law are now taking shape. Stichting Warmtenetwerk( the
Dutch Heating Association) welcomes the result.
The Dutch parliament
The law has its background in the liberalisation of the energy
market in 2002. Liberalisation presumes the possibility of
choosing your own supplier. These suppliers should then offer
the best product for the lowest possible price. But households
and firms that are heated by district heating networks are
deprived of that choice, theoretically giving suppliers the
opportunity to charge high prices. This prospect worried the
Dutch parliament and in 2003 it began drafting a law that
would prevent suppliers from doing so.
The law was completed in 2008. Consumer prices would be
regulated by two mechanisms. First, there was a fixed ceiling,
set at the price that consumers would pay as if they heated
their houses with gas. This mechanism is called Niet Meer
Dan Anders (NMDA) not more than otherwise. The second
mechanism held that suppliers should never charge more than
is reasonable for doing sound business, a price that would
allow for a maximum 7.5 % on invested capital. This reasonable
price was to be determined for each project separately. The
lowest of the two prices - the maximum or reasonable price -
was to be charged to the customer. Parliament assumed that
this reasonable tariff would on average be much lower than
the maximum NMDA tariff. As we shall see, this assumption
proved to be wrong.
A second important element of the law defined its scope. The
intention was to protect not only households, but also small-
and medium-sized enterprises (SME) from high tariffs. No
distinction, however, would be made between small and large
consumers as the ceiling was set at 1,000 kW. All of these
customers were to be charged the same rate, based on the
NMDA estimate for a household. Stichting Warmtenetwerk
submitted a lobby letter protesting this provision, saying that
suppliers with many medium-sized and large customers would
incur substantial losses, as they would be charged using the
same rate structure as households, despite the fact that
their NMDA situation differs considerably from a household. In
addition, Gijs de Man, Chairman of the association, argues that
many large customers, including many greenhouse gardeners,
do not like being stuck to a non-negotiable fixed price. These
are professional clients, well capable of making choices and
negotiating deals.
District heating in Amsterdam. Photo credit: Nuon Energy B.V.
Research done by NMa the Dutch Competition Authority in
2009 made things very different. The organization analysed the
business results of the four big suppliers, Nuon (subsidiary of
Vattenfall), Essent (RWE), Eneco and Cityheating Purmerend.
It concluded that the method of two price mechanisms was
too complex and, more importantly, the returns on capital were
too low, from -0.4 % for Nuon, to 4 % for Eneco - far below the
maximum of 7.5 %. This is primarily due to the NMDA-ceiling. This
ceiling is low because of low gas prices, and the introduction
of high performance gas boilers. Moreover, district heating
suppliers have had high costs because of recent investments
in decentralized and sustainable nets. District heating can be
attractive for investors, who seek low risk and relatively low,
but predictable, returns for a longer period. This law, with its
many tricky provisions, scared those investors away, says
Chairman Gijs de Man.
These results embarrassed the parliamentarians: for years
they had suspected that heating suppliers were earning
unjustifiably high profits, but they were wrong. The Socialist MP
Paulus Jansen put it like this: I wished I had these research
results by NMa five years ago. The parliamentarians, who
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
 P
_
23

initiated the law in 2003, asked the Minister to change some working on sustainable district solutions to quantify energy
aspects of the law in June 2010. In January of this year, the norms for individual buildings. This will certainly support the
cabinet announced that they had agreed on the text. Now the role of many district heating nets.
document will go to the Council of State, which will advise on
the matter. From there it will be sent to the parliament, who, The Warmtewet will go into effect sometime in late 2011.
as mentioned before, will decide on it by the end of spring. The
text will remain confidential for some time, but the cabinet has For further information please contact:
already communicated several proposed changes.
Tijdo van der Zee
Planciusstraat 16 C Phone 0031(0) 20 7712978
First, the price determination; the maximum rate will remain in
1013 MH Amsterdam info@tijdovanderzee.com
place. The Competition Authority will then monitor the returns
The Netherlands www.tijdovanderzee.com
on capital on a portfolio basis, not for each separate project.
Second, the scope will decrease from
1,000 kW connections to 100 kW; a

Uptime
better approximation of SME. The
Stichting Warmtenetwerk welcomes
the cabinets conclusions. The next
round of lobbying will now take place

16 years!
in the parliament.

Having had most of its initial

suggestions fulfilled, the association
will try to agenda another topic
concerning the property of the heat
meters. In over 80 % of the cases,
the meter is owned by the supplier,
but the law allows customers to
bring in their own meter (other
than with gas and electricity), which
they also may manage and maintain
themselves. This enhances the risk
of oxygen entering the system, with
its unwanted corrosive effects.
Warmtenetwerk proposes that the
government transfer ownership to
the supplier because of its greater
expertise. But Warmtenetwerk should
not rest on its laurels, for the subject
remains complex, with many different
stakeholders having sometimes
fiercely conflicting interests. Now the MULTICAL 402 energy meter is
airborne. The new energy meter gives you
Stimulation of heat is not part of the best within precision metering, wireless
the new Warmtewet. For example, data communication and simple user inter-
there are no real options for face non-stop for 16 years.
discounting the environmental value
of the low carbon heat supply in You can find more information on
the NMDA rate scheme. Even so, MULTICAL 402 on www.kamstrup.com
Warmtenetwerk pleads for the CO2-
reducing potential of district heating
to reflect somehow in the price. It
is yet not clear how this should be
accomplished. Other stimuli could
come from the new energy norms
for buildings. The Dutch government K a ms t r u p A /S I n d u s t r i ve j 28 , St i l l i n g D K- 8 6 6 0 S k a n d e r b o r g
Te l: + 45 89 93 10 0 0 i n f o @ k a ms t r u p. co m w w w. k a ms t r u p. co m
and the Normalisation Institute are

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 1 www.dbdh.dk
P
_
24
By Jan Elleriis, Vice President, CTR and
Sren Berg Lorenzen, Director, Dansk Fjernvarmes Geotermiselskab
Geothermal energy
- a rising star in Denmark
The Danish district heating sector is facing an environmental
challenge as is the rest of the world a transition from
fossil fuels to renewable and climate friendly energy sources.
In Denmark, deep geothermal energy has the potential to
become an important part of the solution.
Today, more than 50 % of the total heat demand in Denmark is
covered by district heating, but less than 1 % of the district
heating is produced by geothermal energy. Two geothermal
plants are currently in operation, while one is under
construction and several are in the planning and approval
stage. The Danish Energy Agency (DEA) has recently together
with the National Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
(GEUS) carried out a study on utilizing geothermal energy in
the Danish district heating sector. The study identified 32
existing district heating systems that have a sufficiently large
annual heat demand for geothermal energy to be a potential
source of energy. Denmark has more than 400 district heating
systems, but the 32 district heating systems identified by the
DEA supplies roughly 70-80 % of the total district heating
demand in Denmark. Other analyses have indicated that
geothermal energy could come to supply as much as 15 to 25
% of the total Danish district heating demand.
The Danish experiences with geothermal energy stretch back
to the late 1970s, where three geothermal wells were drilled
to depths of more than 3,000 m. Temperatures of more than
100 C were found, but the sandstone reservoirs proved to be
too hard to extract water from at this depth. This led to the
abandonment of two of the three wells.
The third well in the town of Thisted in North Western Jutland,
however, proved to have a very fine sandstone reservoir in a
depth of approximately 1,300 m, where the temperature is
43 C. In 1984 the national Danish oil and gas company DONG
together with the local district heating company commissioned
the first geothermal district heating plant. Due to the relatively
low temperature, the plant is equipped with two absorption
heat pumps. The driving heat of these absorption heat pumps
is supplied by a straw boiler unit, integrating two local sources
of renewable energy. After more the 25 years, this plant is still
in operation, proving the longevity of the technical concept.
A second geothermal energy plant was constructed and
commissioned in 2000-2005 in the Danish capital Copenhagen.
The project has been carried out in cooperation between
DONG Energy and the three district heating companies CTR,
Copenhagen Energy and VEKS, all members of DBDH. The plant
extracts energy from a sandstone reservoir at a depth of
approximately 2,600 m, where the temperature is 73 C.
In 2010, DONG Energy decided that geothermal energy should
no longer be part of the core strategy of the company. At
the same time the interest from the Danish district heating
sector was on the rise with no less than 8 applications for
geothermal licenses submitted for approval by the DEA.
In order to secure the necessary know-how to develop
geothermal energy in Denmark, the Danish District Heating
Association has in January 2011 established The Danish District
Heating Geothermal Company (in short DFG ) in cooperation
with district heating utilities with special interests in utilizing
geothermal energy.
The Board of Directors consists of representatives from the
Danish District Heating Association and five of its member
companies. The Managing Director and employees of DFG have
been recruited from the former department of geothermal
energy at DONG Energy. Even so, DONG Energy welcomes the
initiative, and at the founding of DFG, Mr. Anders Eldrup, CEO of
DONG Energy, said: We are in DONG Energy happy to give the
district heating utilities the possibility to develop the potential
for geothermal energy in Denmark.
The authorities also see some very positive perspectives in the
new company. Geothermal energy is a climate-friendly source
of renewable energy, which I think will come to play an important
role in securing the Danish independence from fossil fuels
over the coming years. Therefore it is very positive that the
district heating sector has now taken the lead by establishing
a company that focuses on maintaining and developing the
necessary know-how on geothermal energy, said the Danish
minister of climate and energy, Mrs. Lykke Friis at the founding
of DFG.
The objectives of DFG will be to assist the district heating
companies with planning, constructing and operating
geothermal energy plants. As the Danish district heating
companies as such are still relatively unfamiliar with geothermal
energy and especially the part related to the underground and
the risks of geothermal exploration and drilling, great focus is
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
 P
_
25

on reducing risks through the use of knowledge and experience. and commissioning of geothermal energy plants will be in high
Therefore the company will be working simultaneously within demand. DFG will be able to assist with both stand-alone
the following areas: analyses and full blown project management tasks, taking the
investor from the very first idea to an operating plant. Detailed
design and planning of seismic surveys, geothermal wells and
surface plants will be carried out in close cooperation with
technical experts in existing consulting companies. When a
Research and geothermal energy plant has successfully been commissioned,
devevelopment DFG will be able to assist the district heating companies with
optimizing the operation of the plant as well as identifying and
solving technical problems with the least consequences for
the operation of the plant.

Planning and Operations All three areas research/development, planning/constructing

construction support and operations support will benefit from mutual interaction
leading to research projects that are relevant for operations,
planning and construction, better design (planning) through
inclusion of operational experiences, etc.

DFG will take part in research and development projects The Board of Directors, the management and the employees of
together with institutions like technical universities and DFG are all looking forward to playing an active role in ensuring
geological surveys, both in Denmark and abroad. Through its that geothermal energy plays its part in preparing the Danish
close relations to the district heating sector and experiences district heating sector for a future based on cost effective,
obtained in previous projects, DFG will make sure that the secure and environmentally friendly sources of energy.
results of research and development projects are relevant and
can be applied directly in planning, construction and operation
For further information please contact:
of geothermal energy plants.
Dansk Fjernvarmes Geotermiselskab
Att.: Sren Berg Lorenzen
With the rising interest for geothermal energy, the Danish
Fjernvarmens Hus Phone: +45 7630 8000
district heating sector could be facing a significant expansion
Merkurvej 7 sbl@geotermi.dk
of geothermal energy plants in the years ahead. Therefore it is
DK-6000 Kolding www.geotermi.dk
likely that knowledge and experience with planning, constructing

District heating and cooling know-how from

more than 30 offices world-wide

Biomass Feasibility studies Contact:

Jens Ole Hansen, Vice President,
Energy Planning and District Heating
Combined heat and power (CHP) Hydraulic analyses Tel.: +45 45 97 11 77
jha@cowi.com
District cooling systems SCADA systems
District heating systems Smart grids
Energy efficiency in buildings Solar
J O U
R Energy planning
N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 1 0 Waste-to-Energy www.cowi.com www.dbdh.dk
P
_
26

latest news
Brunata wins orders
worth 10 million
for district heating units
A Danish-owned family firm with 550 employees in Denmark
and abroad, Brunata has just won an order for approx. 1,900
district heating units (50 kW - 8 MW) for Sofia in Bulgaria.
The company also has a large order for France, where it will
supply some 100 district heating units for the city of Angers
in collaboration with a French contractor. In total, the orders
amount to 10 million.

Brunata has previously successfully supplied and installed more

40 years anniversary than 7,000 OpTherma district heating units for Sofias district
Per T. Christensen, ABB in Denmark heating network. With this last order, the company has won four
tendering rounds worth more than 26 million.
Per T. Christensen is said to be one of ABBs best when it comes
to networking. In April he can celebrate 40 years anniversary at
In fact, the story of Brunatas OpTherma district heating
ABB in Denmark.
units begins in Bulgaria, where Brunata originally established a
subsidiary in Sofia with a view to producing heat cost allocators
ABB acquired the company Lyngs in 1995, where Per T.
for which Brunata has a patent. However, it turned out to be
Christensen was an employee. Lyngs was an expert in district
more obvious to produce district heating units, as a natural
heating solutions and thus ABB was added new competencies.
part of the modernisation of Sofias heating network, explains
Since this acquisition, Per T. Christensen has been director
former Managing Director Jens Peter Fischer Hansen.
of ABBs export business within district heating and cooling.
Through the years, he has travelled intensely in China, Mongolia,
Today, Brunata has produced more than 10,000 district heating
Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, and to the Shetland Islands and
units of varying sizes at the factory and Brunata is delighted
Iceland to promote district heating and cooling and to advice
with the production, which supports the companys vision of
contractors on the projects that came ahead. He has a solid
optimising resources. An effective district heating unit such as
knowledge of Chinese and Mongolian culture, speaks some
OpTherma, adapted to local needs and requirements, ensures a
Chinese and over the years he has learned many important
correct and optimum connection between the district heating
lessons with regard to intercultural interaction.
network and the buildings heating system, which is beneficial
both financially and environmentally!
Along with Asias rapid growth in GDP, Per T. Christensen has
extended ABBs presence in China and Mongolia. Today, the
district heating and cooling business has the attention at the
highest level in the ABB Group. Thus, new markets in East- and
Western Europe are now also looked into.

One major reason for Per T. Christensens success at

establishing the growing district heating and cooling business
within ABB is his ability to create a strong network. This involves
a number of stakeholders - not least customers and members
of DBDH. As a turn key supplier he is determined to include
products from other members of DBDH when new projects
are under way. His involvement in DBDH is strong hearted, and Brunata opened a new factory in
Bulgaria in October 2010. It supplies
today, he is a Vice Chairman of the Board at DBDH. OpTherma district heating units of all
sizes typically between 25 kW and
18,000 kW and adapted to local needs
40 years of work is quite something, but Per T. Christensen has
and requirements. In the photo, the
no intentions yet to leave the business. He still has projects in factory is blessed by the local priest.
the pipeline and new relations to build.

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
Grundfos District Energy
Choose proven performance
and the crew to back it up

Get an
Energy Audit
Want to know how much
you can save? Contact
us for a complete Energy
Audit on your system.

Grundfos is proven performance

Reliability and performance must be combined to achieve first-rate
Life Cycle Costs in a district energy system. Our products are thoroughly
tested and widely used in some of the finest district energy systems
in the world, including Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia.

Find your local Grundfos office

www.grundfos.com
P
_
28
M E M B E R C O M P A N Y PR O FIL E
NIRAS - Sustainable Consultancy
By Kathrine Windahl, Information and Marketing Manager, DBDH
NIRAS has been active as an engineering consultant in
Denmark and abroad since 1956. NIRAS district heating
consultancy services encompass all aspects of planning, basis
for decisions, project design and engineering, procurement,
construction management and supervision and operations. The
company offers hydraulic and thermal optimization of district
heating systems and consumer installations (low-temperature
operation) in the design phase as well as during operations. The
companys district heating experts work closely together with
NIRAS own heating and energy planners and energy efficiency
experts, thus being able to offer consultancy that optimize
complex energy systems and utilize the most innovative and
efficient production and distribution systems in the field of
district heating.
NIRAS has provided district heating planning for municipalities
in Denmark since 1979, including planning and zoning for
district heating and natural gas areas, and thus participated
in developing and expanding district heating networks in the
most economic way. The focus is on strategic energy planning
and district heating networks and making them interact.
District heating and renewable energy
According to Per Diget, Senior Project Manager, whom I meet
at one of the companys offices in Odense, NIRAS current
district heating business is very exciting, particularly because
of some interesting prospects of having CHP, wind and solar
energy work together.
In Dronninglund the worlds largest solar heating plant is
expected to be constructed. The solar farm is 35,000 m2 and
a pit-heat storage for the heated water will be established
too, having the size of 65,000 m3. Approx. 50 % of the heating
needed in the town of Dronninglund will be supplied by the solar
heating system to the connected dwellings (approx. 1,350),
either directly or through the storage and a heat pump.
Biogas as a fuel
Many of the companys international offices, placed in Northern
and Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia, offer biogas consultancy,
with the possibility of adding CHP and thus district heating. In
the Chinese town of Anyang a complete biogas production plant
based on NIRAS technology was commissioned in autumn 2010.
From the 500 tons of organic waste that the plant receives
every day, it produces 9,000 m3 of methane for use in local
vehicles. Large animal farms in China pose huge environmental
challenges, which biogas plants can help to meet, while
providing an alternative to fossil fuels. NIRAS entered into a
10-year agreement with their Chinese partner TEG, the largest
biogas plant supplier in China, in the spring of 2007. Together,
over 100 contracts for biogas plants in China have been signed.
Optimizing the transmission and distribution system
When it comes to district heating, the company is a firm believer
in the Termis product range (from the company 7-Technologies,
also a member of DBDH portrayed in Hot Cool 4 2010).
Through a number of years NIRAS has developed and
implemented a number of models for district heating networks.
During the last years, NIRAS has extended this service
offering by bringing the models online in TERMIS Operation.
By integrating the network model with the SCADA system, it
has become possible to obtain an even better overview and a
possibility of modelling future operational situations as well as
dynamic optimization of operations. The real-time models have
been used for pressure, pump and production optimization as
well as temperature and energy optimization .
One of Denmarks largest utilities companies is currently
stepping into the future. Between 2009 and 2011, assisted
by NIRAS experts in thermo-hydraulic modelling, Esbjerg
Public Utilities will be optimising its technical and commercial
processes and implementing newly developed software for the
monitoring of daily operations. As a result of the project, the
utilities company in Esbjerg will reduce the loss of heat from its
distribution network by 3 to 4 %; an annual saving of 400,000.
Furthermore, the impact on the environment of CO2 emissions
will be reduced by a similar amount.
E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

NIRAS worlwide
NIRAS is an international, multidisciplinary consultancy
company with over 1200 employees located in offices in Europe,
Asia and Africa.
NIRASs business is to provide impartial consultancy within
the fields of construction, infrastructure, public utilities,
environment, energy, planning, socioeconomics, management,
IT and development consulting.
Projects in over 180 countries have been completed and NIRAS
has companies and offices in a number of countries in Europe,
Asia and Africa in order to support international projects.
Earlier this year NIRAS established not only an office in
Cambridge, England focusing on the development of the wind
sector but NIRAS also cemented a long co-operation with a
London partner focusing on biogas/district heating. Per Diget
has been an active participant in the establishment of the
London based activities and he foresees a very busy future in
this area, not least on the British Isles.
The future looks bright
But also the future in general for the energy branch of NIRAS
looks busy. So much so, actually, that the biggest challenge may
well be to find enough qualified staff. More activity is expected
on the Danish and overseas district heating markets, and even
World-class climate friendly heating
CTR Metropolitan Copenhagen Heating Transmission Company
Staehr Johansens Vej 38 DK - 2000 Frederiksberg
Phone +45 3818 5777 . Fax +45 3818 5799 ctr@ctr.dk www.ctr.dk
J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 1
P
_
29
more district heating tasks are waiting, e.g. energy efficiency,
RE projects on the supply side, system optimizations, etc.
History
NIRAS was founded in 1956 by graduate engineers Jrgen
Kristian Nielsen and Konrad Rauschenberger. Today, NIRAS
is one of the leading consultancy companies in Denmark.
NIRAS is not attached to contractors, manufacturers
or suppliers and is a member of the Danish Association
of Consulting Engineers (FRI) and the International
Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC).
Ownership
The shares in the NIRAS group are owned by the NIRAS
Foundation as well as management and employees at
NIRAS.
The main objective of the NIRAS Foundation as the owner
of NIRAS Group A/S is to promote the companys growth
and continuance both in financial terms and in relation to
staff policy and desirable development.
At NIRAS we use to say: We Listen We Learn We Deliver.
Visit us at www.niras.com
www.dbdh.dk
P
_
30

list of members

Aalborg Engineering Phone +45 9631 3950 CTR Phone +45 3818 5777
Supplier of boilers and boiler systems Fax +45 9631 3951 Metropolitan Copenhagen Fax +45 3818 5799
ae@aalborg-engineering.dk Heating Transmission Company ctr@ctr.dk
www.aalborg-engineering.com www.ctr.dk

ABB Phone +45 4450 4450 Dall Energy Phone +45 2987 2222
Monitoring and control for Fax +45 4450 4311 New Biomass Technologies info@dallenergy.com
district heating networks abb@dk.abb.com www.dallenergy.com
www.abb.com

Aerovit Phone +45 8692 4422 Danfoss Phone +45 7488 2222
Boiler cleaning Fax +45 8692 2919 Heating controls, metering Fax +45 7449 0949
sales@aerovit.dk and pump speed control danfoss@danfoss.com
www. aerovit.dk www.danfoss.com

AffaldVarme Aarhus Phone +45 8940 1500 DESMI Phone +45 9632 8111
jawi@akv.aarhus.dk Pumps, pump systems and equipment Fax +45 9817 5499
www.aarhuskommune.dk desmi@desmi.com
www.desmi.com

Albertslund Fjernvarme Phone +45 4364 8692 DONG Energy Phone +45 9955 1111
District heating company Fax +45 4364 3888 Fax +45 7622 1980
albertslund@albertslund.dk dongenergy@dongenergy.dk
www.dongenergy.dk

Amagerforbrnding Phone +45 3268 9300 E.ON Danmark A/S Phone: +45 4485 4100
Waste and energy company Fax +45 3268 9393 anni.moller@eon.dk
amfor@amfor.dk www.eon.dk
www.amfor.dk

ARCON Solar A/S Phone +45 9839 1477 Envotherm Phone +45 7365 0900
Large-scale thermal solar systems Fax +45 9839 2005 Waste water solutions Fax: +45 7442 4770
www.arcon.dk info@envotherm.dk
www.envotherm.dk

Broen Phone +45 6471 2095 Fjernvarme Fyn Phone +45 6547 3000
Ballomax valves Fax +45 6471 2195 Supplier of dynamic valves for Fax +45 6547 3001
broen@broen.dk heating and cooling systems kontakt@fjernvarmefyn.dk
www.broen.com www.fjernvarmefyn.dk

Brunata Phone +45 7777 7000 Focus Energy Phone +45 9714 2022
Heat cost allocators, heat meters, Fax +45 7777 7001 Biomass-based boiler systems Fax +45 9714 2686
water meters and heat and water brunata@brunata.dk post@focusenergy.dk
accounting service www.brunata.com www.focusenergy.dk

BWSC Phone +45 4814 0022 Forsyning Helsingr Phone +45 4840 5050
Heat & power plant developer, turnkey Fax +45 4814 0150 Muncipal district heating supply sag@fh.dk
and operation contractor sales@bwsc.dk www.fh.dk
www.bwsc.dk

Cowi Phone +45 4597 2211 Frederiksberg Forsyning Phone +45 3818 5100
Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4597 2212 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 3818 5199
cowi@cowi.dk ff@frb-forsyning.dk
www.cowi.dk www.frb-forsyning.dk

E N E R G Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
 P
_
31

Grontmij | Carl Bro Phone +45 4348 6060 SK Forsyning Phone +45 5836 2500
Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4348 6660 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 5836 2501
cbg@carlbro.dk info@skforsyning.dk
www.carlbro.com www.skforsyning.dk

Grundfos Phone +45 8750 1400 SPX Flow Technology Phone +45 7027 8444
Submersible pumps, centrifugal Fax +45 8750 1490 Plate heat exchangers Fax +45 7632 4110
pumps and circulators grundfos@grundfos.com heatexchanger@apv.com
www.grundfos.com www.apv.invensys.com

HentechSolution ApS Phone +45 4390 4720 SUNMARK Phone +45 62 53 26 10

Mechanical seals Fax +45 4390 4775 Solar thermal energy solutions info@sunmark.com
huhnseal@huhnseal.dk - large scale www. sunmark.com
www.huhnseal.dk

Hydro-X Phone +45 9828 2111 7-Technologies Phone +45 45 900 700
Boiler water treatment Fax +45 9828 3021 Quality software for profitable Fax +45 4590 0701
info@hydro-x.dk operation of industriel plants sales@7t.dk
www.hydro-x.dk and utilities www.7t.dk

Iron Pump Phone +45 4491 6788 TVIS Phone +45 7594 0711
Manufacturer of pumps Fax +45 4454 7119 Heat transmission company tvis@tvis.net
bts@ironpump.dk of Denmarks triangle area. www.tvis.net
www.ironpump.com

JPL Phone +45 4495 5914 VEKS Phone +45 4366 0366
Fuzzy Optimisation System jpl_proces.opt@teliamail.dk West Copenhagen Heating Fax +45 4366 0369
www. jpl-opt.dk Transmission Company veks@veks.dk
www.veks.dk

Kamstrup Phone +45 8993 1000 Vestforbrnding Phone +45 4485 7000
Supplier of energy meters & automatic Fax +45 8993 1001 Power and heat supply based on Fax +45 4485 7001
meter reading systems for heat, cooling, energi@kamstrup.dk waste incineration vestfor@vestfor.dk
water and gas www.kamstrup.com www.vestfor.dk

Kbenhavns Energi Phone +45 2795 2750 DBDH Phone +45 3818 5440
Copenhagen Energy Fax +45 2795 2012 Secretariat Fax +45 3818 5444
ke@ke.dk dbdh@dbdh.dk
www.ke.dk www.dbdh.dk

Logstor Phone +45 9966 1000

Preinsulated transmission Fax +45 9966 1180
and distribution pipes lr@logstor.com
www.logstor.com

Niras Phone +45 6312 1581

Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4014 2784
niras@niras.dk
www.niras.dk

Rambll Phone +45 4598 6000

Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4598 6700
ramboll@ramboll.dk
www.ramboll.dk

J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 1 1 www.dbdh.dk
 One check isnt enough

p i n d p r o m o t o r . d k 19286
Example the answer lies in multiple
Type of pipe Lambda
value
Heat loss Cost of heat loss CO2 emissions measurements
W/mK W/m trench 1000 EUR Tons
TwinPipe When measuring lambda values of pre-insulated pipe, the norm
without diffusion barrier, 0.027 15.1 26 45 61 243 494 752
traditionally produced is one external measurement on a randomly selected length of
TwinPipe
with diffusion barrier, 0.024 13.2 23 40 53 220 441 661 pipe. This value is then used to document the insulation per-
axial ContiPipe
TwinPipe formance of all the lengths of pre-insulated pipe from the same
with diffusion barrier, 0.023 * 12.7 22 39 51 209 418 627
production set-up. But LOGSTOR has now changed that.
axial ContiPipe NEW
10 y 20 y 30 y 10 y 20 y 30 y
Assumptions:
TwinPipe DN 80-80/280, Series 2 Pipe run: 500 m trench T flow/return: 80/40C
We have set up our own laboratory to enable us to carry out
Energy: Coal CHP plant Efficiency: 90 Energy price: EUR 46.67/MWh Effective interest rate: 3%
continuous testing of the lambda values for LOGSTOR pre-
insulated pipe using exactly the same methods as the Danish
Use www.logstor.com/calculator to do your own calculations, based on your
Technological Institute. This means the lambda values we
companys specific figures and conditions.
promise are based on a calculated average of lots of different
*) The average of the lambda value measurements carried out in-house by measurements not just one single check.
LOGSTOR and by external testing bodies has resulted in new, even better
lambda values for LOGSTOR axial ContiPipe 0.023 W/mK, compared with
the previous value of 0.024 W/mK. We have chosen to make these measuring results public, for full
transparency and as part of the LOGSTOR drive to document
the quality of our pre-insulated pipe systems. Current lambda
values are available at www.logstor.com/documentation

LOGSTOR A/S
Danmarksvej 11 DK-9670 Lgstr Denmark
Tel. +45 9966 1000 Fax +45 9966 1180
logstor@logstor.com www.logstor.com