Political Discourse Dr.

Mohammed Khalid
Vol.2, No..1, June 2016 Professor of Political Science
Panjab University, Chandigarh,
India

India and Pakistan: Emerging needs for strengthening

cooperation in 21st century*
Abstract: Embedded in South Asia, India and Pakistan were part of British Indian
Empire till August 1947. As the British prepared to pack off from the sub-continent after the end
of Second World War under many internal and external exigencies, they gave a parting kick of
partition to the British India, thus forming two new sovereign nations ---the Union of India and
the Dominion of Pakistan. Partition brought with it a trauma of displacement of about 12 million
populations and a loss of life of to the tune of a million people. Endless vows of refugees who
migrated from newly created Pakistani territories and the tale of miseries of Muhajireen who
migrated from India to Pakistan became the basis of popular perception of hatred and distrust
towards each other. Ever since, trail of a violent and bloody partition and many unsettled
territorial disputes have caste their shadow on the relationship between the two neighbours.
Bilateral relations have by and large been tense leading to snapping or lowering of diplomatic
relations many a times. The two countries have fought three major wars, the Kargil and have
been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs.

India and Pakistan are contiguously existing geographical neighbours and cannot wish
away each other --whatsoever is the level of their relationship. The framers of foreign policy in
the two countries have been overly obsessed with the other, though Pakistan has tried to look
towards Middle East and Central Asian Republics and India has framed its Look East Policy
and African Policy. In this fast integrating world where geographical boundaries are
increasingly becoming meaningless, can the two neighbours like India and Pakistan afford to
remain endlessly aloof or mutually exclusive? There is need to be pragmatic in our approach to
explore possibilities and discover areas of cooperation between the two countries. It is not
merely the trade and Cricket Series, but other issues which need serious thought for cooperation
between them. The paper is devoted to the pressing needs for strengthening cooperation in many
other fields in the current millennium.

******

Geographical, regions are identified on the basis of common physical characteristics,

human impact characteristics or the interaction of humanity and the environment. Geographic

*This is revised paper, presented at International Conference Socio Economic Cooperation between India and
Pakistan, organized by Department of History and Pakistan Studies, University of the Panjab, Lahore, Pakistan,
October 14-16, 2013.

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regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined and sometimes
interspersing boundaries, except when the boundaries between the regions are clearly defined in
law. Here we are concerned about a Region --the South Asia-- which has many common
physical, human and environmental characteristics. This Region consists of the countries like
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. South Asia is home to well
above one fifth of the world's population, making it both the most populous and densely
populated geographical region in the world. While India is the largest and most diverse country
in South Asia, it is the only country sharing boundaries with all other countries of continental
South Asia. Pakistan is the second largest country on South Asian sub-continent.1

Itself a central point of many geographical regions, Pakistan is the meeting point of
Central Asia, South Asia, Sinkiang autonomous region of China and West Asia. Its geography
and demography affects surrounding regions and is in turn affected by them. Interspersed by the
Indus and many smaller rivers, the identity and culture of this area has evolved over the last few
centuries. Its lands and the peoples have historically witnessed numerous invasions, migrations,
and religious conversions. Pakistan has remained blended through trade and commerce with its
neighbouring regions.2 Geopolitically, Pakistans northern mountains are in proximity of
Mackinders Heart land, and its southern coastline is washing Spykmans Rimland. It is a
junction point of history and pivot of geography.

Embedded in South Asia, along with India both were part of British Indian Empire till
August 1947. As the British prepared to leave India after the end of Second World War under the
internal and external exigencies, they partitioned the British India, thus forming two new
sovereign states ---the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. Partition brought with it a
trauma of displacement of up to 12.5 million people, with a loss of life estimated to be about a
million. Endless vows of refugees who migrated from newly created Pakistani territories and the
tale of miseries of Muhajireen who migrated from Indian territories to Pakistan later became the
basis of popular perception of hatred and distrust towards each other in the two countries. The
unprecedented religious frenzy made the partition and resultant migration as one of the bloodiest
ever in human history.3

India and Pakistan exist contiguously and this fact can neither be ignored nor wished
away. Nature of relationship between the two countries is rooted in the conflicting perceptions of
British India in the views of Muslim League and Indian National Congress during the British
Rule and bitter experience of incompatibility between the two political parties in the Constituent
Assembly. Apart from the violent partition many unsettled territorial disputes, as a legacy of
Partition, have also caste their shadow on the relationship. Since their independence, relations
have by and large been tense leading to snapping or lowering of diplomatic relations.
Outstanding issues between them include the cross-border terrorism, Kashmir dispute, trade
relations, control over Siachen Glacier, dispute over the interpretation of the maritime boundary
of Sir Creek, sharing of river waters and visa issues etc. 4 The two countries have fought three
major wars (1948, 1965 and 1971) one undeclared war (the Kargill Conflict) and have been

42
involved in numerous armed skirmishes, ceasefire violations and military standoffs such as
Siachen Conflict, Operation Brasstacks, insurgency issues in Jammu and Kashmir, military
impasse between the two in 2001-02 after the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in
December 2001, blames of maritime trespassing on each other etc. The incidents such as
Atlantique Incident when just a month after the Kargil War, Pakistan Navy's patrol plane Breguet
Atlantique, (carrying 16 people on board), was shot down by the Indian Air Force in the Rann of
Kutch on 10 August 1999 for alleged violation of Indian airspace; Mumbai attacks of 26 th
November 2008 which again brought their respective forces to the border; have caused a lot of
tension between the two countries.5 Due to these incessant hostile positions, according to a
survey, about 94 percent of people in India regard Pakistan as a threat to national security and
almost same is the view of Pakistani population about India. To quote an American political
Scientist, Stephen P Cohen, Pakistanis at all levels believe they have betrayed by the US, India
cant be trusted, so betrayal has become a theme of their life. (Times of India September 4,
2013) Relations between the two countries are usually on the brink and any small flashpoint
exacerbates the tensions, which is not healthy for the South Asian Region.

Stephen P. Cohen, in his recent book, Shooting for a Century: The India-Pakistan
Conundrum, writes that rivalry between India and Pakistan has proven to be one of the world's
most intractable international conflicts, ever since 1947 and the enmity is likely to continue for
another thirty-five years, reaching the century mark. 6 This has critical implications for both the
countries and the rest of the world. To Cohen, full normalization of relations seems unlikely
while stakes have gone high as both have acquired nuclear weapons. This continuous animosity
has terrible cost for the citizens of India and Pakistan, including the low level of economic
growth. Both the countries have their share of poverty ridden populations and are inflicted with
prevailing corruption.

According to SIPRI Year Book 2013, in previous year India spent $US46 billion on its
defense i.e. 2.5 percent of its GDP while Pakistan spent $US7 billion i.e. 2.7 percent. 7 India and
Pakistan have a population of about 142 crores, (124 for India and 18 crores of Pakistan), a GDP
of about $US 2 trillion (1.8 trillion for India and 210 billion for Pakistan) and combined area of
4083358 sq km (3,287,263 for India and 796,095 sq km for Pakistan). India and Pakistan
constitute a huge economic, demographic and geographical component on the earth. 8 They are
destined to exist as neighbours, yet, ironically, the two remain awfully distant and distrustful of
each other. As if a section of Indian and Pakistani population does not want improvement in
relations between the two countries

It is necessary to defy the prediction of Cohen and designs of those sections in India and
Pakistan who stand in the way of normalization of relations. Onus lies on the governments, the
NGOs, institutions, intelligentsia and the people at large to bring the two countries closer. There
have been discussions on increasing the people-to-people contacts, both having common
languages, culture, history and heritage etc. Apart from these there are important areas of

43
cooperation between the two countries which can change the future of South Asia and
relationship between India and Pakistan.

Most immediate area which needs to be addressed is the trade relations. Pakistan exports
commodities such as textiles (garments, cotton cloth, and yarn), rice, and other agricultural
products worth $8.6 billion. Of its exports European Union shared 22.6 percent share, US 14.4
percent, China and UAE 7.7 percent each, Afghanistan 7.6, and India merely 1.3 percent much
behind Hong Kong, UK, Germany and UAE. Pakistan imports machinery, petroleum, petroleum
products, chemicals, transportation equipment, edible oils, grains, pulses, flour etc. worth $9.6
billion. Its import partners include China with 18.4 percent share, Saudi Arabia 11.5 percent,
UAE 11.4 percent followed by, Kuwait, Malaysia, Japan, Singapore, and India with only 3.7
percent.9 India the 9th largest economy in the world and a neighbor of continental dimensions
does not figure among Pakistans major trade partners. India and Pakistan are poorly integrated
commercially; due to their protectionist trade regimes, poor infrastructure, low levels of cross-
border investment, the presence of non-tariff barriers, and above all the ever present tensions
between the two countries.

Mohsin S Khan a former director of the IMF while speaking on 12 March 2012 at a
seminar on Expanding India-Pakistan Trade organised by Pakistan Institute of Development
Economics said that Indo-Pak trade can easily be multiplied 20 times; it has the potential to reach
at $40 billion. He said For the next decade India will be engine of growth in South Asia and it is
up to Pakistan to get on the bandwagon.10 Bilateral trade between the two countries is abysmally
small. Improvement in Indo-Pak economic relations requires the political will to overcome
historical tensions and prevailing mistrust between the two countries. To increase trade, Pakistan
had committed to provide Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status to India by December 2012 but
due some inexplicable reasons better known to Pakistani establishment, the issue was put on the
backburner. Some argue in Pakistan that improvement in trade relations will blunt the Kashmir
issue or that in this way India will seduce Pakistan through the wallet. This fear seems unfounded
keeping in view that the sovereign nations deal with each other always protecting their national
interest. Thus trade relations between India and Pakistan must be put on the front burner as this is
mutually beneficial.

India has a Connect Central Asia policy (CCAP), unveiled in June 2012 at Bishkek
Kyrgyzstan. Aimed to fast-track Indias relations with the Central Asian Republics (CAR), it is
likely to enhance trade and commerce between India and CARs. India also aims to accelerate
trade relations with Afghanistan. To carry out trade with these countries, Pakistan can offer itself
as transit route and earn revenue from it. Due to prevailing uncertain relations and fear that
Pakistan may stop transit facilities to India any time, India has planned to develop Iranian Port of
Chabahar for a durable link to transport its goods to Afghanistan and other countries of central
Asia.11 If India and Pakistan develop durable cordial relations, such arrangements involving third
countries can be avoided. More so, if India becomes a member of Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation (OIC) sometime in future, it will open new vistas for trade between India and the

44
Islamic world. It will further increase the importance of Pakistan as a transit route for Indian
exports to those countries. Recently, Pakistan has sought Indian cooperation for its transit trade
with Nepal. Both the countries can extend such facilities to each other.

Pakistan, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has repeatedly declared that he had been pursuing
a policy of friendship and cooperation with India during his previous stints in power and the
same policy of amity would be followed to promote peace and prosperity in the region. He said it
has always been his endeavour to bring the people of the two South Asian countries closer, so
that they could benefit from each others experiences. India-Pakistan Joint Business Council
delegation (headed by S.K. Munjal of the Hero Group and Vikramjit Singh Sahney of Sun
Group) met in Islamabad and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif met council delegation on June 29
2013. He asserted the commitment to follow investor-friendly policies towards India. Reportedly,
he asked the Water and Power Minister, Khawaja Muhammad Asif to undertake a visit to India
and explore the potential areas of joint economic cooperation between the two nations. 12 There is
immediate need to give a fillip to trade and business on both sides of the borders even if to
achieve that both the countries may have to lower the tariff lines in a phased and mutually agreed
manner.

India and Pakistan have similar weather and climate. In some geographical regions of
Sind and Punjab the quality and nature of soil is also the same. Both the countries have good
agricultural universities. Then why there is minimal cooperation or exchange programmes
between the agricultural scientists, teachers and students of the two countries. This sector has
tremendous potential for enhancement of mutual cooperation.

India and Pakistan have made productive research and development since 1980s, in
supercomputing, IT and scientific applications relating to the computer science. After 1970s both
have been increasingly funding the science and technology in their school systems. India and
Pakistan have a large number of scientists who can participate in the commonly organized
physical sciences and mathematics summer research seminars and conferences as a joint effort to
share the development and the benefits of the science and technology. Pakistan has many good
universities and institutes in engineering, science and technology, and management studies.
These institutions can sign MoUs with their counterparts in India. Except the sharing of research
between Hamdard University in Karachi and Jamia Hamdard in New Delhi, which are same
family ventures there is hardly any sharing of laboratories, exchange of R&D or common
exchange programmes of teachers, scientists or students between the two countries.

India's nuclear programme dates back to 1944 and its crystallisation began soon after
countrys independence. From 1940s60s, India's nuclear programme slowly matured and
expanded to spread the nuclear power infrastructure all over the country. India had its first
nuclear test in Pokhran in 1974. Pakistan too launched its own integrated atomic bomb
programme in 1972, and accelerated its efforts in 1974. India exploded a series of nuclear tests
on 11 and 13 May 1998, followed by Pakistan on 28 May 2013. Both declared themselves as

45
nuclear powers.13 Both the countries have their independent nuclear programmes. Both are well
aware that Nuclear technology can be used for peaceful purposes for mining and processing of
nuclear raw materials; the production of enriched uranium; the fabrication of nuclear fuel
elements; the design, construction and operation of nuclear reactors; and fuel reprocessing. Apart
from the use of nuclear energy to produce electricity from power reactors, it has also been used
extensively in agriculture, medicine, industry, biology and hydrology. Both the countries suffer
from power shortage for their burgeoning populations but they have no common programme in
this field.

Pakistan pursued its research and development in space and astrophysics from 1961 after
giving commission to its space programme led by the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research
Commission (SUPARCO). It launched first rocket (Rehbar-I) in the orbit on 7 June 1962. Rehbar
rocket series was an experimental rocket programme which later played an important role in
Pakistan's development of a missile programme.14 India launched its active and large-scale space
programme in 1969, directed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Development
towards satellites began in 1970s and in 1975; India's space programme registered its first
success when ISRO put the country's first artificial satellite, Aryabhata in the orbit. In 1990,
Pakistan put its own and first artificial satellite, Badr-1, in the orbit. During the 1980s90s, India
marked the beginning of development towards the space and nuclear rockets, and Pakistan made
efforts to step up its space ventures. Pakistan's programme to develop the space and nuclear
missiles and unmanned flight tests of its space vehicles in the mid-1990s continues as of present.
While ISRO has marked a great international success by launching its moon probe,
Chandrayaan-1 in 2008. Pakistan launched its first geostationary satellite, Paksat-1R in 2011. 15
This competition based on their needs is laudable but if both of them come together and have a
common space programme, it can benefit the entire South Asia. Unfortunately it is lacking and
not even discussed on both the sides.

India and Pakistan have common heritage, culture and religious places. Many historical
and religious places in India and Pakistan have tremendous potential to promote tourism. It can
generate goodwill, increase awareness about each other. Religious tourism is pertinently
significant in this regard.16

Cooperation in the Indian Ocean

India and Pakistan are important littoral states of the Indian Ocean. While India has a
total coastline of 7,517 km and Pakistan has 1,046 km of sea front. Both are sea-faring nations.
Pakistan has a Merchant Navy which it has built from a fleet of four privately owned cargo ships
inherited at the time of independence. Presently it has 18 shipping companies. The Pakistan
National Shipping Corporation has a fleet of 11 multipurpose ships, 3 containerships and one
tanker). During the year 2000-01 a total of 2,176 ships called at the Ports of Pakistan of which
446 were General Cargo vessels, 248 Bulk Carriers, 588 Tankers and 894 Container ships. Out of
these 1,564, were handled at Karachi, whereas 612 were handled at Port Bin Qasim.17

46
 Ocean going ships of India and Pakistan are at risk in the Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea
as they crisscross the Ocean near the pirate infested Somali Coast. India has suffered
tremendously on this account all these years and Pakistan had its own share of damage due to
attacks and hijacking by the Somali pirates. In 2010 a Pakistan-flagged vessel Shazaib was
hijacked 900 nautical miles north of the Seychelles along with its crew of 29 Pakistani sailors. In
2011 Somali pirates hijacked an Egyptian ship which had six Pakistanis. Recognising this
menace, Pakistan Navy ship (Jurrat) and submarine Khalid visited Oman in February 2013
where Commodore Ahmed Saeed spoke of boosting cooperation between the two countries
navies. He offered joint efforts with Oman to combat piracy.18 Pakistan is located near Gulf of
Hormuz and Sea of Oman the passage through which about 20 percent of the world's petroleum
passes. Both India and Pakistan depend on this strategically located waterway for free flow of
their oil supplies. Pakistan Navy has joined coalition efforts in the Gulf of Aden/Somalia Coast,
taking part in counter-piracy deployments. India has permanently stationed its naval ships to
patrol the area. Both can develop mutual cooperation by jointly patrolling the sea lanes in the
Arabian Sea and provide logistic support and information. Having powerful navies, both the
countries need to take necessary steps to jointly fight the prevailing piracy.

Indian Ocean has a long history of trade and commerce and cultural interaction among its
littoral lands and the peoples. Littoral countries of the Ocean have several regional organizations
to promote mutual cooperation. For instance, they formed the Indian Ocean Rim Association for
Regional Co-operation (IOR-ARC). Established in Mauritius on March 1995 and formally
launched on 67 March 1997, it is a multilateral treaty of 20 countries. 19 In 2011, it prioritized
six areas of cooperation were which include Maritime Safety and Security, Trade and Investment
Facilitation, Fisheries Management, Disaster Risk Management, Academic and Science &
Technology Cooperation, and Tourism and Cultural Exchanges. Pakistan at present is not a
member IOR-ARC. By becoming part of such multilateral organizations India and Pakistan can
boost up cooperation in the Indian Ocean region.

As we know that south Asia is sandwiched between the Golden Triangle and Golden
Crescent, two principal areas of illicit opium production. Areas of Afghanistan along with its
borders with Pakistan are known for production of opiates. Some terrorist organizations are often
said to finance their activities through drug trafficking. If it is a major source of terrorists growth
and survival, it is a dangerous phenomenon. 20 Opium production and trade is adversely affecting
a large population in neighboring countries in South Asia, Central Asia such as India, Iran,
Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. It is almost daily phenomena that contraband is discovered
on the Indo-Pak border, Samjhauta Express, and railway consignments. India has fast become a
transit hub and destination for heroin and hashish produced in the Golden Triangle and the
Golden Crescent. This illegal trafficking is a significant threat to national security as the nexus
between drug traffickers, organised criminal networks and terrorists has created a force powerful
enough to cause instability. A clamp down on this trade is requirement of the moment. India and

47
Pakistan needs to cooperate in this regard which will have a telling effect on the growth of this
dangerous trend.

India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty on September 19, 1960 --a water-
sharing agreement-- brokered by the World Bank. According to the Treaty provisions, Ravi, Beas
and Sutlej, which constitute the eastern rivers, were allocated for exclusive use by India before
they enter Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan was given exclusive rights to use the western rivers
Jhelum, Chenab and Indus but with some stipulations for development of projects on these rivers
in India.21 On the Chenab River, in the recent years, India has proposed to build Tulbul
navigation project in Jammu and Kashmir, 850-MW Ratle power project and the 1,000-MW
Pakal Dul hydroelectric plant. Pakistan has raised objections to these power projects on the
ground that they violate the Indus Waters Treaty. During the last 53 years basin area of these
rivers has undergone a sea change. Apart from manifold increase in population, production and
consumption of electricity, there have been changes in climate and agricultural practices. Any
differences of opinion between the two countries can be resolved either through the Permanent
Indus Commission, created under the provision of the Treaty, or revisiting the whole treaty
provisions.

In the present geopolitical context, power does no more grow out of the barrel of the gun.
Rather, it is the capacity and capability of the state to meet the basic needs of the people. India
and Pakistan are two big geographic and demographic entities of South Asia. They have had a
volatile relationship over the last 69 years. Sharing about 2,900 km long border, the two
countries have experienced a face off due to varied reasons. Relationship between the two
countries and need to improve relations has been most talked about issue ever since their
independence in 1947. In the era of globalization when territorial boundaries are increasingly
becoming meaningless and the very sovereignty of the state is under severe challenge, India and
Pakistan need to sit together to iron out their differences. They need to understand that good and
working relations between them have a far reaching positive effect on the entire Subcontinent.
Though complete normalization of relations may not become an immediate reality, one needs to
identify and promote the sane voices which advocate for the improvement in bilateral relations.
There are contentious issues which can be addressed in a spirit of resolving them through
mutually acceptable solutions.

On coming to power Prime Minister Modi invited his Pakistani counterpart Nawaz Sharif
to his swearing in ceremony with a hope to begin a new era of cordial and mutually beneficial
relations between the two countries. Modi government took many initiatives walking an extra
mile to build closer cooperation between the two countries. Meeting between Modi and Sharif on
the sidelines of the climate change conference in Paris on November 22015, NSA-level talks in
Bangkok in December 2015 followed by External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj's visit to
Pakistan, and Prime Minister Modis unscheduled visit to Pakistan on his way back from
Moscow in January 2016 are some of such initiatives. These measures have not brought desirable
results of any consequence in normalization of relations between the two countries.

48
 India and Pakistan need to show their willingness to convert the existing points of
differences in the spirit of accommodation. The political class of both the countries must realize
that there is tremendous scope and multiple dimensions waiting to develop cooperation between
the two countries. That is possible if all of realize that it is time for new beginnings and an end
to old endings.22 Indian subcontinent has a vast constituency for peace and partnership in
development. If they realize the necessity of developing cooperation it can be multifaceted and
multi layered. It shall be in the mutual interest of both the countries and their people.

End notes:

1. For the geography of South Asia see, Cohen, Saul Bernard (2003): Geopolitics of the
World System, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-8476-9907-2; Farmer, Bertram
Hughes (1993): An Introduction to South Asia, Londo n, Routledge, p. 1, ISBN 0-415-
05695-0
2. Faisal Cheema, Macroeconomic Stability of Pakistan: The Role of the IMF and World
Bank (19972003), ACDIS Occasional Paper, Program in Arms Control, Disarmament,
and International Security, University of Illinois, 2004.
3. A vast literature is available on the subject and each author has written about the partition
as per his/her experience. For example, see, Singh, Khushwant (1956): Train To Pakistan,
Chatto & Windus; Jalal, Ayesha (1985): The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, The Muslim
League and the Demand Pakistan. Cambridge University Press; Kaur, Ravinder (2007):
Since 1947: Partition Narratives among Punjabi Migrants of Delhi, Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-568377-6; Gilmartin, David (1988): Empire and Islam: Punjab and
the Making of Pakistan, Berkeley, University of California Press; ISBN 0-520-06249-3.
Nahal Chaman (2001): Azadi, Penguin.
4. Chengappa, Raj, Indo-Pak relations: New beginnings, old endings? The Sunday Tribune,
Chandigarh, 1 September, 2013, pp. 12-13.
5. Rajesh M. Basrur, "The lessons of Kargil as learned by India", In Lavoy, Peter R. (2009):
Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict
(1st ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0521767217; "Pakistan forces
put on high alert: Storming of parliament", Dawn, Karachi, 15 December 2001.
6. See, Cohen, Stephen P (2013): Shooting for a Century: The India-Pakistan Conundrum,
Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0815721864.
7. Stockholm International Peace research Institute (SIPRI) publishes an yearbook which is
an independent source on global security. For SIPRI Year Book 2013, visit at,
http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2013/03
8. Collated from the CIA-World factbook, available at,
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook; Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia.
9. See, PAKISTAN: EU BILATERAL TRADE AND TRADE WITH THE WORLD,
Trade statistics based on IMF, 5-Jul-13; For details of Pakistani exports and imports, see,
the figures declared by Trade Development Authority of Pakistan (TDAP), available at,
http://www.tdap.gov.pk/about.php
10. Pak-India trade still a fraction of $40 billion potential, The Express Tribune, March 13,
2012.

49
11. India to develop Iranian port, The Hindu, May 5, 2013; Indian team to visit Iran on
upgradation of Chabahar port, The Economic Times, Aug 5, 2013;
12. Pakistan to follow investor-friendly policy towards India: Nawaz, The Hindu, July 1,
2013.
13. Nuclear weapons: India keeps pace with Pakistan, but focuses on China, The Times of
India, Jun 3, 2013; India as a Nuclear Power: 1998-2001, article accessed at,
http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaNPower.html; Happymon Jacob, A
precarious Indo-Pak nuclear balance, The Hindu, January 30, 2012.
14. Mehmud S, "Pakistan's Space Programme", Space Policy, August 1989, p. 217-226;
Proctor P, "Pakistan's Space Agency Building Second Experimental Satellite", Aviation
Week and Space Technology, 10 August 1992, p. 46. Siddiqui, Salman, "PAKSAT-1R:
China launches Pakistans first communications satellite". Tribune Express, August 12,
2011.
15. Ibid.,
16. There are many Hindu holy places in Pakistan such as: Shiva Temple (ancient)-
Mansehra, Chitti Gatti; Nandi Mandir and Valmiki Mandir -Peshawar; Jagannath
Temple Sialkot; Katasraj temple, Katas Village Chakwal. Similar Sikh holy places
include Nankana Sahib, Lahore; Gurdwara Dera Sahib Panjvin Patshahi; Gurdwara Panja
Sahib.
17. Taken from ESCAP (The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
the Pacific) report which is the regional development arm of the United Nations for the Asia-
Pacific region. For the mercantile scenario of about Pakistan see,
http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TFS_pubs/Pub_2217/pub_2217_Pakistan.pdf.
18. Pakistan Navy backs joint efforts to combat piracy, Times of Oman, February 24, 2013.
19. For primary information about the formation, function, role and priority areas of IOR-
ORC, visit its official website, http://iorarc.org/
20. Link between terrorism and drug trafficking, is evident and has been recognized by the
United Nations Security Council, see, Drug trafficking and the financing of terrorism,
United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC), available at,
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/drug-trafficking-and-the-financing-of-
terrorism.html.
21. Main text and provisions of Indus water Treaty are available on the official website of
Ministry of Water resources, Government of India. Can be accessed at,
http://wrmin.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=443&subsublinkid=287&langid=1
22. Chengappa, Raj, op., cit.

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