Ecrin v4.30 - Doc v4.30.

01 - KAPPA 1988-2013 Saphir Guided Session #9 SapGS09 - 1/21

Saphir Guided Session #9

A01 Introduction
When horizontal wells were introduced some 30 years ago the well test analyst suddenly had a
problem; there was no analytical model available. This was quickly remedied and a simple
horizontal analytical well model was introduced, however it was strictly horizontal and was not
able to cut through different horizons. This meant that the actual layers were also strictly
horizontal. The reservoir was homogeneous, double porosity, or composite and could be
bounded by a circle, rectangle or any shape using the 2D Map (analytical or numerical). The
well could not extend from one zone to another, and subsequently the first equivalent
numerical wells followed the stratigraphy of the zone where the well started.

An analytical multilayered slanted well was later introduced, however the layers were still
strictly horizontal. This model is described in the DDA book chapter 6 (6.I.5).

It was evident that a model which could realistically represent a true horizontal well cutting
through different facies and zones would be necessary to develop.

B01 How to build a wiggly well model in Saphir

In order to follow the guided session with ease it is expected that all the other guided sessions
in the repertoire have been completed. The guided sessions are found under the menu Help -
Tutorial in the applications Saphir, Topaze and Rubis.

There are two main approaches when building the wiggly, or in this instance a slanted or an
undulating horizontal well. The wells can be placed in strictly horizontal multi or single layers in
Saphir and Topaze. They can be slanted or placed horizontal in one layer. If the linear
numerical model is used, then the application will only generate the single phase solution using
the declared main phase, and there will be no cross flow between layers. In order to impose
cross flow it is necessary to use the non-linear option. In Rubis a horizontal or undulating well
can cut through any horizon layer, horizontal or not, and can even cut through the same
horizon several times. Cross flow between layers can be imposed even if a single phase has
been declared.

The wiggly well can only be generated with the nonlinear and linear numerical model; however
it is interesting to compare the final results with the analytical models which would represent
the numerical configuration closest.

There is no difference in building a wiggly well model in Topaze and Saphir and the main
difference in building the model in Rubis is the characteristics of the geometry of the reservoir.
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C01 Slanted well in Saphir

Start a new Saphir oil project and leave all well and PVT parameters as default except for the
payzone h=100 ft. Double click on the tested well in the 2D Map, set the well to slanted and
define a 65 angle.

Fig. C01.1 Well initalization

In order to view the cross section, change the well configuration to Wiggly (the geometry will
be retained) and an button will appear in the dialog.

Fig. C01.2 Created well info

Click on the button and two tabs will appear; the first showing the cross section of the
slanted well and the second the perforations. Click on the Tested well-perforations tab.
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Fig. C01.3 Geometry cross section Fig. C01.4 Perforation cross section

Click on the well and the perforations will be selected. The perforations can be adjusted by
dragging the black dots, or by double clicking on the well and entering the data manually.
Double click on the well and enter a perforated interval running from MD=88.3 ft to MD=148.3
ft as displayed below.

Fig. C01.5 Perforation description table

Press and proceed to enter the rates under the production tab; 1000 STB/D for
1000 hours.

Fig. C01.6 Production input table

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Press and go back to Analysis 1. Click on Test Design in the More tools page.

Fig. C01.7 More Tool control panel for pressure simulation

Select the Numerical tab and change the kz/kr to 0.1. Press .

Fig. C01.8 Numerical Model definition dialog

Click on Extract dP in the Interpretation page and press in the next two dialogues
to accept the defaults.

The interpretation page should now display the log-log plot, semi-log plot and the history plot.
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Fig. C01.9 Simulation results main window

Now, we will validate the numerical model against the standard analytical model in Saphir.
Click on Model in the Interpretation page, and select Analytical and then Slanted for the
well model and Rectangle for the boundary model. Change the value for hw to 60 ft and the
well deviation to 65. Leave all the other parameters.

Fig. C01.10 Analytical slanted well definition

Click on .
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Fig. C01.11 Analytical validation Log log plot

A perfect match is obtained which validates the numerical model to the analytical model.

Now we will try and validate a numerical model for a complex well trajectory with 2 perforated
segments using the wiggly well option.

Now start a new analysis by clicking on and initialize from nothing.

Fig. C01.12 New Analysis creation dialog

Select the 2D Map and double click on the Tested well. Select Wiggly in geometry and click
on Edit. A cross section of the well should now be displayed on the screen.
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Fig. C01.13 Wiggly well cross section

Double click on the well, add 3 lines and enter the following coordinates:

Fig. C01.14 Wiggly well geometry input table

Press and click on the perforations tab. Click on the well and the perforation should
now be selected. Double click on the perforation, add a line and enter the following:

Fig. C01.15 Perforation input table

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The cross section of the well should now look like this:

Fig. C01.16 Wiggly well perforation cross section

Press and check the rate values under the production tab:

Fig. C01.17 Production input table

Now press and return to the 2D Map.

In order to make the reservoir seem infinitely acting over the test period, we will increase the
reservoir area. Double click on the reservoir boundary and tick the box set as rectangle. Tick
the box define by area and enter 100000 acres.
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Fig. C01.18 Contour definition dialog

Press .
Due to the complexity of the well trajectory, it is necessary to refine the gridding near the
wellbore in order to achieve an accurate simulation.

Click on located at the top of the screen in the toolbar and uncheck Automatic. Now
change the progression ratio to 1.2.

Fig. C01.19 Progression ratio setting in the grid dialog

Press .

Click on and zoom into the well to view the gridding and the well trajectory from the top.
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Fig. C01.20 Grid aspect around the wiggly well

Return to the Analysis 2 screen, and run a Test design on the numerical model. Ensure the
kz/kr ratio is set to 0.1, generate the simulation, it may last few seconds.

Fig. C01.21 Numerical wiggly well model dialog

Click on Extract dP; the log-log, semi-log and history plots will be displayed.
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Fig. C01.22 Wiggly well simulation main window

We will now compare this numerical simulation with a similar geometry computed analytically.
It occurs that this later model is not included in the standard models catalog, but in the
external models package. We need first to install or update the external models to achieve
this, go to the KAPPA Ecrin download page, and download the external models v4.20.07 (or
above).

Note: To access the software download page you need to be a registered user with a username
and password. If you are not registered yet, click here. Your account will be validated within 24
hours.

Fig. C01.23 Ecrin download page

Once you have downloaded the External Models installation package from our web site, unzip
the file and run the setup.exe file.
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An 'External Models' folder will automatically be created under C:\Program

Files\KAPPA\ExternalModels4.20. Direct Ecrin to the external models by visiting the External
Models tab in the Interpretation option of the Settings page. In the external models tab,
click on the folder icon and browse to the external models folder. The model names should
appear as indicated below.

Fig. C01.24 External Models tab

Now that the external models have been imported, click on model in the interpretation page
and select the multi-segmented well from the selection of external models. Change kz/kr to
0.1, click on and enter the following coordinates:

segment 1 x1 0
x2 450
y1 0
y2 0
zw1 0.5
zw2 0.5

segment 2 x1 700
x2 1200
y1 250
y2 250
zw1 0.25
zw2 0.25

Fig. C01.25 Multi segmented well coordinates

Generate the model.

A good match is obtained suggesting consistency between the numerical model and the
analytical model. The small discrepancy is due to the gridding in the numerical model.
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Fig. C01.26 Multi segmented vs wiggly well loglog plot

D01 Geometry plot

In order to view the geometry plot we are going to generate the numerical model through the

Model dialogue. Click on and start a new analysis from analysis 2 by clicking
in the New analysis dialogue. Now click on Model and select the Numerical tab.

Check the store pressure fields box and click on .

Fig. D01.1 Numerical wiggly well model parameter table

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Once the model has been generated an additional plot is available for analysis. Maximize the
2D geometry plot and zoom in on the well. Create a cross section through the well by clicking
on in the toolbar and joining the dots where the well coordinates were defined. When the
dot turns green, the mouse should be released and the cross section dragged towards the next
dot. The end of the cross section is defined by double clicking on the mouse.

Fig. D01.2 Cross section creation in 2D geometry plot

Open the plot settings dialogue by clicking on in the toolbar or by right clicking the mouse.

Check the box values and press . Click on to skip to the last time step. Now click

on in order to view the pressure profile at different depths by scrolling up and down. Recall
that the 2 perforated segments were 50 ft and 75 ft below the top of the reservoir. Scroll to
view the reservoir at relative depths 0.5 and 0.75 to view the pressure profiles near the
wellbore for both segments.
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Fig. D01.3 Pressure maps at different stratigrafic depth

Click on to view the 3D plot. Open the plot settings dialogue by clicking on in the
toolbar or by right clicking the mouse. Go to the cross section tab and check the boxes
enabled and erase after and uncheck the box erase before.

Fig. D01.4 3D cross section view settings tab

Zoom in on the well and increase the vertical gain by repeatedly clicking on until the cross
section of the well can be visualised. Play back the simulation by clicking on and observe the
pressure profile along the entire well.

Fig. D01.5 3D cross section pressure map at final time

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The complex 3D grid around the well can be visualized by setting the 3D plot settings display
to lines:

Fig. D01.6 3D cross section grid view in lines

E01 Creating a Wiggly in Rubis

Building the reservoir

The objective is to build a wiggly well using Rubis that cut through three different reservoir
horizons. In this case we have the survey of the trajectory and will use this survey to build the
well and the perforations.

Start a new Rubis project use all the default parameters and settings.

Build a three layer reservoir by using the option 1 Top + n-thickness the type of the
top is Data Set and the data set is illustrated in the following table:
Top layer depth: 6000 ft
Add two more layers; Layer 1: 500 ft, layer 2: 100 ft and layer 3: 250 ft:

Fig E01.1 Reservoir geometry description

Setting the PVT

Set the fluid type to Saturated Oil, add Water and keep all the default values.
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Setting the reservoir parameters properties

Click on the button in the Simulation panel. Choose the option layered reservoir

. The three layers created in the geometry set up previously will appear as layer 1,
2 and 3. Chose layer 1 marked the Default region. Change the default parameters as per the
next figure:

Fig E01.2 Default region properties

To set the parameters for the next two layers click on the button the default name of the
New property set is PS0 as illustrated in the automatic dialog:

Fig E01.3 New Parameter set

This name can be changed as per the users choice. Create two parameter sets, PS0 and PS1,
that are automatically assigned to Layer 2 and 3; click on the PS0 and PS1 and set the values
as illustrated below.

Fig E01.4 PS0 properties Fig E01.5 PS1 properties

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Press the button to set the initial state of the reservoir:

- Reference depth 6000 ft
- Reference Depth initial pressure 5000 psia
- GOC 6200 ft
- WOC 6700 ft
Keep the relative permeability curves and capillary pressure at the default values.

Building the well and trajectory

Create a new wiggly well by using the button in the toolbar. Double click on the well to

display the well properties dialog, click on Geometry :

Fig E01.6 Well geometry information

Click on the Cross-section view tab.

The well is just a slanted well until we input is exact trajectory.

Fig E01.7 Well geometry cross section

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There are two ways to construct the well trajectory:

Interactively:
Simply by using the mouse and moving the existing black nodes or creating new nodes by
a single click on the well to modify the trajectory in the vertical plan. The same interactive
procedure can be used in the 2Dmap to modify it in a view from the top.

Trajectory table input:

A double click on the well and the dialog to load from a file, enter manually or paste the
trajectory of the well will appear. The trajectory is stored in our example in the file
wiggly_well_trajectory.txt supplied. You can also copy/paste it from the below table:

Well trajectory:
x y z
-16.3711 114.598 6000.00
-9.55708 114.598 6153.55
12.3479 114.598 6282.95
34.2530 114.598 6361.37
81.1923 114.598 6467.23
146.907 114.598 6522.13
223.995 121.661 6526.24
272.343 126.092 6528.82
343.963 132.655 6532.63
441.061 141.552 6537.81
497.680 151.483 6537.81
583.005 191.205 6561.34
670.753 249.370 6608.39
723.376 286.255 6631.92
792.517 341.583 6655.44
855.130 389.817 6655.44
917.547 462.169 6667.21

Fig E01.8 Well geometry table

By clicking on the button you will have access to the depth and azimuth trajectory
which can be simplified at the users discretion.
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Fig E01.9 Well geometry simplification dialog

Pressing OK displays the detailed trajectory in the vertical plan, with possibility of the WOC
and GOC:

Fig E01.10 Well geometry in vertical plan Fig E01.11 Well geometry vs contacts

In the 2D Map zoom in on the well and activate the red well nodes by clicking on the green
well trace, you can add and delete nodes as you wish by clicking on the well where there is no
red node or hover the mouse over any red node and click to delete it.

Fig E01.12 Well geometry in a view from the top in 2Dmap

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To create a cross section that shows the well use the button and trace through the well
and the nodes in the 2D Map. The nodes will turn green as the automatic glue to the node is
activated, a click will snap the cross section to the node.

When defined, go to the Simulation tab, press grid, accept the defaults.

Maximize the 3D geometry plot.

Zoom on the well.

Click on , select the cross-section tab and enable the cross section and in the Display tab,
select the lines display.

Zoom and orient the 3Dmap in necessary, to display the complex 3D grid:

Fig E01.13 The complex 3D grid for the wiggly well