Combined Footings - 03

Design a trapezoid-shaped footing, with columns at ends of footing as shown below.

f c = 21 MPa fy = 414 MPa qall = 120 kPa L=7m

7m
6.65 m

b
a 1 2

Column 1 Column 2
4(0.3 m x 0.3 m) 25-mm bars 6(0.4 m x 0.4 m) 25-mm bars
D.L. = 355 kN D.L. = 535 kN
L.L. = 265 kN L.L. = 490 kN

Step 1 Convert P1 and P2 to ultimate loads P1u and P2u, and qall to qu:

P1 = 620 P1u= 1.4 355 1.7 625 947

P2 = 1025 P2u= 1.4 535 1.7 490 1582
=1645 = 2529 kN

ultimate.loads 2529
Ratio= 1.54
actual.loads 1645

qu = qall x 1.54 = 184.5 kPa

Step 2 Determine a and b (footing widths)

947 0.15 1582 6.8 4.31

M O 0 x m
2529
For the trapezoid,
A
a b L a b 7 3.5 a b
2 2
Also,
A
P 2529
13.7 m
qu 184.5
Thus,
 13.71 = 3.5(a + b)
(a + b) = 3.92 m (1)

7
From
L a 2b
x or 3 a 2b

3 a b 4.31
a b
Simplifying,
0.8471a 0.1529b = 0 (2)

Simultaneous solution of Eqs. 1 and 2 yields

b = 3.32 m; a = 0.60 m

Check via substituting in the expression for A or x ; for A,

3.5(3.32 + 0.6) = 13.71; OK

Step 3 Draw V and M diagrams.
Figure 7.9 Pertinent features of the shear and moment diagrams of Example 7.2
P1

121
0.6 x 184.5 = 110.7 3.32 x 184.5 = 612.54
q= 121 +71.6(x-0.15)
1457

0.15 m 1339

17
3.84 m

125

911
930
V = 121(x-0.15) + 35.8(x-0.15)2 - 930
1.2 8

137
0.3 m
1115 1725

1.5 m 1695

2005
2.5 m
3.84 m
5m
M = 60.5(x-0.15)2 + 11.93(x-0.15)3 930(x-0.15) +1.2
Figure 7.9 Pertinent features of the shear and moment diagrams for example

Solving, d = 1.01 m
Step 4 Determine d. First, well evaluate wide-beam shear at the narrow end, and then
check for diagonal tension at column 2. From the shear equation,
V 121 x 0.15 35.8 x 0.15 930
2

At d from the inner face of column 1 , x = 0.3 + d. Hence,

V 121 d 0.15 35.8 d 0.15 930

2

Or
V 35.8d 2 131.74d 911 (3)
Also,
V
v c 660 Kpa =
bd
b at a distance d from inner face of column 1 is
b 0.6
d 0.3 3.32 0.6 0.3885d 0.716
7
Thus,
V V
660
0.3885d 0.716 d 0.3885d 2 0.716d
or
V 256.4d 2 472.56d (4)
Equating Eq.3 to Eq.4,

256.4d 2 472.56d 35.8d 2 131.74d 911
or 292.2d 604.3d 911 0
2

Check v c ; at x 1.01 0.3 1.31m

b 0.392 0.716 1.108

V 1211.16 35.81.16 930 741.5
2

741.5
vc 662 close to 660 kPa OK
1.1081.01

By inspection, required d at large end is less than 1.01 m

Step 5 Determine flexural steel based on moments at several points,

a M
Use As d 2 0.9 f b
y

As f y 400 As
a 22.4 As
0.85 f ' c b 0.85 211
at x = 1.5 m, we have
22.4 As 1115 3
As 1.01 2.65 10
2 0.9 400 10001.18
 Or
2
As 0.09018 As 0.000234 0
Solving
cm 2
As 0.0036m 2 36 width
m
Checking percent steel,
As 0.0036
0.00356 min ; OK < max
bd 11.01
Thus total As at x 1.5m is As b 36 1.18 42 cm2/m
Similarly for points at x = 2.5 m; 3.84 m; 5m. The results are summarized below

As cm2
x (m) Width b M Per 1 m For Width min.* No. of
(m) Kn-m Width b 25-mm
Bars
1.5 1.18 1115 36 42 42 8
2.5 1.57 1695 31 48.5 48.5 10
3.84 2.09 2005 max 27.3 57 57 12
5 2.54 1725 19 48.5 51 1

* As based on min is probably debatable, particularly near the wide end, since b varies so
greatly. Thus using 12-25-mm bars are deemed as satisfactory (no cutoffs) for the 4 m on
right side.

7m

0.6 m 3.32 m

Possible Arrangement of As
(12 25-mm bars) 2.5 m
3.5 m
4.75 m

Fig. 7.11 Illustration

4 25-mm
25-mm12
bars
of 25-mm
final
bars at
design
0.25
bars details
m
placed
c.c. (varied
for
as4shown
25-mm
footing
lengths)
bars
in Example 7.2

Step 6 Ast in short direction. The effective transverse beam width s2 can be
approximated as before. Referring to Fig. 7.10

s 2 0.4 0.75 d 1.16m

3.095
L2 0.4 1.147
2
qL2 P 1.147
2
M , etc.
2 A 2
strip

s2
s1
7m
 2.87 m 3.32 m

By inspection ,
As As, based on min

Thus, Asmin = (5-25-mm bars)

Asmin = (0.002)(1.01) = 20 cm2 / m

Practically, its advisable to space these bars at about 0.25 m even spacing for the entire 7
m length, with varying length, for approximately 3 m near the wide end, to about 0.4 m
near the narrow end. These bars would be tied to the +As at about 0.2 m from the bottom
of excavation. Other configurations of placement are, of course, possible.

Step 7 Four dowels, 25-mm bars are recommended for each column (see Example 7.1)

Step 8 Detail the drawing.