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ning in a LTE. In any technology, Measurement is done roughly at two stage. One
is measurement in Idle mode and the other one is in Connected mode. Idle mode me
asurement is mainly for Cell Selection and Reslection process and most of idle m
ode measurement criteria is determined by SIB messages, the connected mode measu
rement is mostly for Handover or CSFB and the measurement criteria is determined
by specific RRC messages dedicated for a specific UE.
This page will deal with connected mode measurement process only. Idle mode meas
urement is not the scope of this page.
In terms of RRC Message, you may say Measurement Process would be a simple one,
that is,
i) eNB sends an RRC message indicating what kind of items to be measured and
ii) UE sends an RRC message that carries the result of the measurement
You're right at the high level, but you will find it very tricky if you are aske
d to create the RRC message with all the detailed parameters (IE : Information E
lements) to trigger UE to perform the specific measurement. There are so many de
tails you need to understand.
On UE protocol stack as well, implmentating the measurement process would be one
of the most challenging item. According to my experience, it tend to take huge
time and effort to implement all sorts of measurement algorithm and take a lot o
f time for verification process as well.
Topics on this page are as follows.
LTE Measurement Report Trigger (EVENT for Measurement Report)
Measurement GAP
Layer 3 Filtering for Measurement Report
Measurement with CGI report
Example 1 > - Measuring RSRP, RSRQ for current Cell
Example 2 > - Event Based Measurement : A1, A2, A3
Example 3 > - Event Based Measurement : A5
Event Type
Description
Event A1
Serving becomes better than threshold
Event A2
Serving becomes worse than threshold
Event A3
Neighbour becomes offset better than serving
Event A4
Neighbour becomes better than threshold
Event A5
Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbour becomes better than threshol
d2
Event A6
Neighbour become offset better than S Cell (This event is introduced in Release
10 for CA)
Event B1
Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold
Event B2
Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbour becomes better tha
n threshold2
Event C1
CSI-RS resource becomes better than threshold
Event C2
CSI-RS resource becomes offset better than reference CSI-RS resource
Simply put, Measurement Report is triggered by whether the measured value crosse
s (goes higher or goes lower) a certain target value. The target value can be se
t by one of two methods. One is to use threshold which is a kind of absolute val
ue and the other one is to use Offsef value which is a kind relative value with
a reference to 'something' like serving cell value. However, in reality the meas
ured value can fluctuate pretty frequently sometimes by measurement error by UE
modem and sometimes by the fluctuation of Radio channel itself. In most case, th
e network would not be interested in such a small fluctuation and does not want
to get too many measurement reports triggered by such a small fluctuation. To pr
ovent this kind of unnecessarily frequent measurement report caused by small ran
ge of fluctuation, the parameter called 'Hysterisis' is introduced. The role of
Hysterysis can be illustrated as below and hope this would make sense to you.
Measurement GAP
Before the handover, UE normally measure the cell power (signal quality) of the
target cell and report it to the network, so that network can make a decision wh
ether to allow UE to handover to the target cell or not.
It is not a big issue to measure the signal quality of the target cell if the ta
rget cell is at the same frequency as the current cell (Intrafrequency measureme
nt). But there would be an issue when the target cell is at a different frequenc
y from the current cell (Interfrequency measurement). Just in terms of logical s
ense of view, the simplest solution for Interfrequency measurement, the simplest
solution for this would be to implement two RF tranciever on UE. However, there
are some practical problems with this kind of two tranciever solution. One of t
he problems is cost issue. It would require additional cost to implement the add
itional tranciever. The other problem would be the possible interference between
the current frequency and target frequency especially when the current frequenc
y and target frequency are close to each other.
So they come out with a special techique called "Measurement GAP". This is the s
ame concept as "Compressed Mode" in UMTS. The idea of the Measurement GAP is to
create a small gap during which no transmission and reception happens. since the
re is no signal transmission and reception during the gap, UE can switch to the
target cell and perform the signal quality measurement and come back to the curr
ent cell.
To make this work seamlessly, there should be a well established agreement betwe
en UE and Network about the gap definition (e.g, Starting Position of the Gap, G
ap length, number of Gaps etc) and this agreement is established by MeasGapConfi
g IE of RRC Connection Reconfiguration message. If you see this part, RRC conten
ts is small but you need to go through several steps as follows to fully underst
and the implementation of the measurement GAP. (The spreadsheet shown at the bot
tom is here. Let me know if you find any problem with this spreadsheet).
One of the complications about the measurement GAP would be how to schedule data
transmission around the gap. Situation would be more complicated than you may t
hink because we have to think about not only the data transmission itself, but a
lso the scheduling grant and ACK/NACK transmission. One of possible scheduling e
xample around measurement gap is as follows.
It is about the parameter for Layer 3 filtering for the measurement report value
which is specified in rrcConnectionReconfiguration as specified below (in blue)
+-rrcConnectionReconfiguration-r8 ::= SEQUENCE [100000]
+-measConfig ::= SEQUENCE [01010111111] OPTIONAL:Exist
| +-measObjectToRemoveList ::= SEQUENCE OF OPTIONAL:Omit
| +-measObjectToAddModList ::= SEQUENCE OF SIZE(1..maxObjectId[32]
) [1]
| | +-MeasObjectToAddMod ::= SEQUENCE
| | +-measObjectId ::= INTEGER (1..maxObjectId[32]) [1]
| | +-measObject ::= CHOICE [measObjectEUTRA]
| +-reportConfigToRemoveList ::= SEQUENCE OF OPTIONAL:Omit
| +-reportConfigToAddModList ::= SEQUENCE OF SIZE(1..maxReportConf
igId[32]) [1]
| | +-ReportConfigToAddMod ::= SEQUENCE
| | +-reportConfigId ::= INTEGER (1..maxReportConfigId[32]) [1]
| | +-reportConfig ::= CHOICE [reportConfigEUTRA]
| | +-reportConfigEUTRA ::= SEQUENCE
| | +-triggerType ::= CHOICE [event]
| | | +-event ::= SEQUENCE
| | | +-eventId ::= CHOICE [eventA3]
| | | | +-eventA3 ::= SEQUENCE
| | | | +-a3-Offset ::= INTEGER (-30..30) [0]
| | | | +-reportOnLeave ::= BOOLEAN [FALSE]
| | | +-hysteresis ::= INTEGER (0..30) [0]
| | | +-timeToTrigger ::= ENUMERATED [ms640]
| | +-triggerQuantity ::= ENUMERATED [rsrp]
| | +-reportQuantity ::= ENUMERATED [both]
| | +-maxReportCells ::= INTEGER (1..maxCellReport[8]) [1]
| | +-reportInterval ::= ENUMERATED [ms1024]
| | +-reportAmount ::= ENUMERATED [r1]
| +-measIdToRemoveList ::= SEQUENCE OF OPTIONAL:Omit
| +-measIdToAddModList ::= SEQUENCE OF SIZE(1..maxMeasId[32]) [1]
OPTIONAL:Exist
| | +-MeasIdToAddMod ::= SEQUENCE
| | +-measId ::= INTEGER (1..maxMeasId[32]) [1]
| | +-measObjectId ::= INTEGER (1..maxObjectId[32]) [1]
| | +-reportConfigId ::= INTEGER (1..maxReportConfigId[32]) [1]
| +-quantityConfig ::= SEQUENCE [1111] OPTIONAL:Exist
| | +-quantityConfigEUTRA ::= SEQUENCE [11] OPTIONAL:Exist
| | | +-filterCoefficientRSRP ::= ENUMERATED [fc0] OPTIONAL:Exist
| | | +-filterCoefficientRSRQ ::= ENUMERATED [fc0] OPTIONAL:Exist
fc0 in filterCoefficientRSRP IE means "Do not apply Layer 3 filter and report th
e raw measured data". If filterCoefficientRSRP use a value other than fc0, it m
eans "Apply Layer 3 filter with the specified the coefficient". The filter funct
ion and the meaning of each parameter is defined in 3GPP 36.331 5.5.3.2 Layer 3
filtering as follows.
UL-DCCH-Message ::= {
message: c1: measurementReport: MeasurementReport ::= {
criticalExtensions: c1: measurementReport-r8: MeasurementReport-r8-IEs :
:= {
measResults: MeasResults ::= {
measId: 4
measResultPCell: measResultPCell ::= {
rsrpResult: 21
rsrqResult: 10
}
measresults-ext0: measresults-ext0 ::= {
}
measresults-ext1: measresults-ext1 ::= {
measResultServFreqList-r10: MeasResultServFreqList-r10 ::= {
MeasResultServFreq-r10 ::= {
servFreqId-r10: 1
measResultSCell-r10: measResultSCell-r10 ::= {
rsrpResultSCell-r10: 29
rsrqResultSCell-r10: 23
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
UL-DCCH-Message ::= {
message: c1: measurementReport: MeasurementReport ::= {
criticalExtensions: c1: measurementReport-r8: MeasurementReport-r8-IEs :
:= {
measResults: MeasResults ::= {
measId: 6
measResultPCell: measResultPCell ::= {
rsrpResult: 21
rsrqResult: 10
}
measresults-ext0: measresults-ext0 ::= {
}
measresults-ext1: measresults-ext1 ::= {
measResultServFreqList-r10: MeasResultServFreqList-r10 ::= {
MeasResultServFreq-r10 ::= {
servFreqId-r10: 1
measResultSCell-r10: measResultSCell-r10 ::= {
rsrpResultSCell-r10: 29
rsrqResultSCell-r10: 23
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}