NAME:

CE JOSHUA T. ADVINCULA HOMEWORK 1

4205 DATE SUBMITTED: PRELIM TOPICS COMPILATION
01/ 13/ 17 SCORE

Weirs are overflow structures which are built across an open channel for the purpose of
measuring or controlling the flow of TOPIC: WEIRS
liquids. There are three most commonly used shapes
namely: Rectangular, triangular and the trapezoidal weirs. According to the form of the crest, it
may be sharp crested broad crested..

H +h v

PRINCIPLE 1: Rectangular Weir
Q=C w L

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1.)

A rectangular, sharp crested weir with end contractions is 1.4m long. How high
should it be placed in a channel to maintain an upstream depth of 2.35m for a
flow of 400 liters/ second?
SOLUTION:
3
Q = 1.84L H 2

L = 1.4 0.2H
Problem 3: A weir of 8m long 3 is to be built across a rectangular channel to discharge
3
a flow0.4
of =9m /s. If the maximum
1.84(1.4-0.2H) H 2 depth of water on the upstream side of weir is to be
2m, what should be the height of the weir ? Adopt Cd = 0.62.
If H = 0.3
Given, 3
Then 0.4 = 1.84(1.4-0.2(3)) 0.3 2 = 0.405 (OK)
PL==d8 m
H
P = 2.35 0.3 = 2.05m
Q = 9 m3 /s

Depth of 2:
Problem water = 2m
Consider a contracted rectangular weir in a rectangular channel with
B = 6 ft, L = 2.4 ft, P = 1.2 ft, and H = 0.5 ft. Show that the conditions for use of
the
Cd fully
= 0.62contracted rectangular weir equation are met and calculate the water
flow rate for the 0.5 ft head over the weir.
Let, H = Height of water above the sill of the weir.
So, the discharge over the weir,

01/13/1 CE 4205
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA 1/7
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Therefore height of weir should be = 2.0 - 0.72 = 1.28 m

Triangular
PRINCIPLE Weir
2:Problems: Triangular Weir Problems:
TRIANGULAR WEIR
1.) Water flows over a triangular right-angled notch
2.) A right-angled V-notch was used to measure the
of 1m length over a depth of 150mm through a discharge of a centrifugal pump. If the depth of water at
triangular right-angled notch. Find out the depthV-notch
of is 200mm, calculate the discharge over the
water through the notch.Take the coefficient of notch in liters per minute. Assume coefficient of
For 90 triangular weir:
discharges for the rectangular and triangular notch
discharge as 0.62.
5
as 0.62 and 0.59 respectively.
Q = 1.4 H 2
Solution:
Solution:
For triangular notch: Given,
Triangular weirs are used for very low heads for accuracy of measurement

The

vertex angle angle of a V notch weir is usually between 10 - 90
but
rarely larger.
= 0.59

=?

We know that the discharge over the triangular notch,

Now consider the flow of water over the triangular notch.

We know that discharge over the triangular notch, (Q),

01/13/1 CE 4205
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA 2/7
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PRINCIPLE 3: Cipolletti Weir
It is a Trapezoidal weir with side slope of 1 horizontal to 4 vertical
Cipolleti
Q = 3.367 Weir LProblems:
h 3/2 (English) Cipolleti Weir Problems:
1

1.) Water is flowing over a Cipolletti weir of 4 meters 2.) The discharge over a trapezoidal weir is
= 75.96
long under a head of 1 meter. Compute the
discharge, if the coefficient of discharge for the weir
1.315 m3/s. the crest length is 2m and the
sides are inclined at 75.49 with the
is 0.6. horizontal. Find the head on the weir in
= 14.04 meters.
Solution:
Solution:
Given,
3
2
L = 4m Q= 1.859L H

H = 1m 3
1.315 = 1.859(2m) H 2

Cd = 0.62
H = 0.5m
We know that the discharge over the Cippoletti weir,

01/13/1 CE 4205
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA 3/7
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 TOPIC: FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
Pipes are closed conduits through which fluids or gases flows. Conduits may flow full or
partially full. Pipes are referred to as conduits (usually circular) which flow full. Conduits
flowing partially full are called open channels.

Laminar Flow It is said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles do not
cross or intersect
The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds number is less than 2000.

Turbulent Flow The path of individual particles cross each other

PRINCIPLE 3: Reynolds Number Dimensionless, it is the ratio of the inertia

force to viscous force

Where:
= mean velocity
D= pipe diameter
v = kinematic viscosity of the fluid
= absolute or dynamic viscosity
01/13/1 CE 4205
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA 4/7
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Reynolds Number Problems: Reynolds Number Problems:
1.) Find the reynolds number if a fluid of2.)
viscosity
Calculate the reynolds number if a fluid
0.4 Ns/m2 and relative density of 900flows through a diameter of 80 mm with
velocity 5 m/s having density of 1400
Kg/m3 through a 20 mm pipe with a Velocity of
3
2.5
m/s? Kg/m and having viscosity of 0.9 Kg/ms.

Solution: Solution:
Given: Diameter of pipe L = 80 mm,
Velocity of the fluid v = 5 m/s,
Viscosity of fluid = 0.4 Ns/m ,
2
Density of fluid = 1400 Kg/m3,
Density of fluid = 900 Kg/m ,3
Viscosity of fluid = 0.9 Kg/ms
Diameter of the fluid L = 20 10-3 m The Reynolds number is given by

The Reynolds formula is given by

1400 x 5 x 0.08
= 0.9
900 x 2.5 .2 x 0.001
= 0.4 = 622.22 > 2000; Laminar

= 112.5 < 2000; Laminar

PRINCIPLE 4: HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

Head Losses Problems: (Darcy)
A.) Darcy Weisbach Formula
2.) Oil with sp.gr 0.95 flows at 200 lit/sec
through a 500m of 200mm diameter pipe (f =
0.0225). Determine the head loss.
Where: Solution:
f = friction factor
L = length of pipe in meters or feet
D = pipe diameter in meters or feet
= mean velocity
0.0826 ( 0.0225 ) (500)(0.2)
= (0.2)5

01/13/1
7
hf = 116.2m
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA
CE 4205
HYDRAULICS
5/7
CRUZ
Head Losses Problems: (Darcy)
1.) A liquid having sp.gr. of 0.788 flows at
3.2m/s through a 100mm diameter pipelines
( f = 0.0158). Determine the head loss per
kilometer of pipe.
Solution:

0.0158 ( 1000 ) (3.2)

= 0.1(2)( 9.81)

hf = 82.5m

PRINCIPLE 4: HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

B.) Manning Formula
10,29 n LQ
16
hf =
D3

Where:
n = roughness ratio

Head Losses Problems: (Manning) Head Losses Problems:

by Calculate the friction head loss by
1.) Calculate the friction head loss 2.)
using Manning s equation for a using Manning s equation for a
commercial
commercial steel pipe (new) with 1.4 m steel pipe (new) with 2 m
diameter
diameter and a flowrate of 3.3 m3 /s at and a flowrate of 2.7 m3 /s at
100C water. 100C water.

Solution: n = 0.010; L =1000m Solution: n = 0.050; L =1100m

10,29 n LQ 10,29 n LQ
16
hf= 16 hf= 3
D 3 D

2
2
10,29 ( 0.010 ) ( 1000 ) 3.3 10,29 ( 0.050 ) ( 1100 ) 2.7
hf = 16 hf = 16

1.4 3 23

hf = 1.86m hf = 5.12m

01/13/1 CE 4205
ENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA 6/7
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 PRINCIPLE 4: HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

C.) Hazen William

1.85
10, 67 LQ
hf = C 1.85 D 4.87

Where:
C = Hazen Williams coefficient
D = Diameter of pipe
R = Hydraulic Radius
Hf
S = Slope of EGL = L

Head Losses Problems: (Hazen Williams) Head Losses Problems: (Hazen Williams)

1.) .) Calculate the friction head loss by
using Hazen Williams equation for a
commercial steel pipe (new) with 1.4 m
diameter and a flowrate of 3.3 m3 /s at
100C water.
2.) Calculate the friction head loss by
using Hazen Williams equation for a
commercial steel pipe (new) with 1.5 m
diameter and a flowrate of 4.3 m3 /s at
100C water.

Solution: c = 140; L =1000m Solution: c = 150; L =1000m

10,67 L Q 1.85 10,67 L Q 1.85

hf = 1.85
C D
4.87 hf = 1.85
C D
4.87

1000 12 00
3.3 4 .3

hf = 1.85 hf = 1.85
10,67 10,67

hf = 01/13/1
2.02mENGR. SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA hf = 5m CE 4205 7/7
7 HYDRAULICS
CRUZ