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By default, the IP precedence bits (or first three bits of DSCP field) of IP header
are copied to the EXP bits of all imposed labels at the ingress LSR.
The default behaviour in Cisco IOS is to copy the IP precedence value to EXP bits
when an IP packet arrives at the ingress LSR. If six bits of DSCP field are used, only
first three bits are copied to the EXP bits of the label.
By default, the EXP bits of the incoming label are copied onto the swapped
outgoing label and to any label pushed onto that packet.
Forwarding a label in disposition mode means that the label is popped. When the
router forwards a labelled packet and then issues a POP, the EXP bits are not copied
onto any of the exposed label or to the IP Precedence field (or DSCP field) of the IP
header if the packet becomes unlabeled. Hence, the EXP bits of the newly exposed
label remain unchanged.
By default, the EXP bits are not copied to the EXP bits of the newly exposed
label when the incoming label is popped.
By default, the EXP bits are not copied to the IP precedence or DSCP field of the
IP header when the incoming label is popped and the packet becomes unlabeled.
MPLS QoS Rule 5:
When you change the EXP bits through manual configuration (using MQC), the
value of the EXP bits in the labels other than the top label, the swapped label, or
the imposed labels and the IP precedence bits or DSCP bits in the IP header
remain unchanged.
Only the top label receives the new manually configured EXP value. The labels
underneath the top label in the label stack do not receive the new EXP value.
Hence, according to Rule 4 & 5, the QoS value of the IP packet can be transported
through the MPLS network without change.
If an IP packet arrives at the Ingress LSR, its IP Precedence (or first 3 bits of DSCP
field) is copied to the EXP bits of the label/s.
If a labeled packet arrives at the LSR, the EXP bits of incoming top label are copied
on to the swapped or newly pushed label/s.
If a labeled packet arrives at the LSR and if the top label (or label stack) is popped,
then the EXP bits are not copied to the newly exposed label, or to IP Precedence (or
DSCP bits) of the IP header
DiffServ Tunnelling Models:
Pipe Model:
1. On the ingress LSR, the LSP DiffServ information is NOT necessarily (but
might be) derived from the Tunnelled DiffServ information.
2. On P routers, the outgoing LSP DiffServ information is derived from the
incoming LSP DiffServ information.
3. On the egress LSR, the forwarding treatment of the packet is based on the LSP
DiffServ information, and the LSP DiffServ information is NOT propagated
to the Tunnelled DiffServ information.
1. On the ingress LSR, the LSP DiffServ information is NOT necessarily (but
might be) derived from the Tunnelled DiffServ information.
2. On P routers, the outgoing LSP DiffServ information is derived from the
incoming LSP DiffServ information.
3. On the egress LSR, the forwarding treatment of the packet is based on the
Tunnelled DiffServ information, and the LSP DiffServ information is NOT
propagated to the Tunnelled DiffServ information.
Uniform Model:
1. On the ingress LSR, the LSP DiffServ information MUST be derived from the
Tunnelled DiffServ information.
2. On P routers, the outgoing LSP DiffServ information is derived from the
incoming LSP DiffServ information.
3. On the egress LSR, the LSP DiffServ information MUST be propagated to the
Tunnelled DiffServ information.
Important Points:
By default, PHP is enabled in most MPLS networks. That means, the egress
LSR advertises Implicit Null label to its upstream LSR (aka PHP router).
In that case, the PHP router pops the label and hence the LSP DiffServ
information is lost.
To avoid this behaviour, the egress LSR should advertise Explicit Null label to
its upstream LSR. In this way, the EXP bits information is preserved and
never lost.
In MPLS VPN case, if the P router manipulates the EXP bits of the top label,
the EXP bits information in the bottom label (that was assigned at the ingress
LSR), is still preserved.
The following command sets the EXP bits in the pushed label/s-
The value is 0 to 7.
Label imposition:
Label Swapping:
Label Disposition: