SPE
socsewof
SPE 14848
INVESTIGATION ON THE APPLICATIONS OF
STATISTICAL FORMATION DRILLABILITY
by Yin Hongjin,
East China Petroleum Institute
CopyI19ht19S6. Soclefy of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was presented al the SPE 198S lntemaoonal Meeting on Petroleum Enginwrmg held m 13eyng.China March 17-20. 19SS.The materialis
sublacttocorractlonby the aulhor. Pefmmaionto copy is restricted10an abstractof nol more than 300 words.Write SPE, P.O. Sox 83383S. Richardson,
Texaa 750S3-3SSS.Telex: 730989 SPE DAL.
ABSTRACT
An equal probability correlation of bit type and formation
drillabiiity grades has been established with experimental and
statistical methods. The variation of drillability with depth has been
studied. The empirical equations of driilability varying Mith depth is
checked with a parametric equation of drilling rate. Useful
information of macroscopic formation dtillability can be derived
from statistical analysis of abundant individual microbit driilability
testing results.
INTRODUCTION
The formation drillabiiity has been the focus of interest of the
drilling personnel all over the world. The concept of driliability was
presented after the advent of rotary driiiing (l). Many investigators
studied the rock properties for an insight of ita drillability (2), while
some others preferred testing with microbits (1, 3, 4). R has been
generaily accepted that the best way to quantify the interaction of
rock formation with roiling cutters is a direct driiling test (1, 3, 4).
Recentiy papers relating driiling parameters to formation properties
have been pubiished (5). It is weii known that all research efforts on
drillability made before have been based on the assumption of a
homogeneous fcrmation inferred from representative rock sampies.
In fact, the formation drilled are mainly heterogeneous.
This paper introduc8J an experimental and a statistical
approach for studying the drillabi!ity of forhfation drilled. This
approach gives a quantitative correlation of various parameters.
The formations studied can be taken as non-homogeneous instead
of the traditional assumption of homogeneity, and a macroscopic
evaluation of the formation as a whole can be evolved from
individual driilabiiity test. A representative evaluation of the
formation can thus be found from some of its quanthative
information of drillability. An equal probability correlation of the
formation grade and bit type has also been established, which
provides a basis for the seiection of bit type. The formation grade
can be calculated by using an empirical equation of driilability
varying with depth instead of a rough estimate. This paper presents
the results of investigation and the application for bit type
Gelection, the method of estimating and checking the grade of
formation drilied, The conformity of the estimated to the actual
drillabiiity is discussed.
507
Rtas$wmfEnweere
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF FORMATION DRILLABILITY
Conditional Drtllabiiity
A statistical analysis of formation driiiability comes from
experimental observation of a large number of samples. The
microbit test is preferred on account of its direct testing of core
samples, simplicity of operation and reasonable cost. Furthermore,
a large number of data can be obtained for macroscopic and
correlation analysis. The apparatus and microbits used are shown
in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Their specifications are as follows:
1. Weight on bit: 90 kg. (variable)
2. Rotational speed: 55 rpm.
3. Diameter of bit: 1% (the lower one in Fig. 2), 16 mm (the upper
one in Fig. 2, WOB 45 kg)
~ Drilling depth: 2.4 mm
The drilling time in seconds of each test under the specified
conditions mentioned above is measured, which is converted to
drillability grade and printed out after each test. The formation
drillabiiity measured is referred to aa a conditional driilability
because of its fixed testing conditions. The conditions! drillability is
a characteristic with good reproducibility, which is usefui for
comparison and practical application.
Probability Distribution
A mixed sample of size 324 was taken from eight oil-fields
inciuding Daqing, Dagang, Shengii, Huabei, Jiangsu, Jianghan,
Sichuan and Changqing, and hree regional samples from Daqing,
Henan and Changqlng were taken with sample size of 361,1566 and
615 respectively in order to generate a distribution function. A
statistical anaiysis of the testing data of these samples gives the
following resuits.
1, Take the logarithm of drilling time T to base 2 as the formation
driilability grade expressed as Kd, we 9et
K, =log2T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(1)
where Kd is the conditional driliabiiity grade, or for simplicity
the grade, which is a numerical expression of formation
classification.
2. Divide the grade into ten intervals expressed by Roman
numerais, we have
i. (Kd c 2) II. (2c=t(d3)
IV. (4 < = K, 5)
iii. (3 < = K~ 4)

2 INVESTIGATION ON
V. (5c=K~6) VI, (6<=
V1l. (7 < = K, 8) Vlll. (8 < = K, 9)
lx. (9 < = ~ 10) X. (K, > 10)
This gives a statistical classification with well defined
probability distribution.
3. The probability distribution of the sample population is
derived, and a goodness of fit test is made by means of the
criterion of Koimogolov. An example of the mixed sample
distribution is given in Appendix A. The resuits of testing of the
mixed sampie, of the three regionai samples and of some
continuous sampling of borehole intervals are also given in
Appendix A. The conclusion is that a normal distribution can
be accepted. The normal distribution of formation sample
population is the thoreticai basis for application. The
probability density is
f(&) = lexp(-(Kd - %)212S2)1
/ =(1x1
4. The distribution mean of K~ is
Ed= (iogzT1 + iogzT2 + . . c + iogzTM)/N. . . . . . . . . . (3)
and the distribution variance of K~ is
(iogzT, KJ2 + (iogzTa &) + . . . + (iog2T. &)
S2 =
N1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)
where K~ gives a measure of the central location of the
distribution and is a representative vaiue of the formation
sampie population, S is the fluctuation of grade Kd, N is the
sample size. For the mixed sampie, & = 5.4436, S = 1.7496.
The probability of an intervai between two arbitrarily
chosen grades might be calculated conveniently by using
characteristic vaiues of the probability distribution Ka and S.
For instance, the probability of the mixed sampie, when K~ =
3.4, is
K,-~ 3.41-7:*36
P1.ts 3.41 = $(u) = f( ~ )=f(
consulting probability tabie, we have d(-1.1509) = 0.1249. The
probability calculation gives the quantitative information of
formation drillabiiity.
CORRELATION BASED ON EQUAL PROBABILITY
The selection of bit type based on formation driilabiiity means
that there must be one bit type fitted into one grade of formation
driiiabiiity with best bit performance. it is necessary to estabiish the
correlation between formation driilabiiity and bit type. The equai
probability correlation existed between them can be obtained from
the statistical results of bits used and from the probability distribu-
tion of formation driliabiiity. Here is an equai probability correlation
of the statistical resuits, as shown in Table 1, made from the data
in Compiete sets of bit types at various depth of welis in China for
1979 with the probability distribution of the formation drillabiiity of
the mixed sampie (6). Equai probability correlation is illustrated by
taking JR type bits as an example. From Tabie 1, read the actuai
probability of bit type JR in ail oiifields to be 0.1249, which is an in.
ference drawn from the materiais of the complete sets of bits used
in China, and probability 0.1249 corresponds to a drillabliity grade
3.4. Therefore, the bit type JR does corresponds to a furmation
driiiabiiity grade 3.4 or less. Its physical significance is that a very
soft typa of bit JR fits a very soft formation. The equai probabiiit y
correlation tabuiated in Table 1 is the basis of selecting bit type with
respect to formation driiiability. For convenience, the formation
driliability is rounded off to a whoie number. Then the equai
probability correlation is tabuiated as row 1 and row 5 in Tabie 1.
THE APPLICATIONSOF STATISTICALFORMATIONDRILLABILITY SPE 14S46
Kd7) Check on Equal Probablllty Correlatiorr
To find out the actual formatiomto.bit correspondence, it is
neoessary to determine the drillabiiity grade of formation in the area
under study. A great many core sampies were testad in three oil.
fields, and a statistical calculation was made in accordance with
each geological formation to determine the drillabliity grade, For
detaiis, sea Appendix B. The determination of driilabiiity grade is
based on its probability distribution. The distribution mean can be
used ae a representative value of each geological formation, which
Is the best estimate of the mathematical expeotatlon. On the other
hand, it is aiso neoessary to seiect a blt type which is most efficient
in the formatioil to be graded, The costs of all bits used in this
formation are calculated and a bit type with the ieast cost, Y/M, is
chosen. Then the actuai correlation between the formation grade
and bit type is found out. Tabuiated in Tabie 2 is the actuai
correlation of the formation grade to bit type in each geoicgicai
formation in 6ongilao Basin.
< K~ e *) . . (2)
The correlation of formation grade to bit type in Songliao Basin
is the same as the equal probability correlation. The fact shows that
the equai probability correlation htween formation grade and bit
type !s of universal significance in bit type seleotion, Moreover, it
gave a way for using statistical method in driliing teohnoiogy.
it shouid be pointed out that insert bits are usuaiiy used in
deeper and Compiex formations instead of miiled tooth bits. This
ty?e of bit is wear-resisting, adaptabie to wider grades of formation.
Tne bit runs, however, are less, and the correlation of formations to
insert bit type has not been establjshad yet.
VARiATION OF FORMATiON DRILLABILITY WITH DEPTH
It can be seen from Tabie 2 that the driilabiiity grade increases
with depth. The observed decreasing driiiing rate with depth shows
that the deeper the weli, the harder la the formation, but up to now
no correiatkm has been presented yet, The conditional driiiabiiit y
) = J(-I .1509) measured with core samples taken at various depth can be
expressed by an empiricai equation. This not oniy facilitates its
application, but aiso heips the understanding of the macroscopic
feature of formation driiiabiiity. The following are three empiricai
equations of driiiabiiity K6 with depth H(M) in formations of three
gsologicai eras respectively obtained by regression of the data.
In Cenozoic formations (Shuanghe Oiifieid in Nanyang Basin)
K~ =0.00156 H + 0.670 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(5)
in Mesozoic formations (Daqing Oiifieid in Songliao Basin)
Kd =0,001491 H + 1.4566 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(6)
In Paiaozoic formations (Changqing Oilfieid in Shanganning
Basin, Ningxia Autonomous region)
Kd =0,002060H + 2 .5037. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(7)
Each empiricai equation puts a iarge number of drillabiiity data
together in the form of two constants, i.e. its slope (gradient) and
intercept. The prediction of formation driiiabiiity can thus be
simplified into mathematical manipuiatior?.
Exampie 1. Estimate the average formation driliabiiity grade
at the intervai of depth 1500-2000 meters in the area of Daqing
Oiifieid.
Using empiricai equation(6), put H - (1500 + 2000)12 into Eq.
(6), we have
Kd = o.oo1494*(1500 + 2000) I 2 + 1.4566 = 4.07 (ans.)
PARAM~RIC DRiLLiNG RATE EQUATION
Based on statistical principles, a parametric driiiing rate
equation can be derived relating the actual driiiing rate with
508

SPE 1484S
formation grade. The following are three parametric drilling rate
equationa for three geological eras in three Basins (7).
In Cenozoic formations (Shuanghe Oilfield in Nanyang Basin)
v =21u~~/~7u)0~+0ww,,... . . . . . . ...(8)
In Mesozoic formations (Daqing Oilfield in Songliao Basin)
v = l~7W2W12-73~w~s&07w ,, .....,..
In Paleozoic formations (Shanganning Basin, Changqing
Oilfield)
1
v = 20.7211 (%V/10.0581)02wm&
-0~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (10)
where % = formation grade.
Procedures of deriving equations (8), (9) and (10) are similar.
The rotary speed, bit hydraulic horsepower, mud density, etc. used
in deriving each equation are taken as reference. Each equation can
be used only for the same conditions aa specified. If not, the local
conditions should be converted into the reference ones with an
empirical equation.
Example 2. Suppose that the bit diameter is 8/2, weight on
blt 15 tonnes, the condltiona of bit run ia the same as specified in
Eq. (9), What is the average drilling rate?
Calculate unit weight on bit, W/D = 15/8.5 = 1.77 tonlin, enter
W/D and I& (Sea example 1) into equation (9), we obtain the initial
drilllng rate
Vo = 1.777328(1.7712-73)0wm5 40 + 07- = 4.35
The average drilling rate V = 0.714.35 = 3.1 mlhr, where 0.71
is a conversion coefficient from initial to average drilling rate, based
on experimental data in the Daqing Oilfield.
MONITORING OF FORMATION DRILLABILITV
Solve equation (6),(9) or (10) for&we have an equation K~ =
f(v, w, . . .). The formation grade Kd can be calculated by
substituting given values of V and W. For example, take the
conditions of Examples 1 and 2, V = 435 tihr and w = 1.77 tonh
the formation drillability grade can be calculated K. = 4.37. This
is an actual drillabllity derived from the measured drilling rate from
the bit running at the bottom of the hole. Monitoring of formation
drillabillty while drilling helps us to know the formation features at
any instant and analyse the problem encountered. For instance,
increased drilllrrg rate or decreased K~ may be caused by (1) S. 3
formation (2)entering into a high pressure zone(3) low mud density,
etc. Decreased drilling rate or increased K~ maybe caused by (1)
hard formation (2) dulled bit (3) increased differential pressure, etc.
Even though for wells already drilled, K~ can be used for analysing
bit performance, drilling parameters and so on.
CONFORMITY OF DRILLABILITY
The drillability in a drilling rate equation may be (1) an average
formation drillability grade K~, (2) a drillabillty varying with depth
K~ and (3) a drillability monitored while drilling Ko. The accuracY
of estimating drilling rate is decided directly by the conformity of
drillability with the actual situation. K. is the best of these three
parameters. It is, however, only used for monitoring while drilling.
The most convenient one for well design is the drillability varying
with depth Km Its conformity with the actual situation is defined
aa F. We have
F = l-l(K6-K~/K,1
where K~ is the actual drillability monitored. Given weight on bit
and drilling rate, we obtain K~ from Equation (8), (9) or (10). it is
actual drillability. It is clear that as conformity F approaches unity
the driliability varying with depth K~ gets close to the actual
3
Yin Hongjin
situation. The conformity distribution of K~ for the drilling data
from three oilfieids each with one well is given in Table 3, It is
obvious that conformity of F > 0.8 is of about 60 percent and
conformity of F e 0.8 is of about 20 percent, Such an accuracy of
estimation is acceptable in well design.
Data of F in Table 3 were calculated per joint (Well
Shuang$l17), per 10 meters (Well Gu.20) and per bit run (well
(9)
Ren-5). The variation of K~ with dePth in each well was calculated
and plotted in the graph and marked with dots. A solid line
exmessea drillability varying with depth K~, and two dotted lines
are the boundaries of conformity of 0.8. Fig. 3a, 3b and 3Care hree
charts representing a conformity of K~ in Cenozoic formations,
Nanyang Basin, in Mesozoic formations, Songllao Basin an Y in
Paleozoic formation, Shanganning Basin respectively. The
fluctuation of actual drillability Ka and its change with dept~ can
be seen from Fig, 3a, 3b and 30. It can be seen from above thiit 80
percent of formation drillability K. estimated from equation (5i (6)
(7) has the conformity of 0.8, so the accuracy is enough for :he
drilling designs.
OTHER AALD21CATIONS
The statistical analysis of drillability gives some idea of the
formation studied, i.e. amount of each grade, rock strength,
variation with depth, dip angle and soon. In addition, the statistical
approach helps us to establish correlation of drillability with other
operation factors so it is widely used. For example:
1. Estimation of the amount of formation of each grade in the
whole country or in every oilfield for planning the number of
bits needed and bit production.
2. Statistical classification of fonmation drillability as the basis of
production quota and well design.
3. Calculation of the threshold weight on bit for drilling rate
equation instead of doing expensive drilling test in oilfield.
4. Studying the relation of drillability with dip angle of formation
for controlling the deviation of the hole, etc.
CONCLUSIONS
1, Useful formation information can be obtained from conditional
drillability. Microbit testing may become a useful tool for
acquiring the formation information.
2. Equal probability correlation of formation to bit and parametric
drilling rate equation are established statistically based on
abundant drillktg data, and are used effectively for bit selection
and monitoring formation drillability while drilling. The
correlation procedure is simple and can be updated easily.
3. The empirical equation of drawability varying with depth made
statistically generalizes the formation sample population and
represents the characteristic of individual heterogeneous
formations. Formation drillability can be calculated mathe
matlcally and easily instead of a rough estimate.
NOMENCLATURE
H= Depth, meter
K, = Formation drillability grade
K, = Drillability varying with depth
Kd = Monitored formation drillability while drilling
N= Sample size
s= Grade fluctuation
T = Time for drilling a crater 2.4 millimeters deep, second
w= Weight on bit, tonlin
509
4 INVESTIGATION ON THE APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICAL FORMATION DRILLABILITV SPE III&@

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE 3 DISTRIBUTiON OF Conformity OF i(~ OF EACH

WELL TO K~
The author wishes to express his thanks to the Research
Institute of Drilling in Henan, Daqing and Changqing Oilfield for Percent conformity of each range
Geoiogicai age (weii)
their cooperation which has made possible this investigation. <0.5 0.54).6 0.6-0.70 .7-0.80.8.0.9 0.9-1.0

Cenozoic (Shuang%l 17) 3.0 2.3 3.1 11.5 34.4 45.8

REFERENCES Mesozoic (Gu - 20) o 1.8 1.8 14.0 38.6 43.9
Paleozoic (Ren 5) 3.4 0 0 10,3 20.7 65.6
(1) C. G. White, A Rock Drillability Index, Quarterly of the
Colorado School of Mines, Vol. 84, No. 2, 19S9.
(2) L. A. Shreinire, Physical MWhanics of Rock, Gostoptenizdat,
Moscow, 1950. Appendix A
(3) A. L. Head, Jr. A Driiiabiiity Ciasaification of Geological GOODNESS OF FiT TEST FOR DISTRIBUTION
Formations, World Oii, 1951, Voi. 133, No. 5, P. 125-138. OF FORMATfON DRiLLABILITY GRADE
(4) A. G. Roilow, Rock Mechanics, Pergamon Press, Oxford,
London, 1983, P. 93. Suppose we put nuil hypothesis Ho: The formation driilabiiity
(5) R. A. Cunningham, An Empiricai Approach for Reiating grade is distributed aa a normal distribution function N(K,, S2).
Drilling Parameters, JPT, Juiy 1978, P. 9S7. The mixed sampie of size 324 ia teeted as foliows.
(6) Yin Hongjin, Statistical Classification of the Driilabiiity of the 1. Divide the data of grade into tweive groups with the intervais:
Formations Driiiad in Oii Fieids, Journai of East China 0,0.1,1.2, . . . . ...10.
Petroieum institute, 1980, No. 2, P. 24. 2. Compute observed frequency, observed cumulative frequency,
(7) Unpublished Reports, Driiiing Research institutes in Daqing, reiative frequency and relative cumulative frequency Fn(x,) of
Henan and Changqing Olifieids. the data in each intervai.
3. Compute the mean& = 5.4436 and the varience S2 = 1.74W12.
Calcuiate probability (expected frequency) and cumulative
probability F(x,) in each interval by using the probability
function
TABLE 1 EQUAL PROBABILITY CORRELATION OF BIT TYPE
WiTH FORMATION GRADE F(x) = _&_j:We-2 dt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(A.l)

where x = t = (x - 5.4438)/1 .7498

Medium Medium Very
Name e~ soft soft Medium hard Hard 5. Caicuiate
soft hard
Dm=lFn(xi) -F(x,)l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (A-Z)
1 Bit type JR R ~R
Z ZY Y JY 6. Tabulate the resuits calculated above aa shown in Table Al.
symboi
Test the distribution with the criterion of Koimogorov, From
2 ~~ amount 12.49 15.55 15.23 28.36 13.95 14.18 0.23 Table Al, read the maximum difference between population
distribution F(x,) and experimental distribution Fn(x,),
3 Probability 0.12490.2804 0.4327 0.7183 0.85580.97760.9999 D = 0.030.
4 DrillabilitY 3.4 4.4 5.1 D%ne a teat statistic i
6.4 7.3 i3.4 > 10.4
grade A= fiD . . . . . . . . ..c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (A-3)
5 Formation < IV ,V v Calcuiate,
vi WI V1l-x > x
grade
A= m x 0.03020.54
Read from P(l) Function Tabie, we obtain
P(A) = 0.9325
TABLE 2 CORRELATION OF FORMATION GRADE TO Specify a ievei of significance, a = 0.05, we have
BIT TYPE IN SONGLiAO BASIN
P(L) = a = 0.05
Formation Grade Bit Type P(A) > qh). We accept the nuii hypothesis, Ho, that the
formation dri!lability grade is distributed as N
Format ion Grade Bit mark Sub-total Y/M Total Y/M Type (5.4438, 1.74982)at the 5 percent significance Ievei.
Upper Cretaceous II - The formation driiiabiiity distributions in a few oiifieids and in
some intervals of weiis are also approximately noimai distributions
Nenjiong iii4V 215R 33 37.9 66 55.8 R We accept Ho, becauae of P(L)>0.05. The foilowing are the resuits:
Yaojia Iv HPR 31 67.4 49 74.1 R A = 0.54, P(A) = 0.9325, for mixed sampie, N = 324
Oingshankou Iv Y190R 48 72.9 102 127.5 R A = 0.354, Fll) = 0.88W, for Henan oilfield samoie, N = 88
A = 0.809, P(A)= 0.7278, for Songiiao Basin sample, N = 132
~:r:$:: eoouku v-viii - - A = 0.757, P(A)= O.~lW, for Weil Shuangguan.17, N = 154
A = 0.368, P(A)= 0.999Z for Weli Gu-51O,N = 235

510
*

,
SPE14848 Yin Hongjin

TABLE A.1 THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF

DRILLABILITY GRADE

Cumulative Cumulative
Obaarved Relative Cumulative Fn(X,)
Interval observad reiative Probability
frequency frequency probability - F(X,)
frequency frequancy F(X,)
.
o 2 2 0.006 o.@6 0.001 0,001 0.005
0-1 5 7 0.016 0.022 0.005 0.006 0.016
1-2 9 16 0.028 0.049 0.018 0.024 0.025
2.3 10 26 0.031 0.060 0,056 0.082 0.002
3-4 35 61 0.106 0.166 0.123 0.205 0.017
4-5 59 120 0.162 0,370 0.195 0.400 0.030.DA,,
5-6 92 212 0.264 0.654 0.226 0,626 0.028
6-7 61 273 0.166 0.643 0.187 0.813 0.030.DW,.
7.8 27 300 0.063 0.926 0.115 0.926 0.002
8-9 17 317 0.052 0.978 0.051 0.978 0.001
9-10 4 321 0.013 0.531 0.017 0.995 0:004
> 10 3 324 0.009 1Sn)o 0.0038 1.000 0.001

Appandlx Et

The drillat?iiity grade of each geological !ormation, In three areas is graded by arithmetical mean of the data obtained from core samples
in each formation. The results are tabulated in Table B-1.

TABLE B.1 FORMATION GRADE IN THREE AREAS

Represantdlve
Arm Era Period Formation Fluctuation
gfeda

HEA 3.05
HEB-1 3.08
HEW! 3.18
HEB-3 4.39
Nanyang
Basin
Cenozoic Tertiary HEC.1
HEC2
3.96
3.09
I
HEC.3 4,15
DACANFANG
YUHUANGDING 4.42 I
MINGSHUI 1.65 + /-0.7
SIFANGTAI 1.34 +/-1.0
NEN D 2.60 +/-1.2
NEN C 3.32 + /-2.0
NEN B 4.52 +/-1.0
YAO BC 4.44 + /-0.5
Songliao YAO A 4.38 + 1-0.9
Mesozoic Cretaceous
Basin OING EC 4.59 + /-0.8
QING A 4.24 +/-1.0
QUAN D 4.74 + /-0.5
QUAN C 5.34 +/-1.3
QUAN t3 6.32 +1-1.5
QUAN A 6.16 + /-0.4
DENA D 6.86 +/-1.5
7.57 +/-2.1
HUANHE 2.529 + /-1 .552
HUACHI 2.952 + /-0.525
LUOHE 3.393 + /-0.729

ANDING 3.666 + /-0.811 I

ZHILUO 3.825 + /2.053
Jurassic
YANAN 4.452 +/ 1.036
FUXIAN 4.680 + /0.653

Shanganning YANCHANG 4.630 + /-,0.756

Triassic
Basin LKJJIAGOU 5.52 + /-0.80
SHIOIANFENG 4.56 + /-0.29
Permian
SHANXI 3.90 +/-1.46

Ordovician 7.39 + / -0.97

Paleozoic
Cambrian 7.48 + f- 0,67
- . . . . -. .-

511
 Fig. 1 Apparatus of Microbit Test

Fig. 2
m
Microbits
Uppec 16 mm
Lowec 1%

512
 , ,
~0.8

~
50.9 . I

1.0
-1
I
1.1
1
I
1.2 . 1

1.3 -

1.4 - I
I

1.5 -
1

I
1.6 -

1 1 I
I 4
3 5
1.7 -
Formation Grade Kd
I
3b
1.8 .

1.9 I
\
\
2.0 \
\
\
2. 1-
\
1 \
2. 2- -0.8 1 +0.1
1 \
2 3 4 5
\
Formation Grade Kd
\

\
3a \

\\ 4 \\
\
i
\
Fig. 3 Charts of Conformity of Kd h Three \
Geological Formations
3a Cenozoic formations.
3b Mezozoic formations.
3C Paleozoic formations.
K~ monitored at wells Shuang 6-117(3a), +0.8
-0.8
Gu-20(3b), Ren-5(3d). 4 5 b ~7
Formation Grade Kd
.3C

513


I
~ 40
u
m
.

II I I
t

0.3
zEmllil
0.2
m
o.IL I rlllzl~ 0.1
0,1 0.20.30 .40.6 1.0
Weight on bit Weight on bi
tlinch tlinct

Weight on bit
tlinch

514