International Journal of Solids and Structures 47 (2010) 2533

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International Journal of Solids and Structures

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijsolstr

Elastic deformation of composite cylinders with cylindrically orthotropic layers

Igor Tsukrov *, Borys Drach
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper provides explicit analytical expressions for displacement and stress elds in a multilayered
Received 13 July 2009 composite cylinder with cylindrically orthotropic layers subjected to homogeneous boundary conditions.
Received in revised form 31 August 2009 The solutions are derived in the assumption of perfect bonding between layers. The components of dis-
Available online 10 September 2009
placement, strain and stress are expressed in terms of the integration constants found from boundary
conditions by utilizing the transfer matrix approach. Several examples are considered. The approach is
Keywords: validated by comparing with previously known solutions.
Laminated cylinder
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Composite ber
Cylindrically orthotropic elasticity

1. Introduction thermomechanical loading of a cylindrically orthotropic ber sur-

Elasticity solutions for layered bers and cylindrical inclusions
are of interest in several important areas of mechanics of materials
including composites reinforced by bers with imperfect or modi-
ed interface modeled as a certain interphase zone (as in Hashin,
2002), nanowires in semiconductors (see references in Shokro-
lahi-Zadeh and Shodja, 2008), composites with coated bers (see,
for example, Honjo, 2006), and carbon/carbon composites pro-
duced by chemical vapor inltration (Reznik et al., 2003; Tsukrov
et al., 2005). The ability to quantify deformations and stresses in
interphase regions increases in importance with introduction and
development of nanoreinforced materials characterized by several
orders of magnitude increase in interface surface to volume ratio as
compared to conventional composites.
Most of the available results dealing with interphase zones in
composite materials are devoted to spherical and ellipsoidal heter-
ogeneities, see Lutz and Zimmerman (1996, 2005), Garboczi and
Bentz (1997), Wang and Jasiuk (1998), Sevostianov and Kachanov
(2007), and references cited therein.
For cylindrical inclusions, i.e. bers, the important solutions rel-
evant to prediction of the effective elastic and thermoelastic prop-
erties can be found in Hashin and Rosen (1964), Walpole (1969),
Christensen and Lo (1979), and later works of Avery and Herako-
vich (1986), Kanaun and Kudriavtseva (1989), Hashin (1990,
2002), Chen et al. (1990), and Herv and Zaoui (1995). In particular,
for anisotropic constituents, Avery and Herakovich (1986) derived
an analytical solution for a cylindrically orthotropic ber in an
isotropic matrix subjected to thermal stresses (traction-free axi-
symmetric problem), and investigated the inuence of ber ortho-
tropy on stress concentrations. Chen et al. (1990) considered
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 603 862 2086; fax: +1 603 862 1865.
E-mail address: igor.tsukrov@unh.edu (I. Tsukrov).
rounded by transversely isotropic coating and placed in an innite
transversely isotropic matrix. For this three-phase material system,
they produced solutions for the remotely applied axisymmetric,
transverse shear and longitudinal shear loadings. The solutions
were then used to predict the effective thermoelastic properties
of the composites reinforced by coated bers (Chen et al., 1990;
Benveniste et al., 1991). In approximately the same time, Hashin
(1990) analyzed a composite cylinder consisting of a ber sur-
rounded by a nite-thickness layer with both materials being
cylindrically orthotropic. He solved the corresponding elasticity
and conductivity problems utilizing homogeneous boundary con-
ditions on the external surfaces, and produced predictions of the
effective transversely isotropic elastic and conductive properties
of the composite.
Recently, Honjo (2006) calculated thermal stresses and effective
material parameters in the ceramic matrix composites reinforced
by bers coated with a layer of pyrolytic carbon. By considering dif-
ferent levels of anisotropy, he demonstrated the importance of tak-
ing into account the cylindrically-orthotropic nature of interfacial
carbon coating. Shokrolahi-Zadeh and Shodja (2008) investigated
elastic elds in the anisotropic layered cylinders embedded in an
unbounded elastic isotropic medium. They utilized their modica-
tion of the equivalent inclusion method to produce methodology
suitable for general far-eld loading. Theotokoglou and Stampou-
loglou (2008) considered in-plane axisymmetric geometries. They
produced mathematical formulation for a radially inhomogeneous
cylindrically anisotropic material, and derived solutions for certain
distributions of Youngs modulus in the isotropic case.
Several publications have been devoted to hollow elastic tubes
subjected to various boundary conditions. Gal and Dvorkin (1995)
considered a plane strain problem for a cylindrically anisotropic
tube subjected to the inside and outside pressure (a generalization

0020-7683/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.09.005
26 I. Tsukrov, B. Drach / International Journal of Solids and Structures 47 (2010) 2533

of the classical Lam problem). One of their interesting observa- Z

tions was that, differently from the isotropic case, the anisotropic
solution does not converge to any asymptotic value as the outer Y
radius increases. Tarn and Wang (2001) provided an efcient
r
approach to nding deformations and stresses in laminated aniso-
X
tropic tubes subjected to extension, torsion, pressure, and bending.
They proposed using stress components multiplied by radius as
new state variables, and utilized the transfer matrix procedure to Rn
transmit the state vector to the outer surface where boundary con-
ditions can be applied. Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2008) investigated
effective elastic properties of an anisotropic hollow layered tube
with discontinuous elastic coefcients and produced predictions
of effective response under torsion and axisymmetric loading. h
Their paper also includes the most recent bibliography on mechan-
ics of laminated (with isotropic or anisotropic layers) hollow tubes.
Only two of the above-mentioned papers deal with the situation
when both the inner cylinder (ber) and the surrounding material
(matrix) are non-isotropic. However, the solutions of Hashin
(1990) are limited to only one layer of a cylindrically-orthotropic
material around ber, while in Shokrolahi-Zadeh and Shodja
(2008) the boundary conditions have to be applied at innity.
These deciencies are addressed in the present paper which pro-
vides explicit expressions for stress and displacement elds in a Fig. 1. Composite cylinder assemblage.
multilayered composite cylinder with an arbitrary number of
cylindrically orthotropic layers subjected to the boundary condi-
tions assigned on the lateral surface of the outer cylinder of nite The height of the cylinder is h h=2 6 z 6 h=2. Some of the
radius. The following basic homogeneous loading conditions are elastic solutions presented in this paper are derived for the in-
considered: axial tension/compression, transverse hydrostatic nitely long cylinder h ! 1.
loading, transverse shear, and axial shear loadings. The material In the text to follow, parameters associated with a certain layer
in each layer is modeled as linearly elastic; the strains are small. will be denoted by the layer number shown as a superscript or a
The general form of the solutions is chosen in the form presented subscript depending on the convenience of presentation. A special
in Hashin (1990). The layers are assumed to be perfectly bonded comment will be made when there is a possibility of confusion
so that the transfer matrices approach described, for example, in with other indices.
Herv and Zaoui (1995) can be utilized. The layers are assumed to be perfectly bonded, so the displace-
The mathematical formulation is given in Section 2. Sections 35 ments and radial components of traction are continuous through
are devoted to axisymmetric problems, axial shear and transverse the interface between any two adjacent layers k and k 1:
shear, respectively. In Section 6 several test problems are solved k k1
uk k1
r Rk ur Rk ; uh Rk uh Rk ;
to illustrate the proposed solution procedure. The results are com-
pared with the existing solutions, when available, to validate the uk
z Rk uk1
z Rk ;
2
approach. r k
rk1
k k1
Rk ; rrh Rk rrh Rk ;
rr Rk rr
k k1
rrz Rk rrz Rk :
2. Formulation of the problem
The equilibrium equations in the absence of body forces are as
follows:
Let us consider a material system consisting of a cylindrically-
orthotropic or transversely isotropic cylinder of radius R1 sur- orrr 1 orrh orrz rrr  rhh
0;
rounded by n  1 concentric layers Rk1 6 r 6 Rk ; k 2; . . . ; n or r oh oz r
where r, h, z are the coordinates in the cylindrical coordinate sys- orhr 1 orhh orhz 2rhr
0; 3
tem as shown in Fig. 1. Each layer is cylindrically orthotropic so or r oh oz r
that the stressstrain relations can be presented in the following orzr 1 orzh orzz rzr
0:
form: or r oh oz r
8 9 2 3k 2 The relations between displacements and (small) strains are
>
>
rrr >
>
C rr C rh C rz 0 0 0 err 3  
> > 6e 7 1 ouh 1 our uh
>
>
>
>
rhh >
>
>
>
6C
6 rh C hh C hz 0 0 0 7
7 6 hh 7 err
our
; erh  ;
>
< >
= 6 7 6 7 or 2 or r oh r
rzz 6 C rz C hz C zz 0 0 0 7 6 ezz 7  
6
6 0
7 6 7; 1 1 ouh ur 1 ouh 1 ouz
>
>
> rhz >>
> 6 0 0 2Ghz 0 0 7
7
6e 7
6 hz 7 ehh ; ehz ; 4
>
> >
> 6 7 6 7 r oh r 2 oz r oh
>
> r >
> 4 0
rz > 0 0 0 2Grz 0 5 4 erz 5  
>
: ; ou 1 ouz our
rrh 0 0 0 0 0 2Grh erh ezz z ; erz :
oz 2 or oz
where C k k
mn and Gmn are the components of the stiffness matrix of In the next sections, we solve the system of differential equa-
kth layer. The core cylinder r 6 R1 is treated as the rst layer. By tions (1)(4) and produce explicit expressions for stress and dis-
choosing the external radius Rn to be much larger than Rn1 , we pro- placement elds in a n-layered composite cylinder with
duce a model of a layered cylinder of a nite diameter (for example, cylindrically orthotropic layers subjected to four basic loading
a ber surrounded by a layered interphase region) in a cylindrically cases: axial tension/compression, transverse hydrostatic loading,
orthotropic or isotropic matrix. axial shear and transverse shear loadings.
 I. Tsukrov, B. Drach / International Journal of Solids and Structures 47 (2010) 2533 27

3. Axial tension/compression and transverse hydrostatic placement, strain and stress elds as given by Eqs. (6), (4) and (7).
loading The procedure is described in the text to follow.
Let us solve matrix equation (9) for the set of integration con-
Consider a concentric composite cylinder subjected to the stants of the k 1th layer:
external transverse hydrostatic loading rT (tension or compres-
sion) and the prescribed axial elongation or contraction eA . The Vk1 Nk1 Vk eA Mk1 ; 10
resulting deformation will be axisymmetric: there will be no angu-
lar displacement uh 0, and the radial displacement will depend where
upon the radial coordinate only, i.e. ur  ur. Substitution of Eqs.
(4) and (1) into the equilibrium equation (3) yields the following
Nk1 J1
k1 Rk  Jk Rk ; Mk1 J1
k1 Rk Lk Rk  Lk1 Rk :
differential equation for radial displacement ur:

C rz  C hz eA The explicit expression for matrix Nk1 is

r 2 u00 ru0  k2 u r 0; 5
C rr
p k1 k1
!
where k C hh =C rr , and material constants C rr ; C rh ; C rz ; C hh assume Rk N11 N12
their corresponding values for each layer. The general solution of Nk1  k1 2
;
2kk1 C rr Rk1 N21
k1
N22
k1
this ordinary differential equation is given, for example, in Avery
and Herakovich (1986):
where
k1
rkb
u A k1 B k beA r; 6
b r   kk1 1
k1 k1 k Rk1
N11 C rh  kk1 C k1
rr  k k k
C rr  C rh ;
where b CChhrz C
k1
hz
C rr
and A and B are integration constants. Rkk
From the general solution (6), straindisplacement relations (4)   kk1 1
and stressstrain dependence (1) we obtain the expressions for k1 k1 k Rk1
N12 C rh  kk1 C k1
rr kk C k
rr  C rh k1
;
normal stress components: Rkk
 r k1  r k1   Rkk1
k1 k1 k
rrr AkC rr C rh BkC rr C rh N21 C rh  kk1 C k1
rr k k k
C rr C rh
k
;
R R kk1 1
Rk1
bC rr C rh C rz eA ;   Rkk1
 r k1  r k1 k1
N22
k1
C rh  kk1 C k1  kk C k
k k
rr C rh :
rhh AkC rh C hh BkC rh C hh rr kk1 1
Rk1
R R 7
bC rh C hh C hz eA ;
 r k1  r k1 Matrix Mk1 is given by:
rzz AkC rz C hz BkC rz C hz
R R ( )
bC rz C hz C zz eA : k1 1
k1
M1
M ;
The integration constants A and B assume different values for 2kk1 C k1
rr
k1
M2
each layer: A1 ; B1 ; A2 ; B2 ; . . . ; An ; Bn . These values can be found from
the continuity conditions (2). For axisymmetric deformation, we where
prescribe radial stresses and radial displacements to be continuous
through the interface between k and k 1 layers:  kk1 1 h    
k1 Rk1 k k1
k k1 M1 bk C k
rr C rh C k k1
rz  bk1 C rr C rh
r rr Rk r rr Rk ; Rk
8   i
uk Rk uk1 Rk : k1 
 C k1
rz kk1 C rrk1
 C rh bk  bk1 ;
Following the inuence matrix approach similar to that used in Her-
v and Zaoui (1995) for isotropic constituents, we represent Eq. (8)  kk1 1 h    
k1 Rk k k1
in the matrix form: M2  bk C k
rr C rh C k k1
rz  bk1 C rr C rh
Rk1
  i
Jk Rk Vk eA Lk Jk1 Rk Vk1 eA Lk1 ; k 1; . . . ; n  1; 9 k1 
 C k1
rz kk1 C k1
rr C rh bk  bk1 :
where Vi Ai ; Bi T is the vector of integration constants of an ith
layer i 1; . . . ; n, vector Li depends on the material properties
and external radius of ith layer: Formula (10) can be utilized to express the integration con-
( ) stants in any k 1th layer in terms of integration constants of
bi Ri
Li   ; the 1st layer (inner core cylinder):
i
bi C rr C rh C i
i
rz

Vk1 Q k1 V1 eA Pk1 ; 11
and Ji r is the following matrix:
0 i 1 1
rk
i Rki where
B i 1
Rki rk
i C
Ji r B
@  ki 1 
C
 ki 1 A:
( k1
)
i i
Y
2
P1
ki C i
rr C rh
r
Ri
ki C i
rr C rh
r
Ri Q k1 Nj ; Pk1 ;
k1
jk1 P2
Representation (9) allows us to construct a recurrent procedure to
nd all integration constants, and thus obtain the complete dis- and the components of Pk1 are as follows:
28 I. Tsukrov, B. Drach / International Journal of Solids and Structures 47 (2010) 2533

 kk1 1 h   3.1. Longitudinal deformation of the cylinder

k1 1 Rk1 k
P1 bk C k
rr C rh
2k k1 k1
C rr R k
    In the case of longitudinal elongation or contraction of the cyl-
k k1 k1 k1
C rz  bk1 C rr C rh  C k1
rz kk1 C k1
rr  C rh inder ez eA with no lateral constraints, the boundary conditions
 ki1 1
 are
 X k1
1 Ri1 
i i
 bk  bk1 bi C rr C rh uz eA z; rrr Rn 0: 15
i1 2k
i1 i1
C Ri
  rr   Substituting r Rn in the expression for the radial component
i1 i1
C i i1
rz  bi1 C rr C rh  C i1
rz ki1 C i1
rr  C rh
of stress (7), the following equation is obtained:
 Y !
i2    
 
 bi  bi1 Nj ; An kn C n
n
Bn kn C n
n
rr C rh rr C rh
jk1 h   i
n
bn C nrr C rh C n
rz eA 0:

 kk1 1
  This equation contains two integration constants of the nth layer
k1 1 Rk k
P2  bk C k
rr C rh An and Bn . Expressing Bn in terms of An and eA by means of the sec-
k1
2kk1 C rr Rk1
    ond equation in (14), we derive the expression for the integration
k1 k1
C rz  bk1 C k1
k
rr C rh  C k1
rz kk1 C k1
rr C rh constant An :
   h   i
 X k1  ki1 1
  n
Q 21 n
1 Ri i eA P n  P k n n
C C
n
b n
C n
C
n
C n
 bk  bk1  bi C i
rr C rh
2 Q 11 1
n rr rh rr rh rz
i1 i1 R An    Q n   :
i1 2k C rr i1
n n n n n n
    k C rr C rh 21 n k C rr C rh
i i1 i1 i1 Q 11
C rz  bi1 C rr C rh  C rz ki1 C i1
i1
rr C rh
 Y ! 16
i2
 
 bi  bi1 Nj : Representation (16) and formulae (14) can then be utilized to
jk1 calculate the integration constants for all layers.

In the formulae above, multiplication of the matrices is performed 3.2. Transverse hydrostatic loading
in the prescribed order so that, for example:
For uniform external lateral compression or tension of the cyl-
Y
2
N j
N4 N3 N2 : inder, the boundary conditions are
j4
uz z h=2 0; rrr Rn rT : 17
Expanding formula (11) and assigning B1 0 for the core cylin- The rst condition of (17) denes the plane strain mode of
der to avoid singularity of the radial displacement at the center deformation so that eA 0. The second condition can be utilized
r 0, we produce the following representation for the vector of to produce the equation for the integration constants An and Bn .
integration constants: Substituting the expanded expression from (7) for r Rn , we
 " k1 k1
# ( k1
) obtain:
Ak1 Q 11 Q 12 A1 P1
eA ; k 1; . . . ; n  1:    
n n
Bk1 k1
Q 21
k1
Q 22 0 k1
P2 An kn C n
rr C rh Bn kn C n
rr C rh rT :
12
Expressing Bn in terms of An , see (14), we produce the desired for-
Thus, integration constants of any layer can be expressed in terms mula for the integration constant An :
of the constant A1 . In particular, for the outer, nth, layer: rT
An   Q n  ; 18
n n
An
n
Q 11 A1 e
n
A P1 ;
kn C n
rr C rh 21
n kn n
C rr C rh
Q 11
n n
Bn Q 21 A1 e A P2 : which, in combination with (14), can be used to calculate
Alternatively, all integration constants can be expressed in Ai and Bi i 1; 2; . . . ; n, and thus the complete expressions for dis-
terms of An . First, we express A1 as placement, strain and stress elds in the cylinder (see formulae (6),
(4) and (7)).
1  n

A1 n
An  eA P1 : 13
Q 11 4. Axial shear deformation

Then, for each ith layer: We assume that the cylinder is subjected to the longitudinal
  shear eyz s such that the in-plane displacements of the cylinder
i i
Q 11
Ai n
i Q 11 n
An eA P1  n P1 ; are
Q 11 Q 11
i
 i
 i 1; 2; . . . ; n: 14 ur sz cos h; uh sz sin h; 19
Q 21 i Q 21 n
Bi n An eA P2  n P1 ; and the axial displacement of the lateral surface is given by
Q 11 Q 11

Using these expressions for the integration constants, displace-
ments and stresses in each layer can be found from formulae (6)
and (7) if parameters eA and An are known. To determine
eA and An , the boundary conditions of the corresponding problem
are utilized as presented below.
uz sRn cos h: 20
The ends z h=2 of the cylinder are traction-free. To determine
the distribution of vertical displacements through the cross-sec-
tional area of the multilayered cylinder, we generalize the solution
used in Hashin (1990). Displacement uz is represented in the form
 I. Tsukrov, B. Drach / International Journal of Solids and Structures 47 (2010) 2533 29

uz swr; h; 21 Note, that formulae (26) and (27) can be used to relate An and Bn as
follows:
where w is an unknown function. Calculating the stresses by substi-
tuting the expressions for displacements into formulae (4) and (1) Q 21
n
we observe that there are two non-zero components Bn n
An : 28

 Q 11
ow
rrz sGrz cos h ; To determine the remaining independent integration constant,
or

 22 we utilize boundary equation (20). Substituting expressions (21)
ow
rhz sGhz  sin h ; and (24) we obtain:
roh
n n
Substitution of these stresses into the third equilibrium equa- An Rkn Bn Rk
n 2Rn ;
tion of (3) yields the following second-order differential equation
which can be solved in combination with (28) to produce:
for unknown function wr; h:
" # 2
o2 w ow o2 w Grz  Ghz An :
Grz Ghz 0: 23 n n
Q 21 n
or 2 ror r 2 oh2 r Rnk 1 n Rnk 1
Q 11

It can be observed that representation Now, from (27),

 
wr; h Ar k Br k  r cos h; 24 An
p
A1 n
; 29
satises Eq. (23), where k Ghz =Grz and A, B are the integration Q 11
constants that are different for each layer. To nd these constants
and all integration constants can be readily obtained.
we make use of continuity conditions (2).
k
The requirements of continuous displacements uz Rk
k1 k k1
uz Rk and tractions rrz Rk rrz Rk on the interface be- 5. Transverse shear
tween kth and (k + 1)th layers, produce the following equations
relating their constants: In this plane strain problem, we are looking for displacements
8 k k
in the following form:
< Ak Rkkk Bk Rk
k
k
Ak1 Rkk1 Bk1 Rk k1 ;
   
k 1
: G kk Ak R k kk Bk R k
k k 1 k1 k 1 k 1 ur ur sin 2h;
rz k k Grz kk1 Ak1 Rkk1 kk1 Bk1 Rk k1 : 30
uh v r cos 2h;
In the matrix form these equations can be written as where ur and v r are two unknown functions of radius r. Substi-
Jk Rk Vk Lk Rk Jk1 Rk Vk1 Lk1 Rk ; 25 tuting these displacements into (4) we obtain strains as

where Vi Ai ; Bi T is the vector of integration constants of the ith err u0 sin 2h;
layer, and Li r and Ji r are the coefcient matrices: u  2v
 ! ehh sin 2h; 31
r r ki
r ki
 r 
Li r ; Ji r ; i 1; 2; . . . ; n: 2u  v
0 ki Gi
rz r
ki 1
ki Gi
rz r
ki 1 crh v 0 cos 2h;
r

Eq. (25) can be used to express the integration constants for any which results in the following representation for stresses:
k 1th layer in terms of the inner core integration constants  
A1 ; B1 : u  2v
rrr C rr u0 C rh sin 2h;
r
 
Vk1 Q k1 V1 ; 26 u  2v
rhh C rh u0 C hh sin 2h; 32
Q2 r
where Q k1 j
jk1 N , and  
2u  v
! srh Grh v 0 cos 2h:
Ri1
i
N 11 N12
i r
Ni  ;
2ki Gi
rz
i
N 21 N22
i
The equilibrium equation (3) can then be rewritten as a system
of two homogeneous differential equations of the second order:
with the components (
  C rr r2 u00 ru0  C hh 4Grh u  2C rh Grh r v 0 2C hh Grh v 0;
i ki1 ki 1
N11 Ri1 ki1 Gi1
rz ki Girz ; 2C rh Grh ru0 2C hh Grh u Grh r 2 v 00 r v 0  4C hh Grh v 0:
 
i
N12 ki1 ki 1
Ri1 ki1 Gi1  ki Gi 33
rz rz ;
 
i
N21 ki1 ki 1
Ri1 i1
ki1 Grz  ki Gi Solution of this system is sought in the following form:
rz ;
 
i
N22 ki1 ki 1
Ri1 ki1 Gi1 ki Gi ur Ar a ; v r Bra ;
rz rz :

where A and B are some integration constants. The requirement of

However, the integration constant B1 should be chosen to be
existence of non-zero solution yields the following characteristic
zero to avoid singularity of the stresses at the axis of the cylinder
equation for values of a:
r 0, see Eqs. (22) and (24). Thus, the integration constants of
the ith layer are given by Da4 F a2 H 0; 34
i i
Ai Q 11 A1 ; Bi Q 21 A1 : 27 where
30 I. Tsukrov, B. Drach / International Journal of Solids and Structures 47 (2010) 2533

Q2 h i
D C rr Grh ; where, similarly to (11), Q k1 J1
jk1 j Rj1 Jj1 Rj1 .
F 4C rh Grh 2  C rr 4C hh Grh  Grh C hh 4Grh ; Let us nd the integration constants for a composite cylinder
H 9Grh C hh : subjected to the homogeneous boundary conditions at innity
r ! 1:
The roots of Eq. (34) depend on the material properties of the
considered layer. For all materials encountered by the authors so ur sr sin 2h; uh sr cos 2h; 39
far, these roots have been real numbers. Similar observation is re-
ported in Hashin (1990). In particular, in the case of the isotropic which yield the following expressions for stresses in the exterior
material with Youngs modulus E and Poissons ratio m, the discrim- layer:
inant of the bi-quadratic equation (34) is positive and equal to    
n
16E4 1  m2 =1 m4 1  2m2 . The roots then are a1;2 1;
rrr s C n
rr  C rh ; rhh s C n n
rh  C hh ; rrh 2sGn
rh : 40
a3;4 3 which is consistent with the form of the solution pre-
We assume that the exterior layer is isotropic. The roots of charac-
sented in Savin (1961) and Christensen and Lo (1979). In a more
teristic equations in this case are
general case, for any real roots a1 ; a2 ; a3 ; a4 the representations
for ur and v r are an an
1;2 1; 3;4 3;
a1 a2 a3 a4
ur A1 r A2 r A3 r A4 r ;
35 and the displacements are given by the following formulae:
v r B1 ra 1
B2 ra2 B3 ra3 B4 ra4 :
n n
n A2 n A
Integration constants Ai and Bi i 1; . . . ; 4 are linearly dependent. un A1 r A3 r 3 43 ;
Utilizing, for example, the rst equation of (33), we obtain: r r 41
n n n n
n n g 2 A2 n n 3 g A
Bi g i Ai ; i 1; . . . ; 4; v n g 1 A1 r g 3 A3 r 4 3 4 :
r r
where Substituting these expressions into the boundary conditions
n n n n
a 2 (40) we obtain A1 s; A3 0. The remaining A2 and A4 can
i C rr
 C hh 4Grh
gi : be found from (38):
2C rh Grh ai  2C hh Grh
n n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
Thus, all components of displacement and stress for each kth A2 Q 21 A1 Q 22 A2 Q 23 A3 Q 24 A4 ;
42
layer can be expressed in terms of parameters ai ; g i ; Ai i n n 1 n 1
A4 Q 41 A1 Q 42 A2 Q 43 A3 Q 44 A4 ;
n 1 n 1

1; . . . ; 4 which are different for different layers:

1 1
where A2 and A4 are set to be zero to avoid singularity at the cen-
X
4 X
4
ur Ai r ai sin 2h; uh g i Ai r ai cos 2h; ter of the composite cylinder. We consider the rst and the third
1 1
i1 i1 equations of the system (38) to nd A1 and A3 :
X
4
  ( n 1 n 1
rrr Ai r ai 1 C rr ai C rh 1  2g i sin 2h; s Q 11 A1 Q 13 A3 ;
i1 n 1 n 1
36 0 Q 31 A1 Q 33 A3 ;
X
4
 
a 1
rhh Ai r i C rh ai C hh 1  2g i sin 2h; 1 sQ 33
n
1
n 1
Q 31 A1
i1 which yields A1 n n n n and A3  n . All integration
Q 11 Q 33 Q 13 Q 31 Q 33
X
4
  constants in the solution (36) are thus found.
a 1
rrh Grh Ai r i
2 ai  1g i cos 2h:
i1
6. Examples and validation
Parameters a1 a4 ; g 1 g 4 are expressed in terms of material mod-
uli, while integration constants A1 A4 for each layer are found from
Several test problems are solved to illustrate the developed ana-
the continuity and boundary conditions as follows.
lytical procedure and validate it against the existing solutions. In
We start by utilizing the continuity conditions between two
particular, we consider the canonical 2D case of a circular isotropic
adjacent layers, k and k 1. Substituting the expressions for
inhomogeneity in an innite plane under remotely applied homo-
stresses (36) into (2) we obtain the following matrix equation
geneous loading. Then, we derive the solution for a ber sur-
relating vectors of the integration constants:
rounded by anisotropic interphase zone and loaded as described
Jk Rk Vk Jk1 Rk Vk1 ; 37 in Shokrolahi-Zadeh and Shodja (2008) and compare our predic-
h iT
where Vi i i i i
is the vector of integration con- tions with their results. And, nally, we provide solutions for
A1 A2 A3 A4
hydrostatic loading of a carbon ber coated by several layers of
stants of ith layer. Matrix Ji r is given by cylindrically orthotropic pyrolytic carbon.
0 i i i i
1
ra1 sin2h ra2 sin2h r a3 sin2h r a4 sin2h
B i ai i i i C 6.1. Hydrostatic loading and transverse shear in r, h-plane
B g r 1 cos2h g i r a2 cos2h g i r a3 cos2h g i r a4 cos2h C
B 1 2 3 4 C
Ji r B i i i i i C;
B p r a1 1 sin2h pi r a2 1 sin2h pi r a3 1 sin2h pi r a4 1 sin2h C
@ 1 2 3 4 A Consider plane strain problem for an isotropic elastic inclusion
i i
q1 ra1 1 cos2h
i i
q2 ra2 1 cos2h
i i
q3 r a3 1 cos2h
i i
q4 r a4 1 cos2h with Youngs modulus E1 , Poissons ratio m1 and radius R1 a sur-
rounded by a concentric layer of isotropic elastic material of radius
  h   i R2 R with material properties E2 and. m2 . The solution of this
i i i i i i i i
where pj C i
rr aj C rh 1  2g j , qj Grh 2 aj  1 g j . problem in the case of an innitely large outside layer R ! 1
From Eq. (37) all integration constants can be expressed in can be found in Muskhelishvili (1953), see also Kachanov et al.
terms of the set of constants for one layer, for example, the inner (2003) for convenient formulae. Muskhelishvilis solution is pro-
1 1
core A1 A4 . vided for unidirectional in-plane tension only, however, the hydro-
static and pure in-plane shear cases can be obtained by
Vk1 Q k1 V1 ; 38 superposition.
 I. Tsukrov, B. Drach / International Journal of Solids and Structures 47 (2010) 2533 31

Table 1 Fig. 2 shows variation of rrr and rhh with radius for several
Mechanical properties of constituents in composite cylinder assemblage. thicknesses of the outer layer. Note that the graphs for a=R 0:1
Er Eh Ez mrh mhz mrz Grh Ghz Grz coincide with the results obtained using Muskhelishvili (1953) for-
Core 5 5 10 0.4 0.3 0.3 25/14 2 2 mulae for circular inclusion in an innite plane.
Matrix 1 1 1 0.3 0.3 0.3 5/13 5/13 5/13 In the case of in-plane shear, the solution is given in Section 5.
Shell 1 3 3 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 5/4 5/4 5/4 The coefcients of characteristic equation (34) can be calculated
Shell 2 6 3 3 0.3 0.2 0.3 1 5/4 1 as D1 46:3; F 1 462:96; H1 416:67; D2 0:77; F 2 7:65;
Shell 3 12 3 3 0.4 0.2 0.4 3/4 5/4 3/4
H2 6:89. For both layers, the same values a1;2 1; a3;4 3
for the equation roots are obtained. Note that any choice of isotro-
pic material results in these roots of characteristic equation. Distri-
bution of radial and hoop stresses along the line inclined at 45 to
For illustration purposes, let us choose the following values of
x-axis is depicted at Fig. 3. The plots are provided for a=R ! 1;
the material parameters: E1 10; E2 1; m1 0:2; m2 0:4. The
they are indistinguishable from Muskhelishvili (1953) results.
stiffness matrices are then
0 1
1:11 2:78 2:78 0 0 0
B 2:78 1:11 2:78 6.2. Remote loading of a cylinder surrounded by an orthotropic
B 0 0 0 C
C interphase layer
B C
B 2:78 2:78 1:11 0 0 0 C
C1 B
B 0
C;
B 0 0 4:17 0 0 C
C In this test problem, we compare our predictions with the
B C results provided in Shokrolahi-Zadeh and Shodja (2008, Example
@ 0 0 0 0 4:17 0 A
1, p. 3570). We analyze stress distribution in a core cylinder of
0 0 0 0 0 4:17
radius 1 surrounded by a shell of thickness 0.2 placed in an innite
solid and subjected to a remotely applied combination of tension
0 1 2r0 in x-direction and compression r0 in y-direction. The core
2:14 1:43 1:43 0 0 0
B 1:43 2:14 1:43 and the outside layer (matrix) are transversely isotropic. The shell
B 0 0 0 C
C is cylindrically orthotropic. To evaluate the inuence of the shells
B C
B 1:43 1:43 2:14 0 0 0 C anisotropy, we consider three choices for its material parameters.
C2 B
B 0
C:
B 0 0 0:36 0 0 C
C The case considered by Shokrolahi-Zadeh and Shodja (2008) is de-
B C
@ 0 0 0 0 0:36 0 A
0 0 0 0 0 0:36

In the case of transverse hydrostatic loading, the solution is pro- 0
1.5
vided in Section 3. It can be observed that the material parameter
ratios k1 k2 1, and the longitudinal strain eA 0 in this 0
1
example. The coefcients of matrix Q are given by Eq. (11) in terms r
of the components of matrices Nk . For the considered problem 0.5 45o
Q N2 , so that:
a
0 x
!
3:407 1:778 -0.5
Q 2 2 ;
2:407 Ra2 2:778 Ra2
-1 0
and matrix P is of no interest because it is multiplied by eA 0. -1.5
rr
Now, all integration constants can be found from Eq. (14):
-2
1 0:706 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 r/a
A2 2
; B2  2
;
3:57 0:504 Ra2 3:57 Ra2 0:504
Fig. 3. Distribution of rrr and rhh stress components along the line inclined at 45
0:294 to x-axis in a composite cylinder with isotropic constituents subjected to transverse
A1 :
2
3:57 0:504 Ra2 shear s0 .

rr/0 /0
a/R = 0.5
1.115 1.115
a/R = 0.2

1.065 1.065
a/R = 0.33
1.015 1.015
a/R = 0.1
a/R = 0.1 (Musk. 53)
(Musk. 53)
0.965 0.965

0.915 a 0.915
a a/R = 0.33

a/R = 0.2
R R
0.865 0.865
0 0
a/R = 0.5
0.815 0.815
0 0.5 1 1.5 r/a 0 0.5 1 1.5 r/a

Fig. 2. Stresses in an isotropic ber surrounded by a layer of isotropic matrix subjected to transverse hydrostatic loading r0 .
32 I. Tsukrov, B. Drach / International Journal of Solids and Structures 47 (2010) 2533

rr Shell 1 Shell 1
0 Shell 2 0 Shell 2
Shell 3 Shell 3
0
3

-0.5
2.8
-1
-0 -0
2.6 20 20
-1.5
a a
2.4 1.2a 1.2a
-2

2.2 -2/5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 x/a 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 x/a

Fig. 4. Distribution of normalized rrr =r0 and rhh =r0 stress along the x-axis for in-plane biaxial loading.

Table 2
Mechanical properties of constituents in C/C composite.

Layer Ri1 lm C rr GPa C hh GPa C zz GPa Grh GPa Ghz GPa Grz GPa
Fiber 5 15.361 224.987 224.987 9.756 63.082 9.756
2 5.8 25.166 37.189 37.189 22.362 19.004 22.362
3 9.8 23.863 38.496 38.496 22.272 18.466 22.272
4 10.8 24.953 37.300 37.300 22.332 18.911 22.332
5 11.18 24.189 38.096 38.096 22.309 18.609 22.309

noted as Shell 2. The material properties of constituent materials

are given in Table 1. 0
Fig. 4 presents distribution of radial and hoop stresses along the 3
x-axis. As expected, our results for Shell 2 model coincide with
2.5 Fiber
the solution of Shokrolahi-Zadeh and Shodja (2008). It can also
be seen that the increase in the radial stiffness of the shell results
2
in more radial stress transmitted to the inner cylinder, as well as
bigger jumps in the hoop stresses.
1.5

6.3. Hydrostatic loading of a carbon ber surrounded by layers of 1

pyrolytic carbon
This example is relevant for carbon/carbon composites (C/C)
manufactured by chemical vapor inltration. The inltration pro-
cedure results in carbon bers being surrounded by concentric lay-
ers of pyrolytic carbon (PyroC) of different texture, see Reznik and
Httinger (2002) and Piat et al. (2003). The level of texture deter-
mines the orthotropy of material stiffness tensor. In particular, one
of the carbon/carbon material systems described in Reznik et al.
(2003) and Piat et al. (2008) can be treated as a ber surrounded
by four layers of pyrolytic carbon with mechanical properties pro-
vided in Table 2. We consider hydrostatic loading of such a mate-
rial system. Solution of this problem is not only relevant to thermal
treatment of carbon/carbon composites but can also be used to
predict the composites overall bulk modulus, see Tsukrov et al.
(2009). Fig. 5 presents distributions of the radial and hoop compo-
nents of stress. Note the signicant jump in the hoop stress at the
interface between the stiffer ber and relatively soft pyrolytic car-
bon. Also, signicant anisotropy of constituent materials results in
a very pronounced deviation from the homogeneous stress eld
usually assumed for an isotropic ber in the isotropic matrix fol-
lowing the famous results of Hardiman (1954) and Eshelby (1957).
0.5
rr
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 r
Fig. 5. Radial distribution of normalized rrr =r0 and rhh =r0 stress components for
hydrostatic loading r0 of a carbon ber surrounded by layers of PyroC.
plied to its external surface. Explicit expressions for displacement
and stress components are given for three loadcases: transverse
hydrostatic tension combined with (or considered separately from)
axial elongation (Eqs. (6) and (7)), longitudinal shear loading (Eqs.
(21), (22) and (24)), and transverse shear (Eq. (36)). All of these
expressions contain sets of integration constants having different
values for different layers of the cylinder. Due to the assumption
of perfect bonding between layers, in all three loading cases the
integration constants can be expressed in terms of the core cylin-
der constants, see Eqs. (12), (26) and (38), respectively. The core
cylinder constants are related to the constants of the outer layer
(Eqs. (13), (29) and (42)) which are found from the corresponding
boundary conditions.

7. Conclusion
This paper presents cylindrically orthotropic elasticity solutions
for a laminated cylinder subjected to homogeneous loading ap-
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the nancial support of the
National Science Foundation through the Division of Materials
Research Grant DMR-0806906Materials World Network: Multi-
 I. Tsukrov, B. Drach / International Journal of Solids and Structures 47 (2010) 2533
Scale Study of Chemical Vapor Inltrated Carbon/Carbon Compos-
ites (Program Director for Ceramics Dr. L.D. Madsen). This
collaborative international project is also supported by the German
Research Foundation (DFG). Florian Termens from the French Insti-
tute for Advanced Mechanics (IFMA) participated in the verica-
tion of the cylindrically orthotropic solutions as part of his study
abroad placement with the University of New Hampshire super-
vised by Prof. Y. Lapusta.
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