Design of Comperssion Members (Lecture 3 and 4-Group A)

Lecture Notes: Group A
Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Design of Axially Loaded
Compression Members and Columns
Axially Loaded Compression Members
Axially loaded compression members exists in:

1- Main truss members
Upper chord
d Dia.
Vl.
>1.5
a Lower chord 35o~55o
Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

2- Horizontal &
vertical bracing
members
S
3- Axially loaded columns (link members)

Typical Sections for Compression Members
Truss members
2Ls back-to-back HSS IPE-section 2 Channels

Columns
IPE HEA, HSS

HEB
Built-up section
Axially loaded compression member

(ideal situation) is a perfectly straight
member subject to compression along Pe
its centroidal axis.
Short column may achieve the yield
load Py = Ag Fy
while for long column the critical Pe
elastic buckling load Pe is reached.
Long Column
Real columns are not perfectly

straight, loads are not exactly P
concentric.
Thus, for long column elastic
buckling will occur.
Elastic buckling means that
column will buckle before P
stresses reach yield stress on the
cross section. Member
imperfection

x
Elastic buckling load:
Pe
The differential equation between
curvature and bending moment for any
member subject to moment:
y = - M /EI y
M=P.y
Pe
y + P . y /EI = 0
Compression
Member

Let: y + U2 y = 0 Pe
Where U2 = P/EI
The Solution is:
y = A sin U x + B cos U x
The constants A & B are obtained from
knowing the boundary conditions: y = 0
Pe
at both end.
Pe = Member
Buckling
shape
Buckling of Columns
For an ideal elastic pin-ended
straight column, the load at which
buckling starts (Euler Load) is:
/
=
Py Elastic
The equation can be written as: buckling
Pe = A . Fcr

/ /
Where Fcr =
L/r
Buckling of Columns

/ /
Fcr
Fcr =
=
/
Fy Elastic
buckling

/
Where
( L/r) is the slenderness ratio

is the slenderness parameter

Residual Stresses on Steel Sections
Due to unequal cooling of steel profiles during manufacture, all steel
sections have residual stresses without external loads.
Thus, yield will occur on cross section when the stress due to external
loads and internal residual stress equal to yield stress.
+
- -
-
Elastic buckling occurs
If Fcr < Fy Fres
+
Inelastic buckling occurs if
Fcr > Fy Fres - -
-
+
Slower to Residual stress=

cool (0.3 To 0.4) Fy
Buckling of Columns
Thus, the column strength curve is divided into two parts:

Elastic buckling zone and inelastic buckling zone
Fcr
Inelastic
buckling
Fy
Elastic
(Fy Fres) buckling

Buckling of Columns
To account for a boundary conditions other than the pin
=
ends, the effective buckling length concept is introduced:
=
/
-Where
kL/r) is the slenderness ratio

is the slenderness parameter
(
Where k is the buckling length factor

Resistance of Axially Loaded Comp. Members

ECP 205-2007 Fcr
Inelastic
buckling
!"
=0.8 Fy
Elastic
For < 1.1
1 $ 0.384 *
0.536 Fy buckling

For + 1.1
,.-./
1.1
= and = kL/r
< 180
Effective Buckling length factor (K)
Typical end conditions:
KL
L KL KL KL KL
Theoretical
K=1 K=0.7 K=0.5 K=2.0 K=1.0 K=2.0
Code
K=1 K=0.8 K=0.65 K=2.0 K=1.2 K=2.0
Slenderness Ratio & Lateral Support of a Column
Now try to think:
What is the difference
between the three
columns regarding the
overall buckling
behavior?
Column Buckling should
be checked about both
principle axes
012
34 12
512
0678
34 678
5678
Effective Buckling Length of Truss Columns
h2
h
h1
x
y y
x
In-plane: the effective buckling length depends on the structural
; 2=/>?
system --------> KxLx= 2 h
Outside plane: The effective buckling length depends on the
@ A =1/>
bracing system-------> KyLy = Greater of h1 or h2

Effective Buckling Length of Truss Columns
h2
h
h1
x
y y
x
In-plane: the effective buckling length depends on the structural
; 1.2=/>?
system --------> KxLx= 1.2 h
Outside plane: The effective buckling length depends on the
@ A =1/>
bracing system-------> KyLy = Greater of h1 or h2

Slenderness ratio of Truss members
y
x
tg e
y
rx2L = rx1L 0.3C
ry2L =
> *D E F E 0.5H" 2
rmin rv 0.2a rmin ru2L ru1L
0.45C 0.38a
0678 34 678/5R
012 34 12/5IJ4 0678 34 678/57 2L
0678 34 678/5KJ4

Effective Buckling Length of Truss Members
a
y
Cross section of
the upper chord x x
tg e Roof truss
y
For upper chord member:
; C/>?*
In-plane (KL)in= a
rx2L = rx1L 0.3C
@ A C/> *
Outside plane (KL)out = a
ry2L = > *D E F E 0.5H" 2 0.45C

y
Cross section of
diagonal x x
y Roof truss
For vertical or diagonal member:
; U/>?*
In-plane (KL)in= L
Outside plane (KL)out = L

If both ends of diagonal are
@ A U/> *
connected to braced comp. chord

y
Cross section of
the Lower chord x x
Car shed
y
For lower chord member: L
In-plane (KL)in= a
Outside plane (KL)out = L = 4 a

y
Cross section of
diagonal member x x
L
Car shed
y
For vertical or diagonal members:

In-plane (KL)in= L
Outside plane (KL)out = 1.2 L

The factor 1.2 is used as
compression chord is unbraced.
where L is the member length
y
Cross section of
the Lower chord x x
Car shed
y
For an lower chord member:
In-plane (KL)in= a L/2 L/2
Outside plane (KyL)out = L/2
For vertical or diagonal members:
In-plane (KL)in = L1
Outside plane (KL)out = 1.2 L1
where L1 is the diagonal / vertical
member length
Refer to ECP 205-2007: Table 2.5


Effective Buckling Length of Columns in
Continuous Frames
The column in rigid frame are neither totally fixed or
perfectly hinged. Thus K depends on the relative
stiffness of the columns compared to the beams
h2
x
h1 y y
x
L2 L1
In-plane: (KL)in= ???
Outside plane: (KL)out = Greater of h1 or h2
Alignment Chart
For Column AB h2
A
x
h1 y y
x
B
L2 L1
GA K GB
From the Alignment Chart and

using GA and GB , determine the
value of K
Sidesway Prevented Sidesway Permitted
Modifications to the Alignment Chart
Column End Conditions
For hinged column end, GB = 10
For fixed column end, GB = 1.0
A A
B B
GB = 1.0 GB = 10.0

Girder End Conditions (sideway prevented)
When the column is connected to girders with specifed
end conditions at their far end, the (I/L)girder is replaced
by (I/L)girder
Fixed Hinged
A A
B B = 1.5
= 2.0

Girder End Conditions (sideway permitted)
When the column is connected to girders with specifed
end conditions at their far end, the (I/L)girder is replaced
by (I/L)girder
Fixed Hinged
A A
B B = 0.5
= 0.67

Cross Section Behaviour and Local Buckling
Web
local
buckling
Compression
Member b tf
Flange
local
buckling

ECP 205-2007
Local Buckling
To avoid local buckling of flanges of y
outstand of an angle (Fy in N/mm2): b
x x
h
t
y

ECP 205-2007
Local Buckling
b
t
w h

Check of steel cross sections under compression:
Given Pu acting on the member, KL in, KL out, and cross section
Check that cross section is not slender b/t < code limit
n ;
Calculate maximum slenderness ratio: ij? max kl m n

;
@ A
180 lk> pCqr skpt>Fuuqkr pFpvF>u

@ A
Check that: <o

ij?
200 lk> v>Csqrw pFpvF>u
Calculate slenderness parameter: ij? *

=


Check of steel cross sections under compression:
Calculate Fcr based on slenderness parameter
For < 1.1
1 $ 0.384 *
For + 1.1
,.-./
Check that :
!"
=0.8
Check that : 0.6

Special case for single angle cross section:

Choice of cross sections
Given: Pu and L
Required: choose cross section of two angles back to back
A- From critical stress

Assume = 1.1 x
Fcr = 0.648 Fy / (1.1)2 = 0.536 Fy
Ag2L = Pu / sFcr tg e
Ag1L = Ag2L / 2 y
Choose cross section from tables 2 L a1 x a1 x t1

B- From slenderness
Assume = 1.1
= ij? *

ij? 1.1
ij? 102 lk> uH. 37, 93 lk> uH. 44 Cr| 83 lk> uH. 52
get a2
n n ;
; ij?
;
,.} j*
?*
get a3
n n ;
@ A ij?
;
,.. j}
Choose amax the maximum of a2 and a3

Choose an angle with aav as follows:

C- Average of critical stress and slenderness conditions
aav a1Eamax /2
Round aav to nearest angle on table.
D- Minimum angle:
For welded members: min. angle 45 x 45 x 5
For bolted members: min. angle 3 db Et 3.3 db , where db
is the bolt diameter.

Given: Pu and L
Required: choose cross section of two angles star shape

Assume = 1.1
Fcr = 0.648 Fy / (1.1)2
Ag2L = Pu / s Fcr
Ag1L = Ag2L / 2
Choose cross section from tables 2 L a1 x a1 x t1

B- From slenderness
Assume = 1.1
= ij? *

ij? 1.1
ij? 102 lk> uH. 37, 93 lk> uH. 44 Cr| 83 lk> uH. 52
get a2
n n @ A
@ A ij?
@ A
,.}/ j*


aav a1Ea2 /2
D- Minimum angle:

Given: Pu and L
Required: choose cross section of single angle

Assume = 1.1
Fcr = 0.6 x 0.648 Fy / (1.1)2
Ag1L = Pu / s Fcr
Choose cross section from tables L a1 x a1 x t1

B- From slenderness
Assume = 1.1
= ij? *

ij? 1.1
ij? 102 lk> uH. 37, 93 lk> uH. 44 Cr| 81.4 lk> uH. 52
get a2
n n @ A
@ A ij?
@ A
,.* j*


aav a1Ea2 /2
D- Minimum angle:

Compression Members: Example 1
Design the shown compression members of the truss. For
member A, Pu = - 350 kN while for member B, Pu = - 40 kN .
Use St 52
P A P
P/2
B
B
6x2 m =12.00m

Example 1 (cont.)
Member A: Pu = -350 kN, Length =2 m

(KL)in=2000 mm (KL)out = 2000 mm
Assume = 1.1
Fcr = 0.648 x 360/ (1.1)2 = 192.8 MPa
Ag2L = 350 x 1000 /(0.8 x 192.8)= 2270 mm2
Ag1L = 2270 / 2 = 1135 mm2
Choose cross section from tables 2 L 80 x 80 x 8 (actual
area of one angle = 1230 mm2)
Example 1 (cont.)
* 200,000
1.1 81.4
ij?
360
81.4 get a2 81.88 mm

n *,,,
;
;
,.} j

?* *
81.4 get a3 54
n @ A *,,,
@ A ,.. j
Choose amax the maximum of a2 and a3 81.8 mm
* }
aav 80 E 81.3 /2 80 mm approx.

Choose 2 L 80 x 80 x 8

Example 1 (cont.)
Check
b/t 80 / 8 10 < 227 / 360 11.97
82.64 < 180
n *,,,
; ij?
;
?*
*..*
ij? 82.64 1.117 + 1.1

}-,
= *
*,,,,, *
+ 1.1
For
187.1 C
,.-./ ,.-./ }-,
D.DD *
=
0.8 2 1230 368.22

D/.D
D,,,
+ 350 uClF

Example 1 (cont.)
Design of tie plate: tie plates are used to ensure that the
1U < pC2U
two angles acts together to resist the force
< pC2U

U < >1U pC2U

D
U = 15.5 x 82.64 = 1281 mm , choose one tie plate at

the middle.
Example 1 (cont.)
Member B: Cu = -40 kN, Length =2.8 m
Try single angle cross section
Assume = 1.1
Fcr = 0.6 x 0.648 Fy / (1.1)2 = 0.6 x 0.648 x 360 /(1.1)2
=115.7 MPa
Ag1L = Pu / s Fcr = 40 x 1000 /(0.8 x 115.7) = 432 mm2
@ A ij? 81.4
Choose L 45 x 45 x5

n @ A
*/,,
,.* j*
get a2 171.9 mm


Example 1 (cont.)
aav = (45 + 171.9)/2 = 108.5 choose L 110 x 110 x 10
If the size of single angle would exceed L 90 x 90 x 9 ,
it would be more economic to design the member as
However we will continue the check on single angle

two back to back angles.
for the sake of illustration.

Check
b/t 110 / 10 11 < 227 / 360 11.97
@ A ij?
n @ A

*/,,
*D.-
129.6 <180

ij? 129.6 1.75 + 1.1

}-,
= *
*,,,,, *

Example 1 (cont.)
+ 1.1
76.2 C
,.-./ ,.-./ }-,
For
D. *
=
0.8 0.6 2120 77.5 +
-.*
D,,,
40 uClF vH waste

Choose L 100 x 100 x 10 and recheck

Design of Comperssion Members (Lecture 3 and 4-Group A)

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Lecture Notes: Group A

Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Axially loaded compression members exists in:

a Lower chord 35o~55o

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

3- Axially loaded columns (link members)

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

2Ls back-to-back HSS IPE-section 2 Channels

IPE HEA, HSS

Axially loaded compression member

Real columns are not perfectly

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

( L/r) is the slenderness ratio

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Slower to Residual stress=

Thus, the column strength curve is divided into two parts:

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

To account for a boundary conditions other than the pin

kL/r) is the slenderness ratio

Where k is the buckling length factor

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Outside plane: The effective buckling length depends on the

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Outside plane: The effective buckling length depends on the

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

rx2L = rx1L 0.3C

ry2L = > *D E F E 0.5H" 2 0.45C

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

For vertical or diagonal member:

Outside plane (KL)out = L

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Outside plane (KL)out = L = 4 a

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

For vertical or diagonal members:

Outside plane (KL)out = 1.2 L

Refer to ECP 205-2007: Table 2.5

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

From the Alignment Chart and

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Calculate maximum slenderness ratio: ij? max kl m n

180 lk> pCqr skpt>Fuuqkr pFpvF>u

Check that: <o

Calculate slenderness parameter: ij? *

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Check that : 0.6

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

A- From critical stress

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Choose an angle with aav as follows:

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

A- From critical stress

Choose cross section from tables 2 L a1 x a1 x t1

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed

Choose an angle with aav as follows: