a 23 Land and Its Resources = cones Resources QB} miners in te Bar's Crust + 1 Minerals are sold elements or compounds found natural inthe Earth's 2 Every mineral hasaspetiecompstion anda ensalin structure 3 Some elements exist feely in the Earths crust Meanwhile, some ‘ements wl rect with ther elements to frm particular compsunds, 44 Netural elements commonly found in the Earth's ert ae god, siver, Platinum, mercury ardanenic, Generally, minerals which ess asnatral compounds re made upof metal elements combined with non metalic elements 9 shown below. ite Alum ard one ove Faenatie | ronandongen Gastete [Tad ongen Geena Lead ard ph sulphide = ye iron and phar a Gleie (naib) ldun, eon andongen ie IMagreite | Magneion bon andoggen Kaoinie | Aurion sien an onaea state ca ‘kum tiate_| Cau sien and angen tu Tanah dan Sumbernya Brin eam rr ami 1 Mineral ah unsur aay sebatian pepejl yang cerdapet seers sera inl dla kerak Bur 2 Sap jnis inaral mempunyl komposisi dan struktur hablur yang 3 Sereensh umur wud seca bebae dh dm fare Bur, Maalls erotengh untur bertnda babe dergen uniur lt nauk member seb arte “4 Unsursomul jad yang basa terdapat dla Krak Bur ath oma, pra, piatnum mek an aren asin, inal yang wud sebaglsebatansemula jad terbntlerpnds ‘unsur logam yang berpads denn unsur bukan logam sepert yang dunn 6 baa Bus ‘Alin in okgen aide Heras en oe | [Rastese [Tima en oes Galen Pub nu sods as pet Bel an sr abe (rar) Kaan arbon dv otge Keron agrese | Mageriamarbon an oan a cir ‘Alani kon dn kes pa allan oar [ Vaio ton in okgen | Table 221. Examples of minrl compu fund he rts crust 1 Different minerals have iferent properties. Minerals poses ferent propets interme of aaa 2.1 Corton mineral ebatian yang tape dam kak Bur "Sto site inert 4 ineral yang bersinan_mempunyi_ sisi yang. berber. Miner ‘mempuryal sft yang berber dase(2) Hardness of minecas +The hares ofa mineral eters to the ably ofthe mineral to resist scratching. ‘+ All minerals that ae made up of carbonate, oxide and sulphide compounds are hard + Diamond the hardest miner! while tale ie the softest mineral. Solbilty of mineral in water + All minerals of metal oxides, sulphides and carbonates are Insoluble in water except the minerals potasivm and soca ‘compounds. Metals such as potassium and sosium are very reactive. Therefore, ther compounds are slube in water. (0. fect of heaton minerals * Most metal carbonates break down into mata oxides and Caron denide gas when hested, exert ptasium carbonate ‘and sodium carbonate The carbon dinide gas released turns Timewater dou. ® a es enolye Gum carbonate (Gleomeise Cron olde + Most metal oxides are stable and cannat be broken down by heat except mercury enide and argentam oid, They wl break ‘dw into oxygen gas and metal when heated. The onygen 925 released rights a growing splinter Fete? ettercuy onde 2 Mec + Oxygen ‘regentum ode Argentun + Oxygen + Most metal suphides wil break down into metal oxides and ‘release sulphur donde gas when heated, The sulphur diode ‘gas releasedis acid, har 9 pungent sell and ~ changes the colour of acidified potassium mangonate(Vi) solution from purple to colouess (0) Kokerasan mineral + Kokersan minaral mer hepads hebolhan sexu miner renentang gorean. + Semus mineral yang ted deripadasebatinkarbonat oid dan sulfa ada harae Iran sah mineral yar paling eras mara talkum sh pera are paling lembut (@) Kelarutan mineral d dalam air + Sess mineral oi, sles don kirbonstlogam td rut di dam alg cual rarer bl ebaan alum een rium, * Logam sepert alum can natrom adush sant rele, Jad sebatannya lu dal at, (@) Kosan haba ke atas mineral + Kebanatan karbonat logam terusi kepada oid logim dan ‘3s arbon dks apa dprastan, ketal alum larbont dan ratrumkarbona Gaslarbon dokidayang debasanmengerhian A Spe Lactacet Cent ee rakmtone ‘aun oa + Karbon dois Kebaryakanoksida Logam adsoh stab dan én boleh durian leh faba, keciall merur osida dan argent olsida, Keduz- dunya durallan hepa gis oleign dan lop spabla panaian, (Gas chien ang dbetasian akan mena Kaye yi barbara, cane ck Bae eters 5 rs ober oe +t cits bin ign + Kebanyalan sulfide logam akan duran mere! oksida logam dan gas sulfur diosida pais cipanasan Gs sulfur diosa yang tarbeba adanh bers, berba seg dan = menutaria warra irs alan mangent(Vi bers ceria ungu mend tidak Beranchanges the colour of aed potasium dchomatetv) solution from orange to green “ne ee Pusan <> Sale Peer ronsulpide “ren cxde«Suphurcoxie @ nesesions nonoon Metals and Now metals 11 Most metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, except less reactive metas such as sve, gold and platinum, Beomples sie pmepoder (on +0rygen 5 ronanide — Fesesim— 2 = Fernanara (Wie soyger "8 zinconse Ere (9 teat +0y9e0 8S Leadosde Sheer wien (coppers Oxygen 5 copper oxide Mt! tate 2. & more reactive metal reas faster with oxygen than a less reactive ‘metal. The arrangement of metab according to ther reacties when reacting in descending order is: potasiu (ost reactive), sodium, Calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, itor, tin and copper (east react 1 Most metals eat with sulphur to form metal sulphides = menuiarkan wara aan klum dora) Sera drips ings mee au a ae Sone SRG tena ce set e==—-— 4 Kebayakan logam bertindak bas dengan okigen unt membencue ‘ksi logam, kein loam yarg larg res sper prak as dan plairum conan (9 tat lope ar zk sos zc fo Rnbene ste unmet Sop (Karen + Oi Krebs nase pare 2 Lopam yang leis reakibertindskbalt lebih apa dengan okeigen daipada logam yang hureng rk. Susan kerektfin logam apes bertndak teas dengan osigan manga ter menurn ash: klum (pling ree ‘aru, kau, magnesium, lini 2k besitinah dar pram (aig urang rele 1 Kebanakan lam bertindak bla dengan su untk membertuksuida(9) ton + Sulphur rn phi (2) tne + suphur cube (0 Led Sulphur Lead nile 2 The more reactive metas react mote vigorously with sulphur than the les reactive metal. The arangement of metals acroring to thelr reacties with suphur is: potasium (most reactive), sodiu, ‘magnesum, aluminium, zinc on tn, lead and copper (eat reactive) e Silicon Compounds + 1 Silicon is 9 non-metallic element that the second most abundant clement after the oxygen element inthe Earths ut. 2 Sticon combines wth other element to form compounds ints natural state, bxemples of silicon compounds are sea and sete 1 When scons heated with aygen sco dx or kas formed Sian + Oxygen Sco doxie rss) 2 Sila ia stable compound. t doesnot break down when heated, does rot react with dilute acid and insoluble in water. Examples of sca include sand, sandstone, quartz, jasper and opal. ‘saat 1 Silat a slcon compound made up fsilion, metal and oxygen, 2 sicate sa table compound, does not break down when heated, does notreact with lute acd and insoluble in water (xcept sodium silat) ramps of slate are asbestos, mics, flaspar and day ) Centon: i Xe poe | yam + Sr ke fil oes (man Sate = Rabe ib 2 Logam yang lebih eke bertindak ls lebhcrgas dengan sur dargada logem ang kurang rene Susuran kerakefanlgam apa Dertindsktlas eng slr mengiet tery menrun alti (pig rake). rato rnagneshen, akin ik be mah plumbum dankuprum (ating karen rest) @ sevanan suteon 4 Slkon lh usu bukan logam yang ke paling banyak eda daa era Bur slepasunsuroksgen 2 Siikn berpads dengan usu in untae membeeuksebacn dam kendan seul dia, Contoh sebatansilkon ich ska dn silat ska) 1 Aub sion dpanaian dengan okie, ikon doksida aa sha werk Stor + Oe Shon ol 2 ia ah seb yang stb a eda eral pbs pas ak bertindak bls Jenga ai ca an tak art dln ae Cares ema pb pi har oper an 1 Sika ish sbatn sion yang erbenuk daripada sion, logam én ‘olcigen, 2 Sica nah eebatn yang abl tab terural pais dpassan. tidak bertindak alas dengan asd air dan tidak larut di dalam air (eel atrium ila), Coneah sia la asbasts, rl flspar dan anaSilicon Compounds and Thelr Uses in Our Daily Lives ‘sicon compound Uses sia Gand [Tomake gases ids mora cones and cent, - To make ae preaias sah a eatennare, porn, tier and ae Sodiumsiate [To preserve eps toate ure polsh ads pel Mie “Ta make electrical intr neler or ‘set Pst to make protective doting oF & Calefum Compounds +> Properties of Calcium Carbonate Y] 1 Gaiam iso vary rentne metalic element 1 found natural as Calon conpounde 2. The calm compound commonly found in the Earths cust i caldum Carbonate when made op of alum, enbon and oyoen. 2 samples of cldun compounds re line, gypsum, instore, sels of sea rete, marble besard eth cost and eget The characteristics of calcium carbonate are: (2) Insoluble in wate. {) Reacts with euta acto produce sl, water and carbon dioxide, Cee oe bests a Mia te (© Breoks down into alum oxide (quickline) and carbon oxide when hested strongly es een Caron oie 5 Vn fe tos of net aie! lun ak, even Oct nd fet ben of omnes oe ted ne) ‘eklum oie «Water > Cava yon ‘Sobatian Silikon dan Kegunaannya Dalam Kehidupan Harlan Kite ‘rad rnb acy, mora ere rae ‘Trak menbuarBaragan seni vpes tbl pore, i dan use rad reve ali mera erg pre din gt a Mb an pene eric db sear clr esas ‘Sep peat a menu plain perincingan bg a be @« atian Kalsium °— SitatsitatKeisivm Karbonat 1 alien i ns log yng sangat reali woud scar sem ai seta eatin aor, 2 Seba asim yang lt emu dm fers Bui ah falsum tarbonat yng trberek dards kalsum,arbon dn obigen 3: Conth sean aun ah apr sum. lapcangleranghidzan tna marmay ug dng. dan ka el 4 Sf. au arbor (0) "Teak rut dalam ar (Bertin bs dengan asd cal nuk member garam, ai in learbon dioksida. Faron i ols (©) Duran kepada kalsium okeida (apurtohor dan karbon dioksida| gala pana dengan kan. 5 Ayala beberaga tar dtambahkan kepaes lau oka, pernbuakan ber dan haba detain, hu menbencuk als hidroksida lapur mat ald lad FA Kasum heroes16 When more wate is added to calcium hydroxide, it solves to form ‘alum hydroxide solution Gimewate) Uses of Calc €Sinpoiide and Thekr Properies Gadumcatenate | caldomonie Clem hyde Times) Co) ‘led tie) ~ Tomakequidiime |» Temakedbked ime |» Toma ie pant hen STomakogasn | + Todyanmoniagas |” added winter STomsiscenent |” andatehot + Toreduce the aisty of STamakecaiium — |» Tomake pater ai eaice carsteraupporing | Temake mortar when + Tormiasemepanset | taauresbones raed ith and ns balkings ster + Tome cence plaster 65 Apia lebih bays dtamahhan kepada alum hobs, ia terrut unk manent larutan kalsium hidroksda (air kapur, Kegunaan Sebati Kalsim dan Sitatsitatnja ‘alia karborat | Walium oksida | Kalsum hdroside (atu Kapur) (Gaur thor) eapur mat) enbuclapar thor [+ Menbuatlapur mat) [+ Menta aap pais + Membaciacs | + Mergen gu | dcampur dergn 2 Memb sen snmona dn chal |+ Mangano ein + Menbaciaiiim |» Menbincan | aah atid pls une |» Plambust marta pba + Manbuntsexenah | merctorg ng * | dang dng nat bahaginbngen | jorgrenke + Meru hr se a 5 Se | Formation of Natural Fusl Resources) 1 Nott! us resources ince foes such as petroleum, natural 3s land coal which ae formed from he remains of rsa bures under layers of sediment millon yer 90. 2. The heat and gh pres from the semen les oul warsfom {he temsins of ergarisns a os ful. 2 coals formed fom plas that rein swam milion of yeas ago are halt | lowe 6.1. Foratin of cal 4 Petroleum and natural gas are formed from plants end animals that Tved inthe sea or onthe and millions of yeors 290 ® Sages ete nat can Kepentingannya Fembenkan Simbr Bohan Api Soma Jal 1 Somber ban ap semul jl tonmasuk Bahan api fos seperti petroleum, pas dan ara btu terbenukearipada sss orga yang tartanam 1 clam enapan yar belie berjuta uta tau dul 2 Haba dan etanan yang tng arpa pan enapan menularan si-a organiua kepada bahan 2p foi seeaaperabar-lahn. 3 rang batu tebentk daripada tumbuhan yang eunbu di payee borueue hun dahl, ammiienyrgmat uhayerg args ‘aah 61 Pombontsan aang tots 4 Petroleum dan gas asi terbenck daripadstumbuhan én halwan yang ipo den fv seu as dara bert tahun ab,1. Fol fle are hydrocarbons, the compounds whlch are ony made up of hydrogen and carbon 2 Petroleumis a mintue of many types of hydrocarbons which need tobe separated before they canbe used 3. The hydrocarbons the petroleum have diferent boing points. 4 Therefore, the petroleum canbe separted into various components by fractional dtilagon. 5 The components which ae separated ae calle factions or ditiates, 6 inthe oll and gas industry, fractional dstilaton is cried out In @ ftactionating column as flows i gro r- Figure 62 Pacutseactonl aston 1 Bahan api fs ih hidrokarbon iy sebatan yang hana erbenuk ‘arpa hidrogen dan karbon. 2 Perla campuranbeberapa jis irolarbon ang pers singin sebelun digualan, Tamas 3 Hieoharbon dao petrleun merpuraltakat didi yang berbera 4 Jad, petroleum boleh dasngan kepada pebagi komponen mel penyulingan berperinghat. 5 Komponen yang dasigtan ni pang pecahan atu slingan. 65 Dalim indus ing an gs peryligan bespeingtdalatan ddl ‘tras penylingan seer yagi ag Pat ieee Noe" aoe Moy nce Mi aan oe1 The higher the boiling point of aration of ptroeun + the darker is colour the higher the viscosity + the colour ofthe flame become more yellowish + the more sot produced when bunt 1 the mere dificlitisto burn inthe sir £8 The uses of the products of sstilation of petroleum: 7 Senakn ng tala didh sesutypecahan pevoleum, + seman glp warnanya + seman Beratah ellatannya + wars nya meni lebih kaing *semnbanyak aga dasa apabis lar “eran sur neu dba dai uaa 8 Kegunan hast penyuingen petrol Pavoleun gis | fu tome pari ond ooking gs ‘Petrol gasoline) | Fue for moter vehicles and machines Gas pcolu __| Baan sp erie Pun a Fev gsr) | Bar apt lenderasn brmeor en a Nephi Fer maling pasts and pan ere PVG) ak bt psc an pul Wori (VC) raroie Foal fort area andes eros aan ap un pesta can roe 7 ry dis Baan api us evn desl per or in Dil alr dsl ries ie or ad ue : a : yak pence | Baan paler wk eh ne aa ae fer aos on eines ak ona | Baan spice apl do ere Fela ual fr ships and wae gine Ui ara pei ped ppb brian RIE Woe Take plik candles wrapsng fis Tor ood or eurp perma an a. [Buren Tosti rosdesrace. 1 In Malaysia, petroleum and natural gas are obtained from the oil wel loceted offshore Terengganu, Sabah and Sarawak. 2 More than 95% of th total energy wsedin Malaysia isobtained from the ‘ost fk. 3 Petroleum ard natural gos areas the main exports of Malas, 4 Theol and gasindusty ofersmany job opportunities tothe people, and alk promotes the gronth of petrochemical industri, ‘The folowing are the efficent waysof using natural fuel resoucesto prevent Ie from depleting too quik: (a) Use smaller crs with engines that bum petrol more efficient (b) Use energy efficent equipment such asthe fluorescent lamps and high ners eficency rato (EEN) ar conditioners and religeratos. (0) Use eneray efficient cooking utensils such as pressure cookers to reduce ooking time. (a) Usvatemative natural resource sucha slar energy ‘Saintes oe | 1 Di Malpeia, petroleum dan gut a dperoleh darpadn telga mya yang tereak ar paca Terenggan, Seba an Sarawak 2 Lebih drpada 95% jumbh temgn yang eguasian dl Malaysia @berceh haripadabakan apf 3 ecrleum dan gs as juga merupakan ebsport utara Maly 4 Industri minak dan gus jug menawarian tanak peluang pekeriaan lagads orang rama seria merealakkan persumbuh industri petri ‘Yang beret falah cara penggunaan babsn spl sewul jal yang clap unt mengelakannya daria merozot dengan cepa: 6) Ferrin ir fet Sip ef grata rl Spe (@) Mengguraan peralatan yang cekap Cenaga seer! lanpu pendarfucr penyaman utara dan et sek yarg mempunyal bah kecekapanteage 4 es. (9, Monggunalan perks une memasak yang clap teraga seperti perk ‘elaran ng unt mangurangantemgch mask. (4) Menggunaan sumber tonagaalternatif seper erag sur