Electric Power Systems Research 62 (2002) 183
/190

www.elsevier.com/locate/epsr

Comparison between discrete STFT and wavelets for the analysis of

power quality events
Francisco Jurado a,*, Jose R. Saenz b
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaen, 23700 EUP Linares, Jaen, Spain
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, 48013 ESI Bilbao, Spain

Received 3 September 2001; received in revised form 24 January 2002; accepted 25 January 2002

Abstract

This paper deals with the comparison of signal processing tools for power quality analysis. Two signal processing techniques are
considered: the wavelet filters and the discrete short-time Fourier transforms. Then, examples of the two most frequent disturbances
met in the power system are chosen. It is designed an adjustable speed drive with a six-pulse converter using EMTP/ATP and it is
presented normal energizing of utility capacitors. The analysis is tested on a system consists of 13 buses and is representative of a
medium-sized industrial plant. Finally, each kind of electrical disturbance is analyzed with example representing each tool. A
qualitative comparison of results shows the advantages and drawbacks of each signal processing technique applied to power quality
analysis. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Discrete short-time Fourier transforms; Power quality; Wavelet transforms

1. Introduction ease of interpretation. Power engineers are used to think

In signal processing the time
/frequency domain has
often been exploited for analyzing signals with fast
changing spectral contents. The wavelet analysis [1
/3]
can be used for similar purposes, and has been exploited
recently for several types of voltage and current
disturbances [4
/9] and for power system protection
[10]. Several possible power system applications for
wavelet analysis have been proposed, among others:
automated disturbance classification [7]; recognition
using wavelet-based neural classifier [4]; propagation
of power system transients [6]; detection of faults
[10,11]; and visualization of time-varying harmonics
[12]. The stated advantage of using wavelets compared
to Fourier transform [13
/15] is the tradeoff between
frequency and time-resolution at different frequencies.
The wavelet transform gets a lot of attention in the
literature, at the expense of the short-time Fourier
transform (STFT). The advantage of the latter is its
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: fjurado@ujaen.es (F. Jurado), iepsaruj@bi.ehu.es
(J.R. Saenz).
0378-7796/02/$ - see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 8 - 7 7 9 6 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 3 5 - 4
in terms of sinusoidal signals and the STFT fits closest
to this. Most of the results obtained by using wavelets
can equally be obtained by using STFT.
When using wavelet transforms it is often difficult to
extract the fundamental or any other single harmonic
component of the signal. For an analysis tool to become
widely excepted in power system engineering, it is
important that it enables analysis in terms of harmonic
signals.
This paper shows how the spectral contents as a
function of time can be obtained by using the STFT
[16,17]. Although the STFT has a fixed frequency
resolution for all frequencies once the size of the window
is chosen, it enables an easier interpretation in terms of
harmonics.
Studies of power quality phenomena have emerged as
an important subject in recent years due to renewed
interest in improving the quality of the electricity supply.
As sensitive electronic equipment continues to prolifer-
ate, the studies of power quality will be further
emphasized. The identifying features are derived from
well-documented theories [14,15,18
/21], power engi-
neers heuristics gained through long years of experi-
ence, and power quality data collected in recent years.
184 F. Jurado, J.R. Saenz / Electric Power Systems Research 62 (2002) 183
/190
2. Adjustable speed drive
Adjustable speed drive (ASD) is becoming a signifi-
cant load component for power distribution systems. It
drives a process, whether it be fluid, gas, material, or air
with a variable speed induction motor. Modern ASDs
employ power electronic devices to generate the variable
frequency power supply for AC motor speed control.
Harmonics are produced in the process [22].
Assessment and mitigation of the ASD harmonic
effects on supply systems have become an important
aspect of power quality management. Computer simula-
tion is one of the effective ways to assess the harmonic
effects of ASDs.
An ASD consists of a rectifier, a direct current link,
and an inverter [23]. The rectifier converts supply AC
voltage into a DC voltage. The DC voltage is filtered in
the DC link. The inverter converts the DC to an
adjustable frequency, adjustable voltage AC for motor
speed control. The rectifier (converter) section of an
ASD, called the front end, is the part that generates
harmonic currents into the supply system. Typical front
end of three-phase ASDs is the full-wave bridge rectifier
type.
ASDs are normally classified into different types
according to the inverter design. The three most
common types are the pulse width modulated inverter
(PWM) type, the voltage source inverter (VSI) type and
the current source inverter (CSI) type. While the inverter
design mainly affects the motor performance, it has
some indirect impacts on the drive harmonic perfor-
mance as well. The impacts are:
(1) The configuration of DC link. For the PWM and
VSI types, the DC link mainly consists of a large shunt
capacitor. For the CSI type, the DC link is made up of a
large series inductor. A shunt capacitor causes larger
ripples in the DC link current. These ripples in turn
cause more harmonic injection into the supply system. A
series inductor has the opposite effects.
(2) The operation of converter. For the VSI and CSI
types, the converter DC voltage output must be
adjustable in order to obtain an adjustable AC voltage
at the motor side. This is normally achieved by varying
the firing angle of the converter thyristors. On the other
hand, the PWM type inverter can adjust the magnitude
as well as the frequency of its output AC voltage. There
is no need to control the converter output. The firing
angle is normally equal to zero. A smaller firing angle
leads to less harmonics generation.
Among the three types of ASDs, the PWM type is the
most common one in the low horse power (up to 1500
hp) applications. Most CSI type ASDs are designed for
high horse power usage. Details on the application and
characteristics of ASDs can be found in [23].
There are two mechanisms through which an ASD
generates harmonic currents. The first mechanism is the
converter operation, which injects harmonic currents
into the supply system by an electronic switching
process. The second mechanism is the inverter opera-
tion. The inverter can introduce additional ripples into
the DC link current. These ripples in turn can penetrate
into the supply system side. The extent and the
frequency of inverter-caused ripples are largely a func-
tion of inverter design and motor parameters. An ASD
can therefore be represented with a generic three-phase
bridge converter circuit. A feature of this circuit is that
the inverter and the motor are collectively modeled as a
direct current source. The magnitudes and phase angles
should be determined from the inverter design and
motor operating conditions.
To use this model, the ASD is first represented as a
constant power load at the fundamental frequency. The
real power load is equal to the ASD/motor load and the
reactive power load is zero. The network is then solved
at the fundamental frequency. The ASD current magni-
tude and phase angle are determined as I1 and u1,
respectively. The harmonic current source representing
the ASD is calculated by scaling up the magnitudes of
the harmonics by I1 and by shifting the phase angle
column by hu1. It can be seen that the current source
model is easy to use and needs less input effort. In
EMTP/ATP this can be done using Models. The
disadvantages are that the model cannot simulate a
wide variety of ASDs and ASD/system operating
conditions.
3. Capacitor energizing
Capacitor energizing transient events are one of the
most common transient events present in power systems.
The transient events occur when a capacitor is switched
on. At the switching instant, a fast change in the bus
voltage occurs because the voltage in the capacitor
cannot change instantaneously. The transient frequency
is determined by the combination of the capacitance of
the capacitor bank and the system inductance. The
oscillation frequency in the voltage waveform is typi-
cally between 300 and 1000 Hz and lasts for less than
half a cycle of the power frequency.
There are several kinds of capacitor energizing events.
We shall present normal energizing. Energization of
utility capacitors is a daily operation in the utility
system. They are switched into the system in anticipa-
tion of load increase at a customer site, to correct power
factor, to support voltage on the system, and so on. This
energization of utility capacitors is considered normal
energizing. The following are the identifying features for
normal capacitor switching.
 F. Jurado, J.R. Saenz / Electric Power Systems Research 62 (2002) 183
/190
3.1. Overvoltage
At the switching instant, the voltage in the capacitor
cannot change instantaneously. The bus voltage is
pulled down, and then rises as the capacitor begins to
charge. During the process, the capacitor voltage may
overshoot and ring at the natural frequency. The over-
voltage in normal energizing is usually between 1.1 and
1.4 p.u.
3.2. Polarity and magnitude of the step voltage
One of the most common identifying features for
normal energizing of utility capacitors is the polarity of
the step voltage. If the power quality monitor is located
at or near capacitors that have no series reactor, a fast
initial voltage step will be observed. The voltage step at
the instant of closing cannot go beyond zero if the
capacitor has no initial net charge at the closing instant
or if the capacitor is grounded. If the power quality
monitor is located farther away from the capacitor, the
voltage step change may not be observed, or at least it is
not as prominent. In any event, sudden changes of
voltages never go across the zero line, i.e., they do not
change polarity. This behavior is exhibited in nearly all
normal energizing of utility capacitors.
3.3. Oscillation frequency of the energizing event in the
phase voltage
The oscillation frequency of any kind of capacitor
energizing in the phase voltage is generally between 300
and 1000 Hz. Thus, the frequency of oscillation is
helpful in identifying capacitor energizing in general,
but it cannot be used to discriminate normal energizing
versus other types of capacitor energizing. Extracting
the oscillation frequency from the capacitor energizing
transients is difficult.
4. Discrete STFT
Discrete STFT is used for time
/frequency analysis of
non-stationary signals, where the use of Fourier trans-
form alone becomes inadequate. Discrete STFT decom-
poses the time-varying signal into time
/frequency
domain components; hence it provides an insight in
the time-evolution of each signal component. Given a
signal x (n) the discrete STFT for frequency band k at
time n is defined as Eq. (1)
X ples of the fundamental frequency). For a periodic
Xn (e jv k ) x(m)v(nm)e jv k m (1)
m
where, vk /2pk /N , is the frequency in radians; N , is the
number of frequency bands; v(m ), is the selected
185
symmetric window of size L , L 0/N if signal reconstruc-
tion is required.
It follows that Eq. (1) is equivalent to
Xn (e jv k )e jv k n X n (vk ) (2)
where
X
X n (vk ) x(nm)v(m)e jv k m  x(n)hk (n) (3)
m
is the output of the k th complex bandpass filter, with
impulse response hk (n) and center frequency fk
hk (n)v(n)e jv k n (4)
fk fs k=N (Hz); k 0; 1; . . . N 1 (5)
Discrete STFT in Eq. (2) can be viewed as the lowpass
representations of bandpass filter outputs. All bandpass
filters have an equal bandwidth determined by the
selected window. For Hamming window of size L , the
bandwidth of the bandpass filters is
2B 4fs =L (Hz) (6)
The bandwidth in Eq. (6) is defined as the width of the
main lobe of the window frequency response [16].
Alternatively, one can use the RMS bandwidth which
is defined as
DW (1=kW k)ffv (vv + )2 jW (v)j2 dvg1=2 (7)
here, W (v) is the bandpass filter frequency response;
kW k is the norm of W/v + (1=kW k )fv vjW (v)j dv; is
2 2
the center of W (v ) [2].
Once the size of a window function is chosen, there is
a fixed frequency resolution over all bands. If one wishes
to have different resolutions in different parts of the
frequency spectrum, the discrete STFT should be
repeated for a number of window sizes.
By using discrete STFT one can split the original
signal into a set of bandpass filter outputs. Center
frequencies and bandwidth of the filters can be chosen
freely by using Eq. (5) and Eq. (6), which are determined
by the number of bandpass filters N (half of them are
with the positive center frequencies) and the size of the
window L . For the analysis of power system harmonics
one may choose the center frequencies of bandpass
filters at the harmonics of the power system frequency
(50 or 60 Hz), such that the disturbances at different
harmonics can be analyzed.
Note that the STFT does not give harmonics as in a
Fourier series, as those are only defined for a periodic
signal. The so-called pseudo-harmonics resulting from
the STFT are the output signals of bandpass filters
centered at the harmonic frequencies (i.e. integer multi-
signal and narrow filter bands, the outputs of these
filters correspond to the actual harmonics. The band-
width determines how many harmonic frequencies each
band contains.
186 F. Jurado, J.R. Saenz / Electric Power Systems Research 62 (2002) 183
/190
Fig. 1. Test system.
5. Wavelet transform
Wavelet filters can be used for time
/scale domain
analysis. A wavelet transform can be explained by the
filter bank theory [1], where a wavelet and a scaling
function is associated respectively with a high and a low
bandpass filter. Compared to discrete STFT one ad-
vantage of wavelet filters is the much lower redundancy
in signal components.
Dyadic wavelet filters can be used for multi-resolution
signal decomposition. To implement it, the input signal
is split into a low- and a high-frequency component.
Only the low-frequency component is further split into a
low- and a high-frequency one. The process repeats for a
number of times (the number of scales). The dyadic
wavelets correspond to band-pass filters with an octave
bandwidth, (the ratio of bandwidth to filter center
frequency is a constant).
Contrary to that, one can form wavelet filters with an
equal bandwidth, using the so called Binary-Tree
Wavelet Filters (BT-WFs). This is obtained by repeat-
edly splitting both the low- and the high-frequency
components for several levels.
For dyadic wavelet filters, denote the set of bands,
starting from the lowest frequency,
(b1 ; b2 ; . . . ; bM ; bM1 ) for a total of M scales, the
corresponding bandwidths in Eq. (8)
(BA ; BM ; . . . ; B2 ; B1 ) and the center frequencies in Eq.
(9) are (fA ; fM ; . . . ; f2 ; f1 ): The filter bandwidth at scale k
is
Bk fs =2 k1 BA BM k  1; 2; . . . ; M (8)
where BA is the bandwidth of the approximate filter.
The center frequency of the filter at scale k is
fk 3fs =2 k2 fA fM BM k  1; 2; . . . ; M (9)
For BT-WFs the filter bandwidth is a constant BkBT 
fs =2 M1 ; and the filter center frequencies (f1 ; f2 ; . . . ; f2 M )
are
fk (k 0:5)fs =2 M1 k  1; 2; . . . ; 2 M (10)
The bandwidths of dyadic wavelet filters and BT-WFs
are RMS bandwidth, which is the RMS spread of filter
frequency response [2]. Similarly, for wavelet filters a
fine frequency-resolution implies a coarse time-resolu-
tion. Comparing the frequency responses, the pattern
for BT-WFs is similar but less symmetric than that of
the discrete STFT. This could be a problem in inter-
preting the results; the number of harmonic frequencies
in each band is e.g. not constant. In BT-WFs, there is a
fixed and equal bandwidth for all filters once the
number of scales is selected, which is similar to that in
STFT.
as
6. Results
are
The simulation examples presented are based on the
EMTP/ATP. The analysis is tested on a system consists
of 13 buses and is representative of a medium-sized
 F. Jurado, J.R. Saenz / Electric Power Systems Research 62 (2002) 183
/190 187

Table 1
Generation, load, and bus voltage data (Base case)

Bus Vmag (%) Pgen (kW) Qgen (kvar) Pload (kW) Qload (kvar)

100:UTIL-69 100.00 7450 540
/
/

01:69-1 99.89
/
/
/
/
03:MILL-1 99.59
/
/ 2240 2000
50:GEN1 99.64 2000 1910
/
/
51:AUX 101.88
/
/ 600 530
05:FDR F 99.56
/
/
/
/
49:RECT 101.94
/
/ 1150 290
39:T3 SEC 104.06 1310 1130
26:FDR G 99.56
/
/
/
/
06:FDR H 99.52
/
/
/
/
11:T4 SEC 99.31
/
/ 370 330
19:T7 SEC 103.30
/
/ 2800 2500
29:T11 SEC 101.64
/
/ 810 800

industrial plant [24]. The system is shown in Fig. 1 and

described by the data in Table 1 and Table 2. Due to the
balanced nature of this system, only positive sequence
data is considered. It is presented the normal energizing
of utility capacitor. The switching instant is at 133 ms,
corresponding to a phase angle equals to 848. Additional
data used to conduct a harmonic analysis of the system
include the following:

1) The plant power factor correction capacitors are

rated at 6000 kvar. Compensation is modeled by
lumped RLC branches.
2) Lines are represented by PI-equivalents.
3) The displacement power factor for the drive load is
0.97 lagging. This high power factor is typical of
drives operated at or near full load.
4) A parallel RL representation is used based on the
aggregate power of the load.
5) Connection type for transformer and shunt ele-
ments is also considered.
6) The harmonics currents injected in bus 49: RECT
are specified for an ASD with a six-pulse converter.

The limitations of the discrete Fourier transform

(DFT) for non-periodic signals can be illustrated using
a signal containing a transient impulse, such a signal is
typical of a capacitor switching transient. The wave-
forms and the resulting DFT outputs are shown in Fig. 2
and Fig. 3, respectively. These figures are obtained using
TOP [25].
Fig. 4 show two examples in which discrete STFT is Fig. 2. Waveforms. (a) Current due to ASD; (b) energizing of utility
used to obtain pseudo-harmonic signals. Fig. 4(a) and capacitor.

Table 2
Theoretical (T ) and typical (Y ) harmonic currents for six-pulse converters

h 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25

T 0.200 0.143 0.091 0.077 0.059 0.053 0.043 0.040

Y 0.173 0.111 0.045 0.029 0.015 0.01 0.009 0.008
188 F. Jurado, J.R. Saenz / Electric Power Systems Research 62 (2002) 183
/190
Fig. 3. Discrete Fourier transform. (a) Current due to ASD; (b)
energizing of utility capacitor.
(b) are associated with a high frequency-resolution and a
high time-resolution case, respectively. Since the product
of time and frequency resolution remains a constant
according to the Heisenberg
/Gabors uncertainty prin-
ciple [2],
Df DtE 1=4p (11)
Fig. 4. Outputs from discrete STFT. (a) Current due to ASD; (b) energizing of utility capacitor.
the high frequency resolution implies a low time-
resolution, and vice versa.
Fig. 4(a) contains the output from STFT, with the size
of the Hamming window L /256 corresponding to a
higher resolution in frequency-domain. This value was
chosen experimentally because it presents a better
frequency resolution. The sampling frequency was set
at 4 kHz, which satisfies the Nyquist limit. The window
size makes any time variation within one cyc1e be
blurred. High frequency-resolution harmonic signals
may provide useful information for analyzing power
system harmonics. A larger harmonic component is
represented by a brighter area.
In Fig. 4(b) the Hamming window size is L /16,
resulting in a higher time-resolution. The sampling
frequency was set at 13.5 kHz. Each filter output
contains too many harmonic frequencies, which is not
very useful for harmonic related analysis. However, this
output is useful to detect the transient changes of a
signal.
By applying dyadic Daubechies wavelets, the time
/
frequency diagram of the individual waveforms are also
depicted in Fig. 5. The frequency components from 60
to 960 Hz are plotted. As indicated in discrete STFT, a
larger harmonic component is represented by a brighter
area. Observation of figures reveals the harmonics that
are more significant compared with other harmonics
[26]. These diagrams can be used for filter design in
order to suppress unwanted distortion. In addition, they
are also beneficial for making decisions. Figs. 4 and 5
are obtained using MATLAB [27].
7. Conclusions
This paper discusses the power quality analysis in the
time
/frequency domain. It is designed an ASD with a
 F. Jurado, J.R. Saenz / Electric Power Systems Research 62 (2002) 183
/190 189

Fig. 5. Outputs from wavelet. (a) Current due to ASD; (b) energizing of utility capacitor.

six-pulse converter using EMTP/ATP and it is presented Appendix A: Nomenclature

normal energizing of utility capacitors.
As power system disturbances are subject to transient Discrete short-time
and non-periodic components, the DFT alone can be an Fourier transform
inadequate technique for signal analysis. If a signal is 2B bandwidth of the bandpass filters
altered in a localized time instant, the entire frequency fk center frequency
spectrum can be affected. fs sample frequency
Since the center frequencies of the band-pass filters hk (n) impulse response
associated with the discrete STFT can be freely chosen, k frequency band
e.g. at the harmonics of 60 Hz, discrete STFT is more L size of the Hamming window
suitable for harmonic analysis. By selecting a small m time
window length, STFT is able to detect transient posi- N number of frequency bands
tions in disturbance data. A dyadic structure is also n time
W (v ) bandpass filter frequency re-
possible by using STFT, but this will require some
sponse
additional programming if a standard mathematical
/kW k/ norm of W
package is used. It will be slower than with wavelets.
x (n) signal
Dyadic wavelet is more suitable for detecting localized
/D RMS bandwidth
W/
transient structures. More precisely, fine time-resolution +
/v / center of W (v)
for short duration and high frequency signals, and fine vk frequency in radians
frequency resolution for long duration and lower v (m ) selected symmetric window
frequency signals are needed. Signal components have
less redundancy. On the other hand, the center frequen- Wavelets
cies of band-pass filters are fixed once the number of BA bandwidth of the approximate
scales is chosen, which leads to inconvenient center filter
frequencies for harmonic analysis. BT-WF is very Bk filter bandwidth for dyadic
similar to STFT, however with compact decomposed wavelet
signals, but inflexible filter center frequencies. BkBT filter bandwidth for BT-
Hence, the choice of these signal processing tools WFs
depends on particular applications. (BA ; BM ; . . . ; B2 ; B1 )/
/ bandwidths
 190 F. Jurado, J.R. Saenz / Electric Power Systems Research 62 (2002) 183
/190
/ (b1 ; b2 ; . . . ; bM ; bM1 )/
set of bands
M number of scales
fk center frequency
fs sample frequency
/(f ; f
A M ; . . . ; f2 ; f1 )/ filter center frequencies for dyadic
wavelet
(f1 ; f2 ; . . . ; f2 M )/
/ filter center frequencies for BT-
WFs
k scale
References
[1] Strang G., Nguyen T., Wavelets and Filter Banks, Wellesley
Cambridge Press, 1996.
[2] Chui C.K., Chan A.K., Liu S.J., Wavelets in a Box, Academic
Press, 1998.
[3] Mallat S., Hwang W.L., Singularity detection and processing with
wavelets, IEEE Trans. Information Theory 38 (2) (1992) 617
/643
(part 2).
[4] Santoso S., Powers E.J., Grady W.M., Parsons A.C., Power
quality disturbance waveform recognition using wavelet-based
neural classifier. I. Theoretical foundation, IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery 15 (1) (2000) 222
/228.
[5] Wilkinson W.A., Cox M.D., Discrete wavelet analysis of power
system transients, IEEE Trans. Power Systems 11 (2) (1996)
2038
/2044.
[6] Heydt G.T., Galli A.W., Transient power quality problems
analyzed using wavelets, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 12 (2)
(1997) 908
/915.
[7] Angrisani L., Daponte P., DApuzzo M., Testa A., A measure-
ment method based on the wavelet transform for power quality
analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 13 (4) (1998) 990
/998.
[8] Zheng T., Makram E.B., Wavelet representation of voltage
flicker, Electric Power Systems Research 48 (2) (1998) 133
/140.
[9] Hsieh C.T., Huang S.J., Huang C.L., Data reduction of power
quality disturbances */a wavelet transform approach, Electric
Power Systems Research 47 (2) (1998) 79
/86.
[10] Chaari O., Meunier M., Brouaye F., Wavelets: a new tool for the
resonant grounded power distribution system relaying, IEEE
Trans. Power Delivery 11 (3) (1996) 1301
/1308.
[11] Zhao W., Song Y.H., Min Y., Wavelet analysis based scheme
for fault detection and classification in underground power
cable systems, Electric Power Systems Research 53 (1) (2000)
23
/30.
[12] Huang S.J., Hsieh C.T., Visualizing time-varying power system
harmonics using a Morlet wavelet transform approach, Electric
Power Systems Research 58 (2) (2001) 81
/88.
[13] Tolstov G.P., Silverman R.A., Fourier Series, Dover Publications,
New York, 1976.
[14] Arrillaga J., Smith B.C., Watson N.R., Wood A.R., Power
System Harmonic Analysis, Wiley, Chichester, 1997.
[15] Arrillaga J., Watson N.R., Chen S., Power System Quality
Assessment, Wiley, Chichester, 2000.
[16] Rabiner L.R., Schafer R.W., Digital Processing of Speech Signals,
Prentice-Hall, 1978.
[17] Hannaford B., Lehman S., Short time Fourier analysis of
the electromyogram: fast movements and constant con-
traction, IEEE Trans. Biomedical Engineering 33 (1986) 1173
/
1181.
[18] Heydt G.T., Electric Power Quality, second ed., Stars in a Circle
Publications, West Lafayette, 1991.
[19] Greenwood A., Electrical Transients in Power Systems, second
ed., Wiley, New York, 1991.
[20] Dugan R.C., McGranaghan M.F., Beaty H.W., Electrical Power
Systems Quality, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996.
[21] Chowdhuri P., Electromagnetic transients in power systems,
Research Studies Press, Somerset, 1996.
[22] Xu W., Dommel H.W., Hughes M.B., Chang G.W.K., Tan L.,
Modelling of adjustable speed drives for power system
harmonic analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 14 (2) (1999)
595
/601.
[23] Mohan N., Undeland T.M., Robbins W.P., Power Electronics,
Wiley, Chichester, 1995.
[24] IEEE Task Force on Harmonics Modeling and Simulation, Test
systems for harmonics modeling and simulation, IEEE Trans.
Power Delivery, 14 (2) (1999) 579
/587.
[25] TOP, The Output Processor, Electrotek Concepts, Inc., USA,
2001.
[26] Teolis A., Computational signal processing with wavelets, in:
Applied and Numerical Harmonic Analysis, Springer, 1998.
[27] MATLAB, Math Works, Inc., Natick, MA, USA, 2000.