Chapter #6

Question and answers

Q#1
Answer: The outputs of need analysis phase are
Operational analysis
System capabilities
Operational analysis
What results should be performs by our given system to
achieve our required need.
System Capabilities:
We analyze our operational requirement and look that
whether the given solution provides the feasible result.
Remaining

Question#2

Answer:
Operational objectives
Some rules of thumb can be helpful:
 Objectives should address the end state of the
operational environment or scenario it focuses on what
the system will accomplish in the large sense.
Objectives should address the purpose of the system and
what constitutes the satisfaction of the need.
Taken together, objectives answer the why question
why is the system needed?
Most objectives start with the infinitive word provide,
but this is not mandatory.
Functional Analysis:
This requires an analysis of the types of functional
capabilities that
the system would have to possess in order to perform the
desired operational actions.
In needs - driven systems, this analysis is focused on
those functional characteristics
needed to satisfy those operational objectives that are not
adequately handled by current
systems. In technology - driven systems, the advances in
functional performances would
presumably be associated with the technology in question.
In any case, both the feasibility
of these approaches and their capability to realize the
desired operational gains
must be adequately demonstrated.
for example, sensor or communication
subsystems in the case of signals, computing subsystems
for data, and so on
Deriving functions required to accomplish operations.
Functional Analysis is an extension of operational studies,
directed to establishing whether there is a
feasible/possible technical methods to a system that could
meet the operational objectives!

commuter air craft (regional level)

Functional statistics

Question #3

Answer:
Analyze projected need.
What kind of needs is required?
Design operational approach.
What approach you adopt?

Question #4 and #5
Answer:
MOE: a qualitative or quantitative metric of a system s
overall performance that indicates the degree to which it
achieves it objectives under specified conditions.
An MOE always refers to the system as a whole

SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLE

A sport utility vehicle (SUV, sometimes called
a sports utility wagon) is a vehicle similar to
a station wagon or estate car that is usually equipped
with four-wheel drive for on-road or off-road ability.
 Some SUVs include the towing capacity of a pickup
truck with the passenger-carrying space of
a minivan or large sedan.
Typical factors that contribute to the coast down
characteristics of a vehicle include aerodynamic drag,
gravitational forces due to slope, pumping losses within
the engine, frictional losses throughout the powertrain,
and tire rolling resistance. When summed together, these
reactions yield predictable deceleration values that can be
related to vehicle speeds. This paper focuses on vehicle
decelerations while coasting with a typical medium-sized
SUV.
Drag factors can be classified into two categories: (1)
those that are caused by environmental factors (wind and
slope) and (2) those that are caused by the vehicle
(powertrain losses, rolling resistance, and drag into
stationary air). The purpose of this paper is to provide
data that will help engineers understand and model
vehicle response after loss of engine power.
.

Q#6 and #7
Answer: These front-engine riding machines are often
priced comparably with older, smaller, and less-capable
rear-engine riders. Most mow a 42- to 48-inch swath and
can bag, mulch, and side-discharge clippings. Some cut an
even wider swath and offer four-wheel steering for tighter
turns. All accept snow throwers and other tools, though
those add-ons are typically expensive and a chore to
attach and detach. (Models costing about $2,000 and up
have transmissions that are better suited to these
attachments.) Bagging kits also tend to be expensivea
major reason the majority of tractor owners mow in side-
discharge mode. And even today's cleaner machines
create exhaust emissions and still require lots of storage
space.

Pros and cons(advantages and disadvantages) of the two

models.

Chapter #7

Question1
Answer:
The principal objective of the concept exploration phase,
as defined here, is to convert the operationally oriented
view of the system derived in the needs analysis phase
into an engineering - oriented view required in the
concept definition and subsequent phases of development.
This conversion is necessary to provide an explicit and
quantifiable basis for selecting an acceptable functional
and physical system concept, and then for guiding its
evolution into a physical model of the system. It must be
remembered, however, that the performance requirements
are an interpretation, not a replacement of operational
requirements.
As in the case of operational requirements, the derivation
of system performance requirements must also
simultaneously consider system concepts that could meet
them.
However, to ensure that the performance requirements are
sufficiently broad to avoid unintentionally restricting the
range of possible system configurations, it is necessary to
conceive not one, but to explore a variety of candidate
concepts.

Question#2
Answer:
Electric Cars Pros and Cons
By Brad Berman October 14, 2014
> See all Guides
Like almost anything in life, electric cars have their pros
and cons. You can expect a site like PluginCars.com to
generally promote EVs as having, on balance, a lot more
benefits than shortcomingsbut that doesnt mean we
cant offer an honest assessment of the pros and cons of
cars that use electricity rather than petroleum. Here it is,
short and sweet.
PROS
The Tesla Model S is known as the fastest all-electric
sedan, but all electric cars are very quick.
Quiet and Quick
It only takes one ride in a battery-powered car to
understand the improved ride quality of an EV compared
to a vehicle using a petroleum-powered internal
combustion engine. An electric car is very quiet and very
smooth. It makes most regular cars seem clunky and
outdated. What surprises people more is the high torque
(axle-twisting power) offered by EVs. Step on the
accelerator and power is delivered immediately to the
wheels, providing an exhilarating driving experience.
Home Recharging
Imagine never going to a gas station again. All you have
to do is pull into your garage or driveway, reach over for a
plug, and push it into the charging inlet. Its very
convenient and takes all of about 15 seconds. Wake up the
next morning, and you have a car ready to go another 80
to 100 milesor longer, depending on the model. Thats
plenty for everybody except long-distance commuters.
(This equation can be more difficult for people living in
condos and apartments, but access to multi-family and
workplace charging is improving everyday.)
Cheaper to Operate
In most parts of the world, electricity is ubiquitous and
cheapwith a big cost advantage over petroleum. Given
the considerable efficiency of electric cars compared to
internal combustion models, the cost per mile to fuel an
EV is approximately one-third to one-quarter the cost of
gasoline (on a cost per mile basis). And because electric
cars dont have exhaust systems and dont need oil
changes, maintenance costs are reduced. To maintain an
electric car, just rotate your tires and keep them properly
inflated.
No Tailpipe Emissions
Nearly all credible researchers believe that electric cars,
even in coal-dependent regions, have a smaller
environmental impact than conventional vehicles. In
regions with a strong grid mix of renewablessuch as
hydro, wind and solaror for electric car drivers with
home solar, the emissions benefits are dramatic. You can
expect some analysts to argue the opposite. But it's
incontrovertible that EVs dont have a tailpipe, and
therefore provide a real benefit to improving air quality
for you, your family, and your community.
CONS

This Nissan LEAF indicates an optimistic driving range

of 85 miles.
Limited Range
Its everybodys cool EV term: Range Anxiety! It stands
for the worry that occurs because most affordable electric
cars only have about 80 to 100 miles of range, and take
hours to fully refuel. EV advocates will argue that 100
miles is plenty for most driving. As a result, nearly all
electric car drivers rarely if ever experience range anxiety.
Its also true that the range and cost of electric car
batteries is incrementally improving every year. Still,
unless you drive an electric car with a back-up range-
extending engine, you need to properly plan: to assure
that routes beyond predictable local driving are within
range (or allow for a time to recharge).
Long Refueling Time
Concerns about range are closely tied with issues related
to how long it takes to refuel an electric car. EVs
commonly can add about 20 to 25 miles of range in an
hour of charging from a 240-volt source of electricity. So,
while you cant run down to the gas station and add a
couple hundred miles of range in five to ten minutes, and
while many road trips are not advisable, drivers putting
typical amounts of miles on their cars will not be
impinged by recharging times measured in hoursas long
as they remember to plug in before going to sleep. (One
other factor: public DC Quick Chargers, capable of
adding about 50 miles of range in around 20 to 25
minutes, are increasingly available in regions with
relatively high numbers of electric cars.)
Higher Cost
The current crop of electric cars are mostly priced
between $30,000 and $40,000. That makes EVs
considerably more expensive than comparably equipped
small to midsized gas-powered vehicles. (For example,
the Honda Fit and Ford Focus can be had for less than
$20,000. ) In this light, EVs are indeed expensive.
However, cost comparisons usually fail to consider a
number of factors, including: incentives often valued at
$10,000; competitive lease rates as low as $199 a month;
lower maintenance costs; and a luxury feel and amenities
that far exceed whats found in those cheaper gas models.
Lack of Consumer Choice
The 20 of or so plug-in electric vehicles on the market
consist mostly of compact and sub-compact pure electric
cars, and midsize plug-in hybrid sedans. (There are two
stand-out exceptions, both relatively expensive: the full-
size Tesla Model S sedan, that commonly costs around
$100,000; and the limited-run Toyota RAV4 EV small
SUV, with a $50,000 price tag.) Unfortunately, the style of
the most popular EVs is polarizing: you either love it or, if
you hate it, you hold off on purchasing an electric car. EV
choice will expand over time, but in an auto market with
dozens of brands and hundreds of models, the choice for
buyers wanting an electric car is currently limited.
Hybrid cars depend on computerized controls that switch
between the engine and motor, maintain battery charge,
and perform many other complex tasks. For example, a
system called regenerative braking uses the vehicles
motion to generate electricity, which recharges the battery.
When a hybrid stops at a traffic light, it turns the engine
off temporarily to save fuel. On the other hand, modern
gas-powered cars also have sophisticated electronic
control systems. The basic components that are required
to operate a gas-powered car are an internal combustion
engine, a standard or automatic transmission, an
alternator, a carburetor or fuel-injection system, spark
plugs, a crankshaft, and a battery.

Fuel Efficiency

Not all hybrid vehicles have a goal of fuel efficiency; the

LaFerrari sports car, for example, uses the engine/motor
combination for high performance. Most hybrids,
however, do capitalize on the electric motors energy
efficiency to improve fuel economywhen the vehicle is
running on the motors power, it consumes no fuel.
According to consumer reports tests, most hybrid cars
have better fuel economy than their gas-only counterparts;
for example, the Honda Civic hybrid model rated 40 miles
per gallon (MPG) versus the standard Civics 29 MPG,
The Hyundai Sonata hybrid managed 33 MPG compared
to the Sonata SEs 27 MPG, and the Ford Fusion hybrid
achieved 34 MPG against the SELs 24 MPG. Because of
the absence of regenerative braking technology, gas cars
consume more fuel if they are subject to braking and
acceleration frequently, which is common on city roads

Tailpipe Emissions

A typical hybrid car produces 90 percent fewer emissions

compared to traditional models; while operating on the
electric motor, the vehicle has no emissions at all. In
addition, hybrids tend to rely mostly on the motor in slow
traffic, reducing emissions in high-congestion, stop-and-
go conditions.

Purchase Price

Due to their greater complexity and the relatively high

cost of rechargeable batteries, hybrid cars command a
premium of at least a few thousand dollars over their
conventional counterparts in terms of initial purchase
price. However, according to consumer reports, many (if
not most) hybrids make up the price difference in about a
years worth of driving due to money saved through fuel
efficiency.
These are just a few of the major points to be considered
for understanding hybrid cars versus their gas
counterparts. The bottom line is that hybrid cars are more
fuel efficient and environmentally friendly than gas cars,
but they are also more expensive. As a result, it is up to
individuals to become informed consumers in order to
choose a car that is right for them.

Question#3
Requirements development involves four basic steps:
elicitation, analysis, validation, and documentation.
These steps will, done correctly, lead to a robust set of
well -articulated requirements. Generating operational -
level requirements usually involves analyses of alternative
concepts, typically involving effectiveness models and
simulations. In order to conduct these important analyses,
three components are necessary: an initial set of
operational requirements, an operational concept for the
system in question, and the operational context a set of
operational scenarios depicting the environment.

Question #5
Question #6
Requirements Formulation by Integrated Product
Teams (IPTs)
As noted earlier, the responsibility for defining the
performance requirements of a new product is that of the
customer, or in the case of government programs, that of
the acquisition agency. However, the organization of the
process and its primary participants varies greatly with the
nature of the product, the magnitude of the development,
and the customer auspices.
IPTs are intended to bring a number of benefits to the
process:
1. They bring senior industry participants into the system
conceptual design process at the earliest opportunity,
thereby educating them in the operational needs and
injecting their ideas during the formative stages of the
development.
2. They bring together the different disciplines and
specialty engineering viewpoints throughout the
development.
3. They capitalize on the motivational advantages of team
collaboration and consensus building.
4. They bring advanced technology and COTS knowledge
to bear on system design approaches.

Question#7
System - oriented exploratory R & D can be distinguished
according to whether it relates to new needs - driven or
technology - driven systems. The former is mainly
directed experience and engineering judgment, someone,
usually the systems engineer, must decide whether or not
the concept as proposed is likely to be achievable within
the given bounds of time, cost, and risk.
There are numerous other options and variations of the
above examples. It is noted that all the cited options have
pros and cons, which typically leave the customer with no
obvious choice. Note also that the option to use jet aircraft
may partially violate the operational requirement that
short - route capability be maintained. However, as noted
earlier, it is not at all unusual at this stage to consider
options that do not meet all the initial requirements to
ensure that no desirable option is overlooked. The airline
may decide that the loss of some routes is more than
compensated for by the advantages to the overall system
of using jet aircraft.
It is also important to note that the entire system life cycle
must be considered in exploring alternatives. For
example, while the jet option offers a number of
performance advantages, it will require a substantial
investment in training and logistic support facilities. Thus,
assessment of these supporting functions must be
included in formulating system requirements. In order to
be a smart buyer, the airline needs to have a staff well
versed in aircraft characteristics, as well as in the business
of running an airline, and access to consultants or
engineering services organizations capable of carrying out
the analyses involved in developing the requisite set of
performance requirements.

Question #8
Answer
Exploration of alternative implementation concepts
should
avoid the point design syndrome;
address a broad spectrum of alternatives;
consider the adaptation of a predecessor system
technology;
consider innovative approaches using advanced
technology; and
assess the performance, risk, cost, and growth potential
of each alternative.
Question #9
Self thinking