Final Report Ers

Cadangan Pembinaan dan Baikpulih Tembok Penahan Sungai Muar
di Pekan Panchor, Muar, Johor Consult

Sdn. Bhd.
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION AND
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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1.1 Introduction
There has a riverbank failure induced by extreme low tie, when stability is most critical
due to loss of support from the water and very soft marine Clay at Sungai Muar Pekan
Panchor, Muar, Johor. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia (JPS) intends to carry
out remedial works for the failures and has appointed AS Consultant Sdn. Bhd. to
propose suitable slope stabilization scheme.
Figure 1.1: Slope failure at Sungai Muar riverbank
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The propose slope stabilization scheme will be focusing into the design of appropriate
earth retaining structures, upgrading the existing road base, and also propose the
construction method of slope stabilization scheme. The type of earth retaining structures
that will be propose will consider the suitability of the proposed structures with respect to
the ground and surrounding conditions, construction efficiency, material availability, and
also total project cost.
This report will provide all required information regarding propose remedial work of slope
failure at Sungai Muar, Pekan Panchor, Muar, Johor. This report will cover all required
information including:-
i) Project background
ii) Site investigation / Geotechnical consideration
iii) Analysis on likely cause of slope failure
iv) Proposed Earth Retaining Structure design
v) Proposed Earth Retaining Structure analysis
vi) Comparison with other Earth Retaining Structures options
vii) Conclusion
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1.2 Project Description
Project Title:
Cadangan Pembinaan dan Baikpulih Tembok Penahan Sungai Muar di Pekan Panchor,
Muar, Johor
Client:
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia (JPS)
Geotechnical & Structural Consultant:

AS Consultant Sdn Bhd, Consulting Engineers, No 219, Blok 2, Menara HSBC, Jalan
Sultan Ismail, 56370, Kuala Lumpur
Project objective:
A. To reinstate / stabilize the failed slope at the location of Sungai Muar at

Pekan Panchor, Muar, Johor.
B. To proposed the method of slope stabilization scheme (Earth Retaining

Structure).
C. To proposed the construction methods for slope stabilization.
D. To proposed the upgrading scheme for existing road base.
Project location:
The location of slope failure is at Sungai Muar, Pekan Panchor, Muar, Johor. The
riverbank of Muar river was collapsed due to several factors (refer to section 2). Figure
1.2 shows the location of Pekan Panchor which it was situated at the district of Muar.
Meanwhile, Figure 1.3 represents the location of failure zone at the Sungai Muar.
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Panchor, Muar
Figure 1.2: Location of Pekan Panchor (Google maps, 2009)
SUNGAI MUAR
FAILURE ZONE
Figure 1.3: Location of failure zone
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Scope of work:
i) Visual inspection of the site to observe significant geotechnical features;

ii) Planning and reviewed the ground profiles of the subject site from the
survey plan;
iii) Planning and interpret the borehole logs obtained from the soil investigation
work conducted at the subject site.
iv) Review and interpret the results of the laboratory testing program to
determine the classification, and strength characteristics of the soils and
rocks encountered;
v) Developed relevant cross-section across the slope of the failed area, and
predict the subsurface profiles with appropriate geotechnical parameters to
the various strata intersected;
vi) For the section developed above, performed slope stability analyses using
Limit equilibrium technique, considering the case for circular failure mode for
a modified profile incorporating alternative slope remedial works such as
Sheet pile wall, to provide adequate safety against potential instability;
vii) Commented on appropriate slope protection measures;
viii) Summarized work in a written report.
In undertaking this project, the key issues are: -
(a) Pekan Panchor, Muar, Johor is classified as medium risk to landslide. The
riverbank slope has totally collapsed after low tie period. Progressive failures
has caused total cut off of the road. Rectification works must be carried out
immediately to prevent further failure that can damaged the houses and overall
improvement on the safety of the slope.
(b) The investigation and stabilization works should not aggravate the precarious
conditions prevailing at the sites.
(c) Consideration will be given to the short and long term environmental impacts of the
proposed options to rectify the slopes.
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SECTION 2
SITE INVESTIGATION
2.1 Introduction
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Several investigations were conducted on site to determine the caused of the slope
failure. Field test was conducted to determine the in-situ soil characteristic and also for
sampling purposes. Moreover, the laboratory test also has been done to determine soil
parameters required for the design purposes.
The objectives of site investigation are:-

a) To assess the general suitability of the site and neighborhood for the proposed
works, from a geological and geotechnical point of view.
b) To provide suitable geotechnical data for all aspects of an economic, safe and
reliable design of foundations, earthworks and temporary works, including assessment
of the effects of any previous uses of the site.
c) To assess the problems and constraints associated with the construction of the
works arising from the soil or groundwater conditions and to plan the best method of
construction.
d) To assess the quantity, quality and ease of extraction of construction materials
suitable for the works.
e) To determine the changes in the stability, drainage and other geotechnical
aspects of the site and the surrounding ground and buildings, this might be initiated by
the construction works.
f) To make comparison on the construction works by alternative methods or at
alternative sites.
2.2 Scope of site investigation work
The site investigation work are consist of several stages that are site reconnaissance,
planning SI layout, planning SI methods, sampling & testing, and reporting &
assessment.
2.2.1 Site reconnaissance
Site reconnaissance exercise main objective is to collect as much as possible the

information from the location of the slope failure. This exercise is being executed after
the event of failure to identify the most like caused of the failure physically. Beside that,
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site reconnaissance also important to investigate the general
condition of the site such as the site topography, existing building around the site, basic
geology, detailed of access, entry and height restrictions. All of this information is
required in order to propose the suitable design system for the slope reinstatement.
2.2.2 Site Investigation layout
Total 4 numbers of boreholes was employed for the purpose of subsurface

investigations. The location of boreholes is carefully locate in order to reveal the most
efficient and valuable information especially for design purposes. Figure 2.1 shows the
typical arrangement of the borehole set-up on site.
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Figure 2.1: Borehole location

Borehole number 1,2, and 3 was located at the location of failure. Borehole number 4 is
located at the left side of the failure while borehole number 2 is located at the toe of the
failure (see Figure2 .1). The arrangement of the borehole is applicable for the purpose of
subsurface investigation for the slope failure.
2.2.3 Site Investigation Method
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The choice of site investigation method is highly depend on the

purpose of subsurface investigation. Rotary wash boring was employed in this
investigation (see Figure 1(c)). The boreholes are drilled by locally trained drillers under
direct supervision of a technical officer in accordance with instructions and specifications
given. The casings of NW and BW are used to prevent the collapse of the borehole wall.
The boreholes be wash by circulating water and the disturb samples are collect for visual
examinations.
The termination criteria of boreholes have been set-up. Borehole was terminated after
the either of the following criteria is fulfilled:
a) Continuous solid rock coring to a minimum depth of two (2) times 1.5 m using
core barrels is required.
b) Seven (7) continuous times of SPT-N = 50
c) Maximum fourty (40) meter of borehole depth below ground level
d) All the above criteria shall be confirmed and acknowledge by engineers
representative at site before termination.
The above termination criterion is to ensure that firm and reliable rock quality level is
identified for slope repair system.
2.2.4 Sampling and testing
Soil samples are collected in the form of undisturbed or disturbed but representative
when drilling in progress. Disturbed samples were normally used for identification and
laboratory classification tests. Representatives portions of each sample are sealed in
polythene bags and label indicate sample numbers and depth taken, and sent to the
laboratory.
Undisturbed samples are collected by employing hydraulic thrust on thin wall sampling
tubes of 60mm diameter for very soft cohesive soils. The samples will then promptly seal
with paraffin wax to prevent any loss of moisture. All the undisturbed samples are place
in cushion boxes and transport with great care to the laboratory to ensure minimum
disturbance to the soil.
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The laboratory testing has carried out in accordance to the procedures in BS 1377: Part
2:1990) on selected samples at various penetrations. The test is including the
classification test.
2.3 Subsoil conditions
The interpreted subsoil profiles showing the SPT-N values, major/minor classified
subsoil components and Rock Quality Designation (RQD) are presented in Borehole log
provide by Kumpulan Ikram Sdn Bhd. Result obtained from BH 1, BH 2 and BH 3 was
used in the subsoil analysis. The main types of soil based on British Soil Classification
Systems present in this point are very soft marine CLAY. The SPT-N value is very low
up to 17.0m with the range SPT-N = 0 to 5 blow/300mm. After that the SPT-N value
increase with depth and the borehole was terminated at depth of 24.0m to 27.0m(SPT-N
> 50). It represent that the top soil layer is very loose and possibly it is not well
compacted during the construction of the failed slope.
From the soil investigation data obtained, the following sequence of subsoil stratum has
been interpreted as shown in Table 2.1. There are basically three (3) layers of soil which
consist of Very soft marine clay, Sandy silt / sand and Sandy silt.
Table 2.1: Soil profile

Layer General soil description Depth range (m)
1 Very soft marine clay 15-18
2 Sandy silt / sand 23-26
3 Sandy silt 30
(i) Layer 1 Very Soft Marine Clay

This layer represents the upper layer of the original ground and comprises of Very
Soft Marine Clay. The depth of this stratum ranges between 15m to 18m with SPT
(N) values of 0 - 7 blows per 300mm of penetration.
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(ii) Layer 2 Sandy SILT/SAND

Underlying the above is Silty/Clayey SAND having depth range between 23m to
26m with SPT (N) values ranging between 10 and 50 blows per 300mm of
penetration.
(iii) Layer 3 SandySILT

Hard layer which SPT (N) values of 50 blows per 300mm encounter at depth of
>24m.
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di Pekan Panchor, Muar, JohorConsult
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Existing Soldier Wall
9m 18m
Sungai Muar
Very Soft
marine CLAY
Sandy SILT / SAND
Sandy SILT
Figure 2.2: Soil profile
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2.4 Geotechnical interpretation
Several laboratory tests were conducted to determine the properties of the soil. It is
include the physical and chemical properties of soil. The laboratory test is conducted
based on the BS 1377: Part 2: 1990.
The consistency limits (liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index) were determined
using cone penetrometer test. From the result, it shown that the liquid limit (LL) is 44.8
%, plastic limit (PL) 30.8 % and the plasticity index (PI) 14 %. Therefore, it shows that
the soil is very liquid with low plasticity index.
Trixial compression test (CIU) conducted to determine the strength coefficient of soil,
cohesion and angle of shearing. These two parameters are to be used in the design and
also for slope stability analysis. Results obtained from the test are as follows:-
a) Layer 1 Firm Sandy SILT

b = 15.0 kN/m3
C = 7 kPa
' = 10
b) Layer 2 Hard Sandy SILT

b = 17.0 kN/m3
C = 10 kPa
' = 27
c) Layer 3 Sandy SILT

b = 19.0 kN/m3
C = 12 kPa
' = 29
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Chemical test also being conducted on the soil sample, but there is
no evidence showing the presence of chemical in the soil. Beside that, particle size
distribution test also was conducted to classify the soil samples. Particle size distribution
has been conducted based on British Standard (BS 1377: Part 2: 1990). The soil
samples from borehole 3 (BH 3) has been used which two samples at different depth
has been tested.
The soil samples at depth 4.50 m to 4.95 m shows that the soil generally SILT (56.53
%), then follows by Clay (21.83 %), sand (20.43 %) and Gravel (1.21 %). For the soil
samples taken at depth of 9.00 m to 9.45 m, the soil generally is CLAY (51.14 %), and
then follows by silt (35.09 %), sand (9.08 %) and gravel (4.69 %). From the result
obtained it clearly shown that the most dominant soil was SILT and CLAY. Beside that, it
also shows that the clay is become more at the greater depth. CLAY is more dominant
soil at the top layer of the soil while SILT is basically more at the greater depth.
2.5 Analysis of possibilities caused of failure
The analysis caused of failure is being carried out by looking into several possibilities
that might contribute to the failure of the slope. It has been done by looking into the
condition of the soil (theoretical analysis) and also by adopting the stability analysis
(numerical analysis). The theoretical analysis is basically based on the result obtained
from laboratory testing, on the geotechnical parameters of the soil stratum. On the other
hand, SLOPE W analysis has been used to analyze the stability of the slope before
failure and after the stabilization measures has been taken. The slope failure is confined
between CH 40 m and CH 95 m.
Naturally, riverbank is one of the critical areas which the possibilities of slope failure to
occur are high. In the case of Pekan Panchor, the subsoil condition is also the major
factors that might contribute to the failure of slope. Based on the observations during site
investigation, it has been found that the failure envelope is mainly at the layer of Soft
Marine CLAY. The 15 m soft marine clay and loading at the upper slope induced a
shear failure at extreme low tie where the instability spread creating a major flow slide.
There was a differential head of 2 to 3 meter of water between the low tie and high tie.
Hence initiated the flow slide move directly downslope to the river as shown in Figure
2.3.
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Figure 2.3: Slope surface failure
Several studies have been done by number of researchers on the behavior of soft
marine clay and its contribution to the slope failure. Marine clay is sensitive to some
degree, and it is more likely to strain-softening not perfectly-plastic (Andresen and
Jostad, 2007). The slope failure caused by strain-softening behavior can be explained by
considering the progressive failure mechanism. Figure 2.4 represent the rotational
progressive failure mechanism in a slope with strain-softening clay with stresses and
strain at failure.
Figure 2.4: Rotational progressive failure mechanism in a slope

(Kvalstad et al., 2005)
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The strains increase further after local failure and the shear stresses reduce from the
peak strength towards the residual strength. The capacity (failure load) is increased
deformations post peak, a fully developed failure surface eventually forms where
residual strengths have been reached along the entire surface. Therefore, after several
progressive increments in loading and stresses the slope eventually failed.
Slope W analysis has been adopted in order evaluate the available factor of safety of the
existing slope condition against lateral slip failure. This analysis is mainly based on the
limit equilibrium modeling. The back analysis is conducted at slope of CH 250. The
analysis is focusing on the changing of tie water level which consider as one of the
factors that might contribute to the slope failure. The parameters used in this analysis
are:-
Table 2.2: Soil parameters used for analysis

Layer Description (kN/m3) C (kPa) () Load
(kN/m2)
1 Marine Clay 15 7 10
2 Hard Sandy SILT 17 10 27
3 Sandy SILT 19 12 29
Traffic Load 10
The factor of safety used is as recommended by the Geotechnical Control Office, Hong
Kong, 1984. For the case of Pekan Panchor, Muar, Johor the adopting factor of safety is
1.4 against rotational failure mode. Table 2.3 has represented the recommended factor
of safety for new slopes (after Geotechnical Control Office, Hong Kong, 1984). Figure
2.5 has shows the analysis result of back analysis for the failed slope. It shows that the
slope is failed at the water level tie at 3 m.
Table 2.3: Recommended factor of safety for new slopes (after Geotechnical
Control Office, Hong Kong, 1984).
Risk to life
Economic risk Negligible Low High
Negligible >1.0 1.2 1.4
Low 1.2 1.2 1.4
High 1.4 1.4 1.4
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(a) Full water level
(b) 1 m water level
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(c) 2 m water level
(d) 3 m water level
Figure 2.5: Result of Slope W analysis on failure slope
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The results of the back analysis (Slope W) conducted on CH 250 is
tabulated in terms of minimum factor of safety against basal failure of the slope (refer
Table 2.4).
Case Description Minimum F.O.S

1 Existing profile with full water level 1.546
2 Existing profile with 1 m water level 1.306
Heavy rainfall and surface & subsurface drainage failure also the other factors that
might contribute to the failure. Most of the event of slope failure in this country is due to
the rainfall. The true mechanism of rainfall induced failure must be clearly understood.
Water infiltrate into the soil will reduce the suction in the soil, therefore it will reduce the
shear strength of the soil. On the other hand water will make the soil heavier, therefore it
will increase the disturbing factor that might cause failure. As the shear strength of the
soil decrease, the resisting factor will also decrease. Thus, it will at one point trigger the
failure. The heavy of flow stream is one of the factors contributing to the failure of this
slope.
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Figure 2.6: Failed soldier wall tie with RC pile (150mm x 150mm)
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SECTION 3
DESIGN
3.1 Introduction
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There are several types of earth retaining structures available for the
purpose to reinstate the failed slope. It is including:-
a) Sheet pile
b) Backfilled wall
c) Geogrid wall with pilling
d) Wellguard wall with tie back system
e) Soil reinforcement and anchoring
f) Others related system
In this purposes of project slope repair, the method that has been considered is
anchored sheet pile wall. Sheet pile is a method of earth retaining structures suitable
to be used in an area with high water table and limited construction space. In this
project, the failure area is located near to the river body which means water table is very
high. Therefore, the application of sheet pile is highly acceptable.
3.2 Sheet pile
Sheet piling is a manufactured construction product with a mechanical connection

interlock at both ends of the section. These mechanical connections interlock with one
another to form a continuous wall of sheeting. Sheet pile applications are typically
designed to create a rigid barrier for earth and water, while resisting the lateral pressures
of those bending forces. The shape or geometry of a section lends to the structural
strength.
Sheet piling is classified in two construction applications as below;

1) Permanent Structure - application is "stay-in-place" where the sheetpile wall is
driven and remains in the ground.
2) Temporary Structure - application provides access and safety for construction in
a confined area. Once the work is completed, the sheets are removed.
Sheet pile walls are usually used in soft soils and tight spaces. Sheet pile walls are
made out of steel, vinyl or wood planks which are driven into the ground. For a quick
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estimate the material is usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below
ground, but this may be altered depending on the environment. Taller sheet pile walls
will need a tie-back anchor, or "dead-man" placed in the soil a distance behind the
face of the wall, that is tied to the wall, usually by a cable or a rod. Anchors are placed
behind the potential failure plane in the soil.
It is very important to have proper drainage behind the wall as it is critical to the
performance of retaining walls. Drainage materials will reduce or eliminate the
hydrostatic pressure and will therefore greatly improve the stability of the material behind
the wall, assuming that this is not a retaining wall for water.
3.1.1 Common type of sheet pile
i) Tie rods and dead man
This type of sheet pile is usually use as a permanent structures of retaining

wall. The sheet pile has been tied by using rod and the concrete block been
used as an anchored.
Figure 3.1: Tie rods and dead man
ii) Tie rods and anchored wall
This type of sheet pile is used mostly at very limited area for construction.
Two sheet pile has been installed at both end, which one act as retaining
structure while the other one as anchored.
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Figure 3.2: Tie rods and anchored wall
iii) Tiebacks with grout anchor

The concrete grout has been used to anchor the rod that tightens the sheet
pile.
Figure 3.3: Tiebacks with grout anchor
The sheet pile of tie rods and anchored wall has been selected to be used in this
project. This type of sheet pile is found suitable to be used as it is very effective solution
for the tight construction space and required less time for installation.
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3.1.2 Conceptual design of Sheet Piling
Design of sheet piling is based on a factor of safety for stability applied to soil strengths.
However, there is several kind of factor of safety available which given different
definitions towards the stability of structures. This is including:-
i) Factor of safety on passive earth-pressure coefficients advocated by the

current British Code of Practice on Earth Retaining Structure (CP2:1951)
CP2 : recommends that a factor of safety of approximately 2
ii) Factor of safety on passive effective strength parameters advocated by

CIRIA Report No. 54 (1974) and the Hong Kong Geoguide 1 (GCO,1981).
FOS = 1.5 to 2 for sands
FOS = 1.2 to 1.5 for clays
iii) Factor of safety on net passive total pressure The Piling Handbook (BSC,
1979) : Burland et al (1981) and Potts and Burland (1983).
iv) Factor of safety on all effective strength parameters

FOS = 1.5 adopted
To avoid compounding factors of safety, the sheet piling and wales are designed to resist
forces produced by soil pressures calculated using a factor of safety of 1 for both
passive and active pressures.
3.1.3 Anchor system
The construction of sheet pile is considered more effective with the installation of anchor.
Permanent sheet pile usually designed with anchored to increase the ability to withstand
the load and stress. In this slope repair and reinstate project, the anchor used is an
economical anchoring for AZ piles.
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Figure 3.4: Detail of anchoring system
The economic advantages are obvious:-

a) of-centre fixing of wailings with a single bolt reduces material bolt reduces
material and installation costs,
b) off-centre positioning of tie rods makes it possible to use plain bearing plates,
and having a hole in the flange rather than through the interlock means
achieving effective waterproofing ceases to be a problem.
3.1.4 Arrangement of sheet pile
Figure 3.5: Arrangement of sheet pile
Figure 3.5 has shown the arrangement of sheet pile with anchored. Wales has been
used to strengthen the sheet pile, while the rod (cable) has been tied to the anchored
wall.
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3.2 Retaining earth structures design
The design of this particular sheet pile is based on limit equilibrium method.
Sheet pile detail geometry 10 kN/m2
Backfilled 2.5 m
5m
Anchor
Soil 1
12 m
Main sheet pile
Figure 3.6: Sheet pile detail geometry

Soil 2 d m
Soil profile parameters
Table 3.1: Soil profile parameters

Soil Description Parameters
Backfilled 5 m backfill soil for temporary b = 17 kN/m3
working platform and permanent C = 0 kPa
road = 30
Soil 1 Firm Sandy SILT b = 15 kN/m3

C = 7 kPa
= 10
Soil 2 Hard sandy SILT b = 17 kN/m3
C = 10 kPa
= 27
Step 1
Earth pressure coefficients
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1 2 '
Assume a = , h =
2 3
Earth pressure
The earth pressure calculation has been done to determine the embedment depth of
sheet pile.
Take moment about f to determine the depth of penetration:-

M = 0
3.975 x 2 (2/2 +14+d) + (47.477-3.975) x 2/2(2/3 +14+d) + 47.477 x 1 (1/2+13+d) +

(67.274 47.477) x (1/3 +13+d) + 53.487 x 2(2/2+13+d) +(58.736 53.487) x x
(1/3+12+d)+ (58.736-13.367)12/2 x (1/3+d) + 13.367 x 12 x (12/2+d) = 0
119.25 + 7.95 d + 638.03 + 47.477 d + 308.60 + 47.477 d + 131.8 + 9.9 d +497.64 +

106.97 d + 32.369 + 2.625 d + 90.738 + 477.214 d + 962.4 + 380.404 = 0
2514.525 = 975 d
d = 2.579 m
Therefore, it is found that the depth of penetration is to be:-
0.000 m
d = 2.579 m 3.0 m
2.000 m
Thus, the total length of sheet pile wall is 20.000 m. 3.000 m
4.000 m
Total pressure diagram
3.975
16.000 m
30
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47.477
53.487 67.274
58.736
-266.209 13.367
Step 2-346.789
Maximum bending moment
Maximum bending moment occur at zero shear force.
Shear force diagram
0.000 m
0.000
2.000 m
-276.705 3.000 m
4.000 m
-219.330
-163.218
16.000 m
269.397 31
-698.477 19.579 m
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Bending moment diagram

0.000
0.000 m
-129.553 2.000 m
3.000 m
4.000 m
-570.932
7.000 m
-813.289
742.616 17.000 m
Bending moment for the sheet pile wall is:- 19.579 m
Maximum = 742.616 kN.m at 16.970 0.000

m
Minimum = -813.289 kN.m at 7.0 m
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Maximum anchored force = 313.603 kN/m (increase by 10% to allow
for horizontal arching)
Step 3
Proposed sheet pile dimension / detailing
Length of sheet pile = 20 m with maximum moment of 742.616 kN.m, then provide:-
Section modulus = 2450 cm3/m
Steel grade = 355 N/mm2
Step 4
Anchor
The loading cases adopted for tie back sheet pile:-

i) The first with the reaction from the main wall (anchorage force)
ii) The second, ultimate limit state, in which the reaction form the main wall
(anchorage force) is multiplied with a safety factor of 1.5.
For the tie rod, proposed Upset End Forged bar 55 mm diameter with Grade 550 MPa.
The allowable working load = 782 kN
At 2.0 m c/c
Maximum anchor force = 313.603 kN/m
Anchorage load = 313.603 x 2.0
= 627.206 kN < 782 kN
Thus, the tie rod required is 1 at 2.0 c/c sheet pile wall.
Step 5
Waler design
wl 2
Maximum moment on waler =
10
313.603 x 2.0 2
=
10
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= 125.44 kNm/m
Choose C channel, 2 nos of 300 x 90 x 43.8 kg/m
Section modulus = 494 cm3, grade 355 N/mm2

2 494 355
Moment capacity allow = kN/m
1.5 1000
= 234 kNm/m (> 125.44 kNm/m)
3.3 Spun pile
The existing road was damaged due to the event of slope failure. Therefore, based on
the scope of project work the damage road has to be repair. It is found that the road
base is very weak due to the presence of very soft marine clay. The installation of pile is
adopted in order to improve the ability of ground to sustain the load from road.
Generalized soil profile
Spun pile (250 mm dia)
Very soft marine clay

15 m N=8
9m Fine sand
N = 25
The spun pile was designed to cater the traffic load form the existing road. Therefore,
Clay SILT
number of pile installed is meant for sustain the imposed load from the road only. The
pile installed is:-
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Length = 12 m at 2 m c/c
Diameter of pile = 250 mm
* (refer to detail calculation in appendices)
3.4 Additional slope stabilization measures
Additional slope stabilization measures have been taken to protect the slope from
erosion caused by moving river water. There is the case back during serious flood in
1996, where the riverbank is collapsed due to the erosion caused by moving river water.
Therefore, proper remedial works are necessary to avoid further extent of failures.
The use of amour rock is essential to prevent the slope from erosion. It will work to
protect the slope surface and sow down the velocity of the water. Amour rock is in form
of solid rock which in size of 10 to 20 and it is coherent rock which does not softening
due to expose to water. The suitable type of rock which can be used as amour rock is
such as granite, limestone and basalt. In this project, granite has been chosen due to the
availability and the cheaper cost.
The geotextile has to be layered on the river bed before place the amour rock.
Geotextile is used as separator to separate the amour rock and the soil. Beside that, it
also works as filtration and reduce the possibility of erosion to occur.
Figure 3.7 has shown the details of slope stabilization scheme. The proposed scheme is
include the work of:-
i) Sheet pile wall
ii) Anchored sheet pile wall
iii) Spun pile
iv) Amour rock
v) Geotextile
The detail slope remedial work is as shown in appendices.
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Anchored Sheet pile

Tie rod
Spun pile
Sheet pile wall
Geotextile (Filtration)
Amour rock
Figure 3.7: Proposed slope stabilization
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SECTION 4
ANALYSIS SLOPE/W
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4.1 Introduction
The analysis of proposed slope stabilization has been done using Geo Studio software.
This software is including the analysis of slope using Slope-W analysis. Slope-W is a
program which suitable to be used as to analyze the stability of the slope. The numerical
analysis is the idea of discretizing a potential sliding mass into slices, which means the
analysis is a process to determine the failure plane for very small slices of sliding mass.
4.2 Slope analysis by using SLOPE/W
The proposed continuous sheet pile wall with tie back has been analyzing using Slope-
W program. Figure 4.1 has shown the cross-section detail of slope and the proposed
sheet pile wall with tie back system. The analysis of the slope is adopting the
Morgenstern-Price methods. The analysis is done at water tie level of 3 m.
PROPOSAL FOR REMEDIAL WORK

CONTINUOUS SHEET PILE WALL ANALYSIS
Total Activating Force: 0

Total Activating Moment: 0
Total Resisting Force: 0
Total Resisting Moment: 0
Total weight: 0
Total Volume: 0
35 35
45 46
3736 41 44
30 16 30Description: Marrine CLAY
29743
17 30 32 6
34 38 40
42
15 14
Wt: 15
25 6 25Cohesion: 7
5
2 Phi: 10
7
Elevation, m
20 5 20
Description: CLAY
3 31 33 35 39 47 Wt: 17
25
15 4 15
26 Cohesion: 10
27
3 1828
21
Phi: 27
10 10
20 19 8 Description: Hard CLAY
21
4 9
5
22 10 5
Wt: 19
11
24 12
1
13
Cohesion: 12
23
Phi: 29
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 104 108
Distance, m
Figure 4.1: Diagram of proposed remedial work
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PROPOSAL FOR REMEDIAL WORK

CONTINUOUS SHEET PILE WALL ANALYSIS
Total Activating Force: 994.58

Total Activating Moment: 45847
Total Resisting Force: 1355.1
Total Resisting Moment: 62651
Total weight: 13279
Total Volume: 939.55 1.435
35 35
45 46
3736 41 44
30 16 30
29743
17 30 32 6
34 38 40
42
15 14 Description: Marrine CLAY
Wt: 15
25 6 25
Cohesion: 7
5
2
Phi: 10
7
Elevation, m
20 5 20
3 31 33 35 39 47 Description: CLAY
15
25
15
Wt: 17
4
27
26 Cohesion: 10
3 182281 Phi: 27
10 10
20 19 8
21
4 9 Description: Hard CLAY
22 10
5
11
5 Wt: 19
1 Cohesion: 12
24 23 12 13
0 0
Phi: 29
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 104 108
Distance, m
Figure 4.2: Slope W analysis of proposed remedial work
Based on the analysis that has been done, the factor of safety of the slope is increase to
1.435 at the water level 3 m. The back analysis that has been done before suggested
that the slope is failed at the water tie of 3 m with factor of safety 0.966. It is suggested
that the slope stabilization is increase the stability of the slope. The installation of sheet
pile wall is ultimately increased the factor of safety and control the failure plane of the
slope.
4.3 Slope W analysis of existing slope stabilization
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The consultant of the project has proposed the wellguard wall with
piling. Wellguard wall is basically use the I-beam instead of sheet pile which been
installed with the ground anchor. The wellguard wall panel is connected to I-beam using
capping beam. This method of stabilization is basically similar to the sheet pile wall
system. Figure 4.3 shows the detail of slope stabilization that has been proposed by
appointed consultant. This system has been used to improve the stability of the failure
slope at Sungai Muar, Pekan Panchor. Wellguard wall with I-beam was installed at the
slope face, while spun pile has been installed as to cater the traffic load from the upper
road portion.
REMEDIAL WORK
WELLGUARD WALL WITH PILING ANALYSIS
Figure 4.3: Diagram of existing remedial work
Figure 4.4 represent the analysis of the remedial work using wellguard wall with piling.
The factor of safety of the slope is increase to 1.378 at the 3 m water tie level. Therefore,
it shows that both of the proposed remedial work is increased the stability of the slope.
REMEDIAL WORK
WELLGUARD WALL WITH PILING ANALYSIS
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Figure 4.4: Analysis of existing remedial work
4.4 Analysis of finding
The results of this back analysis conducted for two locations namely CH 250 at the site.
The results are tabulated below in terms of minimum factor of safety against basal failure
of the slope.
Table 4.1: Factor of safety for proposed and existing slope stabilization
Case Description Minimum F.O.S.

Remedial Work
1 Sheet Pile with tie back and piling 1.435
2 Wellguard wall with piling 1.378
Based on the result tabulated in Table 4.1, it shows that both of slope stabilization
scheme is well improved the stability of the slope after the event of failure. The factor of
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safety of sheet pile with tie back is slightly higher than the wellguard
wall with piling. Therefore, both options can be used as to improve the stability of the
slope. The total cost of the project then can be used as to determine the best option for
slope stabilization and remedial work.
SECTION 5
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COSTING
5.1 Preliminary Cost Estimation
The preliminary cost has been done to estimate the total cost of the project including the
preliminaries work, site investigation, remedial work, material cost and other additional
work.
5.1.1 Continuous Sheet Pile Wall with Tie Back System
Table 5.1: Total cost of Continuous Sheet Pile Wall with Tie Back System
TOTAL
BILL NO DESCRIPTION
(RM)
1 Preliminaries work 214,730.00
2 Remedial Work
i) Earth Work 156,000.00
ii) Sheet Pile (Inclusive Tie Rod and Capping
1,254,400.00
Beam)
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iii) Spun Pile

312,950.00
iv) Road Pavement 210,000.00
v) River Slope Protection 269,100.00
3 Drainage 30,000.00
4 Turnkey Element
i) Consultancy 110,000.00
ii) Site Investigation 40,000.00
TOTAL 2,597,180.00
Table 5.1 represent the preliminary cost for remedial work using sheet pile with tie back
system. The work is including the installation, monitoring, and site clearance. The total
cost is provisional to change and it is depend on the market material price.
5.1.2 Wallguard wall with piling
The existing slope remedial work is adopting the option of wallguard wall with piling.
Table 5.2 shows the preliminary cost of the remedial work. The total cost is including
material price, site investigation, remedial work and also the consultancy work.
Table 5.2: Total cost of wallguard wall with piling
TOTAL
BILL NO DESCRIPTION
(RM)
1 Preliminaries work 198,810.00
2 Remedial Work
i) Earth Work 156,000.00
ii) Wellguard panel 185,000.00
iii) Spun Pile 312,950.00
iv) Road Pavement 210,000.00
v) River Slope Protection 269,100.00
vi) Sheet pile with tie back system 315,000.00
vii) Steel post (H-post) 661,900.000
3 Drainage 30,000.00
4 Turnkey Element
i) Consultancy 110,000.00
ii) Site Investigation 40,000.00
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TOTAL
2,488760.00
5.1.3 Comparison of proposed remedial work
Both of the remedial work relatively has advantages and disadvantages respectively.
The analysis of advantages and disadvantages is important as to select the best
remedial work at the reasonable cost.
Table 5.3: Comparison of proposed remedial work

Remedial work Cost Advantages Disadvantages
Sheet pile with tie RM 2,597,180.00 i) Easier to construct. i) Steel expensive
back system ii) Shorter
construction time
iii) Required minimum
construction space
Wellguard wall with RM 2,488,760.00 i) Relatively easy i) Expensive
piling construction method
ii) Shorter
construction time
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SECTION 6
METHOD OF STATEMENT
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6.1 DRIVING METHODS
6.1.1 Pitch and Drive Method
This method requires equipment to control the verticality of the pile during installation so
that piles can be pitched and driven one by one. The pitching operation can be carried
out do e to ground level meaning that operatives are potentially at less risk and
downtime windy conditions can be reduced.
Piles can be installed to final level by this method (necessary when using the Japanese
presses with single piles) or left at a higher levelto backdrive using panel driving
techniques with other, generally heavier, hammers to speed up production or drive
accurately in deeper more difficult strata. This method is the simplest way of driving piles
but is only really suited to loose soils and short piles. For dense sands and stiff cohesive
soils or in the case of possible obstructions, pitch and drive is not recommended.
In recent years, the method has become more favored by installers as purpose built
equipment is now available to adequately control the pile during installation. In the right
conditions productivity is maximised. It is more difficult to control forward lean using the
pitch and drive method because the leading lock has less resistance than the trailing or
connected lock as a result of soil and interlock friction, Although the piling may
commence from a true vertical position, the top of the piles will have a natural tendency
to lean in the direction of driving. This will get progressively worse if not countered When
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driving long straight sections of wall with a planned pitch & drive
method it may be advisable with the Engineers consent, to allow for supplying
prefabricated tapered correction piles for use at approximately fifty metre intervals. This
is important to consider when using the Japanese pressing machines because it may not
be possible to revert to a panel backdriving system to avoid or correct the forward lean
problem.
With pitch and drive, the free leading interlock is constantly in danger of rotation in plan
which increases the deeper the free end penetrates the ground as it is unsupported
during the driving operation When a pile rotates during installation, friction develops in
the connected locks making driving progressively more difficult.
6.1.2 Panel Driving Method
Piles may be threaded together above the ground in a support frame to form a panel
prior to driving. In this situation, both interlocks are engaged before any driving takes
place and this balancing of the friction forces ensures maximum control and accuracy.
The piles are then driven in stages and in sequence into the ground. Sequential driving
enables verticality to be maintained.
Sheet piles should be installed using the panel-driving technique to ensure that good
verticality and alignment is achieved and to minimise the risk of driving difficulties or
declutching problems. This technique is important for maintaining accuracy when driving
long piles or driving into difficult ground.
As a whole panel of piles has been pitched there is no need to drive all piles fully to
maintain progress of the piling operations During driving the tops of adjacent piles can
be kept close together meaning that the stiffness of the piles is maintained across both
connected locks allowing the pile toe to be driven through soil of greater resistance
without undue deviation.
If obstructions are encountered, individual piles can be left high without fear of disruption
to the overall efficiency of the installation process Engineering decisions can then be
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taken to attempt to remove the obstruction or drive piles carefully
either side of the obstruction before trying once more to drive or punch through it if
further penetration is necessary.
Panel driving is the best method for driving sheet piles in difficult ground or for
penetrating rock - which is unlikely to be possible with the pitch and drive method Piles
are usually paired up or neighboring sheets leveled up at the head before commencing
the hard driving operation with a ieavier lammer, Care should be taker when piles are
firstly pitched and installed in singles and driven in the first stage with a vibrohammer It
is easier to execute two stage driving in pairs if the pies are pre ordered and installed in
crimped pairs, Difficulty of pairing up in the panel is avoided in this way and safer more
efficient operation of impact hammers can be ensure.
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Figure 6.1: Panel driving method
6.2 DRIVING SYSTEMS AND TYPE OF HAMMER
The choice of a suitable driving system is of fundamental importance to ensure

successful pile installation with due regard to the safety of operatives and environmental
disturbance
The three basic driving methods are:-
Impact drving
This is the best method for driving piles into difficult ground or final driving of piles to
level in panel form, With a correctly selected and sized hammer it is the most effective
way of completing deep penetration into hard soils in most conditions The downside is
that it can be noisy and not suitable for sensitive or restricted sites
Vibrodriving
This is usually the fastest and most economical method of pile installation but usually
needs loose or cohesionless soil conditions for best results Vibration and noise occurs
but this can be kept to a minimum provided the right equipment is used and the site is
not too sensitive
Pressing
Otherwise known as silent vibrationless hydraulic jacking. Machines of various types are
now widely used This method is very effective in clay soils but less so in dense
cohesionless ground unless pre-augering or jetting techniques are used, This is the most
effective method to use when installing sheet piles in sensitive locations where piling
would have not been considered in the past
6.2.1 Site Conditions
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For the successful driving of sheet piles, it is essential that a good
knowledge of the site conditions is available to enable an accurate assessment to be
made of environmental and geological conditions.
The local environment of the site will influence working restrictions such as noise and
vibration Each site will be subject to i s own unique set of restrictions which varies
according to the proximity and nature of neighboring buildings, road category,
underground service power supplies, material storage areas etc. Geological conditions
refer to the vertical characteristics of the soil strata In order to achieve the required
penetration of the sheet piles, site investigation of the soils together with field and
laboratory tests can aid installation assessment by providing information on:
a) stratification of the subsoil

b) particle size, shape distribution & uniformity
c) inclusions
d) porosity and void ratio
e) density
f) level of the groundwater table
g) water permeability and moisture content of the soil
h) shear parameters, cohesion
i) dynamic and static penetrometer test results and results of standard penetration or
pressuremeter tests,
6.2.2 Driving System Characteristics On Various Soils
Different types of soil present varying driving characteristics dependant upon the driving
system to be adopted. Brief notes on each system are given below
Impact Driving
Easy driving may be anticipated in soft soils such as silts and peats, in loosely deposited
medium and coarse sands and gravels provided the soils free from cobbles, boulders or
obstructions. Difficult diving may be expected in densely deposited fine, medium and
coarse sands and graves, stiff and hard lays, (depending on the thickness of the strata)
and soft-medium rock strata,
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Vibratory Driving
Round-grain sand and gravel and soft soils are especially suited to vibratory driving
Easy driving should be expected when soils are described as loose. Dense angular-
grain material or cohesive soils with firm consistency are much less suited. Difficult
driving may be experienced when dominant SPT values are greater than 50 or
significant thicknesses of cohesive strata are encountered
It is also found that dry soils give greater penetration resistance than those which are
moist, submerged or fully saturated If the granular subsoil is compacted by prolonged
vibrations then penetration resistance will increase sharply leading to refusal. For difficult
soil layers it may be necessary to pre-auger or loosen the soil before installation Jetting
may also be necessary. For penetrating rock, pre-blasting or use of specialized
installation equipment may be needed.
Pressing
This method is especially suited to soils comprising cohesive and fine material. Easy
driving is usually experienced in soft clays and loose soils. This technique usually
employs jetting assistance to loosen silt and sand particles in cohesionless strata to be
able to advance the piles by pressing. Successful installation will also depend on the soil
providing cohesive adhesion to the reaction piles.
Difficult soil conditions are found when dense sands and gravels or soil containing
cobbles or any large particles - which would make jetting ineffective - are encountered.
When boulders or rock are encountered, reaction failure or refusal may occur Lead
trenches may be of assistance for the removal of obstructions encountered near the
surface.
In these circumstances pre-augering is usually necessary to be able to adopt the

pressing technique; otherwise piles will have to be driven to final level by percussive
means. Wet soil conditions are also favorable for pressing. In dry, stiff clay strata, it is
normal practice to use low pressure jetting to lubricate the soil to pile interface and make
driving easier.
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6.2.3 Influence Of Method Of Installation
It is also very important to consider the installation technique to be used Pitch and drive
(P&D) methods will reduce the driveability. When silent pressing using Japanese
hydraulic jacking machines, the stiffness of the pile is of paramount importance to
maximize driveability as the machine operates on pure P&D methods.
Experience of driving sheet piles enabled relationships to be developed to assess the

driveability of particular profiles. One such relationship used the section modulus of the
pile profile as the key factor. However, it is not possible to derive the most suitable
choice of pile section by consideration of section modulus alone The section required to
be commercially effective and successfully installed depends on consideration of a
number of factors and the following selection procedure is recommended:
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Figure 6.2: Selection procedure of pile section
6.3 INSTALLATION OF SHEET PILE BASED ON PROJECT
Basically above explain the method of installation of sheet pile and which are the best
methods to install sheet pile form the variety of choices in the market. Meanwhile in this
section, explains briefly the stages that to be undergo in order to do the re-habilitation
works for the project.
There are 8 stages for the re-habilitation work. The stages are as follows :
Stage 1 Install 6m continuous sheet pile as temporary protection

Stage 2 Excavation and backfill crusher aggregate as working platform
Stage 3 Install 250mm dia. spun pile at 2m c/c and construction of pile cap.
Stage 4 Lay a layer of geogrid GX 600/50 and backfill with sand.
Stage 5 Removal of exiting retaining wall.
Stage 6 Install 20m length of continuous sheet pile wall
Stage 7 Tie back 20m continuous sheet pile wall with 6m continuous sheet pile
wall.
Stage 8 Sand and fill until existing road level and construct river protection with
amour rock.
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STAGE 1
STEP 1
18m
Sungai Muar
Very Soft
marine CLAY
SAND
Clayey SILT
STEP 1 - 6m length of temporary continuous sheet pile wall is installing through

pressure system. This sheet pile is installing along the alignment of the road
(60m). This temporary sheet pile is to prevent any slope failure from happening
which could affect the building located 5m away from the edge of the road.
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STAGE 2
Step 2
Step 3
18m
Sungai Muar
Very Soft
marine CLAY
SAND
Clayey SILT
STEP 2 - Excavation of 2m depth is done and the excavated material will be removed
from site.
STEP 3 - Crusher run of 500mm thickness is lay on the excavated platform. The crusher
run is placed in order to give a working platform when the remedial works is
done and to prepare a flat platform to ease the spun pile work.
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STAGE 3
Step 4
18m
Sungai Muar
Very Soft
marine CLAY
SAND
Clayey SIL
STEP 4 - 250mm diameter of spun pile is install at 2m c/c. The working load of the spun
pile is 40kN. After the pile is install the pile cap will be constructed.
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STAGE 4
. Step 5
Step 6
18m
Sungai Muar
Very Soft
marine CLAY
SAND
Clayey SILT
STEP 5 - A layer of geogrid GX 600/50 is layed after the pile cap have been constructed
STEP 6 - After the geogrid have been lay, 500mm thickness of sand will be lay. This
layer then is being compacted.
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STAGE 5
Step 7
18m
Sungai Muar
Very Soft
marine CLAY
SAND
Clayey SILT
STEP 7 - The existing retaining wall will be removed after the sand compaction works
have been completed.
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STAGE 6
Step 8
18m
Sungai Muar
Very Soft
marine CLAY
SAND
Clayey SIL
STEP 8 - Installation of 20m continuous sheet pile wall will be carry out along the 60m
road using the pressure system after the removal of existing retaining wall
have been completed
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STAGE 7
Step 9
Sungai Muar
Very Soft
marine CLAY
SAND
Claye
STEP 9 - After the 20m continuous sheet pile wall have been installed a tie back is done
using tie rod and I-Beam between the 6m sheet pile wall and 20m sheet pile
wall.
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STAGE 8
Step 13
Step 12
Step 11
Step 10 18m
Sungai Muar
Very Soft
marine CLAY
SAND
Clayey SILT
STEP 10 - Install a layer of F-Filtration Geotextile (F68) and Amour Rock / soft rock
STEP 11 - Construct Capping Beam on top of Sheet Pile Wall
STEP 12 - Sandfill until Road Level
STEP 13 - Construct New Road Pavement
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SECTION 7
MONITORING AND
INSTRUMENTATION
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7.1 Monitoring and instrumentation
Monitoring and instrumentation process has been developed to monitor the possible
amount of movement of sheet pile wall with tie back system slopes during construction
as well as after the completion of construction. The monitoring can provide useful
information for the following purposes:-
i) safety during construction, allowing construction procedures to be modified
ii) developing economy in the design
iii) obtaining an idea of the behavior of the soil-nailed structures
iv) Providing insight into maintenance requirements by long-term performance
monitoring for permanent applications.
The monitoring and observation programme will includes

i) horizontal movement of facing
ii) vertical movement of surface of overall structure
iii) local movements or deterioration of the facing
iv) groundwater levels
v) drainage behavior
Table 7.1 show the summary of monitoring instrumentation used in this project.
Table 7.1: Summary of monitoring instrumentation

Parameter Instruments
Horizontal movement Surveying methods
Inclinometers
Vertical movement Surveying methods
Extensometers
Groundwater Piezometers
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SECTION 8
CONCLUSION
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8.1 Conclusion
The selection of remedial work is has to be based on the effectiveness of the method
and also the total cost of the project. Sheet pile with tie back system is comparatively
expensive compared to other method of earth retaining structures, but it is most effective
for area with high water table and also the installation / construction period is shorter.
This method is required a special equipment as to drive the sheet pile to the required
embedment depth.
However, based on the analysis that has been done it clearly shows that the sheet pile
with tie back system is ultimately increased the stability of the failure slope at 3 m water
tie. Therefore, by adopting this method of remedial work it can improve the slope stability
as well as improve the total strength of the ground
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68

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Cadangan Pembinaan dan Baikpulih Tembok Penahan Sungai Muar

di Pekan Panchor, Muar, Johor Consult

Figure 1.1: Slope failure at Sungai Muar riverbank

1.2 Project Description

Geotechnical & Structural Consultant:

A. To reinstate / stabilize the failed slope at the location of Sungai Muar at

B. To proposed the method of slope stabilization scheme (Earth Retaining

C. To proposed the construction methods for slope stabilization.

D. To proposed the upgrading scheme for existing road base.

Figure 1.2: Location of Pekan Panchor (Google maps, 2009)

Figure 1.3: Location of failure zone

i) Visual inspection of the site to observe significant geotechnical features;

In undertaking this project, the key issues are: -

The objectives of site investigation are:-

2.2 Scope of site investigation work

2.2.1 Site reconnaissance

Site reconnaissance exercise main objective is to collect as much as possible the

2.2.2 Site Investigation layout

Total 4 numbers of boreholes was employed for the purpose of subsurface

Figure 2.1: Borehole location

2.2.3 Site Investigation Method

The choice of site investigation method is highly depend on the

2.2.4 Sampling and testing

2.3 Subsoil conditions

Table 2.1: Soil profile

(i) Layer 1 Very Soft Marine Clay

(ii) Layer 2 Sandy SILT/SAND

(iii) Layer 3 SandySILT

Existing Soldier Wall

Sandy SILT / SAND

Figure 2.2: Soil profile

2.4 Geotechnical interpretation

a) Layer 1 Firm Sandy SILT

b) Layer 2 Hard Sandy SILT

c) Layer 3 Sandy SILT

2.5 Analysis of possibilities caused of failure

Figure 2.3: Slope surface failure

Figure 2.4: Rotational progressive failure mechanism in a slope

Table 2.2: Soil parameters used for analysis

(a) Full water level

(b) 1 m water level

(c) 2 m water level

(d) 3 m water level

Figure 2.5: Result of Slope W analysis on failure slope

Case Description Minimum F.O.S

3.2 Sheet pile

Sheet piling is a manufactured construction product with a mechanical connection

Sheet piling is classified in two construction applications as below;

3.1.1 Common type of sheet pile

i) Tie rods and dead man

This type of sheet pile is usually use as a permanent structures of retaining

Figure 3.1: Tie rods and dead man

ii) Tie rods and anchored wall

Figure 3.2: Tie rods and anchored wall

iii) Tiebacks with grout anchor

Figure 3.3: Tiebacks with grout anchor

3.1.2 Conceptual design of Sheet Piling

i) Factor of safety on passive earth-pressure coefficients advocated by the

ii) Factor of safety on passive effective strength parameters advocated by

iv) Factor of safety on all effective strength parameters

3.1.3 Anchor system

Figure 3.4: Detail of anchoring system

The economic advantages are obvious:-

3.1.4 Arrangement of sheet pile