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Hierarchical Neural Network Algorithm for Classification of Normal

Daily Activity Using Wearable Sensors



Quoc T. Huynh 1, Uyen D. Nguyen2, Teresa Walsh3, and Binh Q. Tran1
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
2School of Electrical Engineering, International UniversityVietnam National University, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
3School of Nursing, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA

Abstract Automatic recognition of daily activities has been II. METHODOLOGY


receiving increasing attention in recent years. Automated
activity recognition can be used for assessing health and wellness A. Data Collection
as well as providing clinically relevant information regarding
health, independence, and function. This paper presents a novel, In prior study [2], a wireless, wearable sensor system
neural network approach for classification of daily activities. (WSS) was developed that can collect real-time inertial data
The algorithm utilizes data collected using inertial sensors (i.e. (i.e. accelerometer, gyroscope) while subjects performed
accelerometer, gyroscope) placed at waist to collect real-time normal daily activities including falls. The WSS is placed at
activities conducted in the lab. The activity classification the center of waist for optimal performance and
algorithm is performed by using hierarchical neural network transmits/receives real-time data during performance of
(NN) to automatically identify activities with high accuracy as desired activities via 802.11 wireless protocols. The data is
compared to video analysis. collected, stored with sampling rate at 100Hz and analyzed
using Matlab (Mathworks, Inc, Natick, MA).
Keywords Fall detection, wearable sensors, ADLs, wireless
For this study, data previously collected from an IRB
sensor system, neural network.
approved study was used for algorithms development and
testing. Data was obtained from 18 young healthy subjects
I. INTRODUCTION (age from 19-28 years, weight from 50-90 kg, and height from
154.5-180.0 cm) and conducted at The Catholic University of
Recently, automated activity classification using wearable America (CUA; Washington, DC). Subjects performed
sensors has emerged as a growing field of research as it routine activities such as standing, sitting, lying, driving,
provides ecologically accurate data of health, wellness, stand-sit/ sit-stand, stand-lying/lying-stand, sit-lying/lying-sit,
independence, and function. Further, analysis of wearable walking, down stair, up stair, running, jumping, etc. and fall
sensor data may provide early data of changes in health status following a prescribed script.
prior to a critical event such as a fall. Fall events affect more
B. Activity Classification Algorithm
than one-third of elderly people. Of those >75 years old who
fall, 24% result in a serious injury [1]. The delay in seeking The algorithm in this study is based on analysis of
immediate medical attention could potentially be dangerous acceleration and angular velocity in both the time and
to life or long-term health. Using wearable sensors to collect frequency domain as opposed to other algorithms relying only
and classify activity, including falls, may provide valuable upon time-domain signals. The features were extracted from
surveillance for elder and other populations. the raw sensor data and used as inputs for the classification
Many fall and activity detection systems use 3-axis algorithms. A 3-second window with 50% overlap used for
accelerometers to measure and detect sudden acceleration analysis and feature extraction [7]. Several time and
changes resulting from a fall impact. Falls are distinguished frequency domain features were selected. In time domain,
from normal activities or falls based upon detection of critical extracted features from accelerometer and gyroscope signals
acceleration thresholds [2] [3] [4]. These systems for each window include mean, median, maximum,
successfully detect falls with sensitivities greater than 85% minimum, standard deviation, variance, skew, kurtosis, root
mean square from 3 axes (x, y, z), and magnitude of 3 axes
and specificities between 88-94%. However, large
[8]. In the frequency domain, the power spectral density
acceleration changes from rigorous activities such as running
(PSD) in 3 ranges 1-2 Hz, 2-3.5 Hz, 3.5-5.5 Hz is calculated
and jumping can result in false positives. Algorithms using
neural networks [NN] [5], Support Vector Machine (SVM),
and Markov models [6] have been proposed for activity
classification. However, these algorithms have not been
proven to be highly accurate. Additionally, activity patterns
are particularly difficult to obtain for system training.
The purpose of this study is develop a schema for daily
activity and fall with high accuracy by using combination of
accelerometer and gyroscope. However, unlike previous
studies, this effort is based on multi-layer of NN to improve
system efficiency.

Figure 1 The ADL & fall classification algorithm base on hierarchical


neural network.

Figure 2 The result of hierarchical NN algorithm for classification of daily activity.

in order to classify the activities base on frequency as biomechanical signals and posture features.
described previously [9]. III. & DISCUSSION
To achieve high accuracy, the algorithm utilizes a
hierarchical NN schema that classifies the activity using a Figure 2 shows sample analysis of collected activities
multi-NN layer framework. Each NN layer framework uses including the acceleration (a), angular velocity signals (b),
a different optimal feature subset that can best distinguish activity classification (c), stationary activities classification
activities. The optimal feature subset of each layer is selected (d), static activities classification (e), transition activities
from all features extracted using a leave-one-out strategy [10]. classification (f), dynamic activities classification (g) and
Figure 1 illustrates the structure of hierarchical NN algorithm. final activity classification (h) illustrated during these series
In the first layer, the fall and the daily activities are activities. The final classification result from the (Fig. 2h)
distinguished by the combination of threshold of shows high accuracy when verified against activity script and
accelerometer and gyro previously described [2]. In the video review. While accurate, one limitation of this algorithm
second layer, the NN classifies the activities into high is the difficulty in detection of transition activity. Because the
(dynamic) or low (static) level activity groups. For dynamic duration transitions are short (<1-2s), the algorithm may be
activities (i.e. walking, running, and jumping), activities are miss classify these activities. Future development will be
classified based upon a sequence of temporally changing used adaptive window for extraction feature to remediate this
biomechanical and frequency of signals features. Stationary problem
activities are classified into two subsets is static and In conclusion, ADLs classification algorithm has been
transition activities. Static activities (i.e. sitting, standing or validated to show high accuracy results by using hierarchical
sleeping) are distinguished by the feature of postural data, neural network.
whereas transition activities (i.e. stand-sit, stand-lying, sit-
lying) are distinguished by both temporally changing
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