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CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

We have pleasure in introducing our new project INTELLIGENT BRAKING


SYSTEM, which is fully equipped by IR sensors circuit and Pneumatic breaking
circuit.

Fig 1.1 Intelligent Breaking In Four Wheeler


It is a genuine project which is fully equipped and designed for Automobile
vehicles. This forms an integral part of best quality. This product underwent
strenuous test in our Automobile vehicles and it is good.
The PNEUMATIC BRAKEING CIRCUIT can stop the vehicle within 2 to 3
seconds running at a speed of 50 KM. The intelligent breaking system is a fully
automation project. This is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as
replacement of manual effort by mechanical power in all degrees of automation.
The operation remains an essential part of the system although with changing
demands on physical input as the degree of mechanization is increased.
Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.
Full automation.
Semi automation.

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In semi automation a combination of manual effort and mechanical power is
required whereas in full automation human participation is very negligible.
There is any obstacle in the path, the IR sensor senses the obstacle and giving the
control signal to the breaking system. The pneumatic breaking system is used to
brake the system. So basically here the car brakes on its own by determining the
distance from the object.

The important components of our project are,


IR transmitter
IR receiver
Control Unit with Power supply
Solenoid Valve
Flow control Valve
Air Tank (Compressor)

The IR TRANSMITTER circuit is to transmit the Infra-Red rays. If any obstacle


is there in a path, the Infra-Red rays reflected. This reflected Infra-Red rays are
received by the receiver circuit is called IR RECEIVER. The IR receiver circuit
receives the reflected IR rays and giving the control signal to the control circuit.
The control circuit is used to activate the solenoid valve.

If the solenoid valve is activated, the compressed air passes to the Single Acting
Pneumatic Cylinder. The compressed air activate the pneumatic cylinder and
moves the piston rod. If the piston moves forward, then the breakng arrangement
activated. The breaking arrangement is used to break the wheel gradually or
suddenly due to the piston movement.

The breaking speed is varied by adjusting the valve is calledFLOW CONTROL


VALVE.The compressed air flow through the Polyurethene tube to the flow
control valve. The flow control valve is connected to the solenoid valve.

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When two come dangerously close the microprocessor in the system will activate
the brakes and it will slow down the vehicle or bring it to a stop if needed.

1.1 Need of intelligent braking system


Years ago, when car is get too close to an obstacle an alarm is triggered which
worn the driver. In this process human error is also included. The actual time to
stop the car is response time taken by the driver plus the time required to taken by
the braking system to brake the car and time of response of driver is much greater.
Hence, it is required to make automatic reverse braking. We use pneumatically
operated reverse braking which is activate when IR sensor senses an obstacle.
This system is mainly divided into two categories according to operation:
A) Electronic operation
B) Mechanical operation.
A) Electronic operation For the detection of obstacle behind the car, the IR sensor
transmitter and receiver circuit is required. The output from this circuit is sends to
the solenoid valve which helps in pneumatic braking.
B) Mechanical operation When IR sensor gives input to solenoid valve then a
pneumatic brake applied to the car. For this operation pneumatic force is used to
apply the brake.
1.2 Benefits to the Customers
Intelligent reverse braking system offers the safe driving with reliable reverse
braking. As it uses pneumatic force to operate the brake, it does not require any
manual force which consequently reduces the fatigue in braking.

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Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
The Reverse Alert System is first developed by Surveillance Guard Corporation
(SVG). It was the world first aftermarket automatic braking system that can be
fitted to any vehicle. This system firstly fitted in Australian vehicles and has been
taken extensively trialed across the passenger vehicle market, road transportation
and taxi industries. This system begins with ultrasonic sensors that were fitted at
rear of the vehicle. These sensors detect an object at 1.6m a signal is sent to a
solenoid located at the front of the vehicle. The solenoid is attached to a flexible
cable that runs through the firewall and is attached to a universal brake pedal
clamp that is fitted on the brake pedal. Subsequently, when the solenoid is
activated this pulls the brake pedal -stopping the vehicle automatically. [7]
The Reverse Alert Technology was installed on following vehicles:
Two Ford Ranger Light Commercial Vehicles (1 x 1.6m and 1 x 2.5m systems)
Two Hino Trucks (both equipped with the 1.6m system) EWP
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) which helps the rider gets a hassle free braking
experience in muddy and watery surfaces. It applies a distributed braking and
prevents skidding and wheel locking. In 1988 BMW sold for the first time
electronic-hydraulic motorcycles.
The first Japanese maker selling motorcycles with ABS was Honda ST1100
equipped optionally with electro-hydraulic ABS module in 1992. [9] With the
ABS, if the rider only brakes with the front or rear wheel, the braked wheels tends
to lock up faster as if both brakes would have been applied. A Combined Braking
System (CBS) distributes the brake force also to the non-braked wheel to lower
the possibility of a lock up, increase deceleration and reduce suspension pitch.
[10] Volvo is all set to launch its new XC60 SUV which will sport laser assisted
braking which will be capable to sense a collision up to 50 mph and apply brakes
automatically.

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Chapter 3 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION
Ultrasonic ranging and detecting devices make use of high-frequency sound
waves to detect the presence of an object and its range. An ultrasonic sensor
typically utilizes a transducer that produces an electrical output pulse in response
to the received ultrasonic energy.

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Intelligent Reverse Braking System

The above block diagram shows the main components intelligent reverse braking
system. There are two types of power supply are required viz. electric supply for
the operation of control unit and IR sensor, and the air power supply to operate
the pneumatic brake. IR sensor consists of IR transmitter and IR receiver. [5] IR
transmitter transmits ultrasonic waves continuously. When car gets too close to an
obstacle, the ultrasonic waves reflect back which was then receive by the IR
receiver. After receiving the reflected signal, it gives the impulse to the control
unit. This control unit make ON the solenoid valve. These complete processes are
electronic based which required electric supply.

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A continuous supply of air through air tank is supplied to solenoid valve. [2] The
flow control valve is used to control the flow of air which allows the air to flow in
one direction only that is only in forward direction and block in reverse direction.
When signal from control unit receives by solenoid valve, a supply of compressed
air supplied to pneumatic single acting cylinder. Then the piston takes forward
motion and consequently brake applied to the wheel. This stops the car and
accident is avoided.

Fig 3.2 Circuit Diagram of the Intelligent Reverse Braking System

Generally, IR sensors are fitted at rear of the vehicle and solenoid valve is located
at the front wheel.Intelligent braking has override mode as well as park mode. In
these two modes difference is the length of operation of the braking. In override
mode the length of operation is about 1.6m, but for parking mode the length of
operation is 40cm. [7] To allow the driver to park the vehicle or engage in tight
reversing maneuvers, the system has a park mode. In this mode the sensors are
reduced to 40cm. In addition, the system has an override button that overrides the
braking system when held.

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Chapter 4 COMPONENT AND DESCRIPTION
As Intelligent Braking is a sensor operated pneumatic brake, it has both
mechanical as well as electronic component. So it can be referred as an electro-
mechanical system.

Fig 4.1 Layout of the Intelligent Braking System

4.1 Power Supply and Control Unit


An electric power is needed to run the control unit and IR sensor. Voltage required
is 24V DC supply which can be taken from the battery whose charge is done
earlier charged when engine runs. A control unit is supplies the power to the IR
sensors. A 24V DC supply is required for IR sensors.

4.2 Sensor Unit


Sensor unit consist of IR transmitter for generating the ultrasonic rays and IR
receiver to receive ultrasonic rays when they reflected back from obstacle.

Fig 4.2 Operation of Sensor

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When waves reflected from the obstacle, is received by IR received it sends to
control unit. The control unit then determined the distance of obstacle from the
car and if the distance is within certain range it sends signal to solenoid valve and
finally brake is applied.

4.2.1 IR Transmitter An ultrasonic transducer


It is used in IR transmitter operates to radiate ultrasonic waves through the air.
Ultrasonic sound waves are the sound waves that are above the range of human
hearing capability and, so it has a frequency above 20,000 hertz. Any frequency
which is above 20,000 hertz may be considered as ultrasonic.
4.2.2 IR Receiver
An IR receiver receives the ultrasonic waves radiated by IR transmitter when
they reflected back from an obstacle and a signal sends to control unit.
4.3 Compressor
A continuous supply of compressed air is required to solenoid valve to operate the
brakes whenever needed. A compressor can compress air to the required
pressures. It converts the mechanical energy from motors and engines into the
potential energy in compressed air. A single central compressor can supply
various pneumatic components with compressed air, which is transported through
pipes from the cylinder to the pneumatic components.
4.4 Pneumatic Cylinder
The pneumatic cylinder used is spring return single acting pneumatic cylinder.
Pneumatic cylinder consist of
A) Piston
B) Cylinder

A Single acting cylinder consists of a simple cylinder piston arrangement in which


a spring is loaded in opposite side if the working area of the fluid. In single acting
cylinder only one connection of pressurized air has to be given. When flow from
the input port is come into the cylinder, due to the pressure force the piston is

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moves forward to compensate the pressure difference. This forward motion is
against the spring force. This position of the piston remains as it is till pressurized
air stay in cylinder. Once the pressure input from the port is withdrawal due to
spring in the cylinder, piston moves backward. Hence for reverse motion, no force
is required.

Fig 4.3 Pneumatic Symbol of a Spring Return Single Acting Cylinder

The air from the compressor is passed through the regulator which controls the
pressure to required amount by adjusting its knob. A pressure gauge is attached to
the regulator for showing the line pressure.
4.5 Solenoid Valve
The solenoid valve is the valve which controls the flow of pneumatic (Air) by an
electronic signal.

Fig 4.4 Pneumatic Symbol of a Spring Return Single Acting Cylinder

The solenoid valve used here is 3/2 spring return pilot solenoid valve. 3/2 valve
means it has three ports that is we can give three connections to the valve and it
has two positions which means there are two positions that this valve can be
operated. [3] The three connections of the solenoid valve are as follows:
1) Pressure Port (P) referred as port number 1.
2) Output Port (A) referred as port number 2.

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3) Return Port (R) referred as port number 3
At the still position the pressure port is blocked which output is null. When signal
from control unit is obtained then valve shift from current right position to the left
position. At situation, pressure port is connected to the output port which means
that air supply passed through the valve and an output is obtained at port number
2. This completes the braking processes. The brake is continuously applied till
signal from IR receiver is obtained. When signal from IR receiver is not obtained,
then control does not send any signal to the solenoid valve. Hence solenoid valve
automatically comes to right position due springing action.

4.6 Flow Control Valve


A flow control valve is used to control the amount of flow of air in one direction
only. This valve is used to avoid any disturbances to the compressor. A flow
control valve is formed by a non-return valve and a variable throttle.

Fig 4.5 Flow Control Valve (a) Cross Section (b) Pneumatic Symbol

A flow control valve is connected in between solenoid valve and compressor. But
most of the time flow control valve is already attached to the cylinder. By using

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4.7 Braking Arrangement
An output is connected through flexible cable specially design for pneumatic
operation to the single acting cylinder. Piston is attached to the universal brake
pedal clamp that is fitted on brake pedal.

Fig 4.6 Breaking Arrangement

When solenoid valve is activated, piston takes forward motion. This forward
motion of the piston pulls the brake pedal consequently stopping the vehicle
automatically. [5] The solenoid is attached to a flexible cable that runs through the
firewall and is attached to a universal brake pedal clamp that is fitted on the brake
pedal. Subsequently, when the solenoid is activated this pulls the brake pedal
stopping the vehicle automatically.

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4.7.1 The Advantages of Pneumatic Systems
Pneumatic control systems are widely used in our society, especially in the
industrial sectors for the driving of automatic machines. Pneumatic systems have
a lot of advantages.
(1) High effectiveness.
(2) High durability and reliability.
(3) Simple design.
(4) High adaptability to harsh environment
(5) Safety
(6) Easy selection of speed and pressure
(7) Environmental friendly

Fig 4.7 Pneumatic cylinder

4.7.2 Limitations of Pneumatic Systems


Although pneumatic systems possess a lot of advantages, they are also subject to
many limitations.
(1) Relatively low accuracy
(2) Low loading
(3) Processing required before use
(4) Uneven moving speed
(5) Noise

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4.8 Working Operation
The IR TRANSMITTER circuit is to transmitter the Infra-Red rays. If any
obstacle is there in a path, the Infra-Red rays reflected. This reflected Infra-Red
rays are received by the receiver circuit is called IR RECEIVER.

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig 4.7 Sensor Range Dipiction
The IR receiver circuit receives the reflected IR rays and giving the control signal
to the control circuit. The control circuit is used to activate the solenoid valve.
The operating principle of solenoid valve is already explained .

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4.9 Advantages
Brake cost will be less.
Free from wear adjustment.
Less power consumption
Less skill technicians is sufficient to operate.
It gives simplified very operation.
Installation is simplified very much.
To avoid other burnable interactions (Diaphragm) is not used.
Less time and more profit.

4.10 Disadvantages
Additional cost require doing the automation
Free from wear adjustment

4.11 Applications
For automobile application
Industrial application

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

The Intelligent Braking system, if implemented can avert


lots of accidents and can save invaluable human lives
and property. Implementation of such an advanced
system can be made compulsory similar to wearing of seat
belts so that accidents can be averted to some extent.
Our Intelligent braking system provides a glimpse into
the future of automotive safety, and how much more
advanced these individual systems can be for avoiding
accidents and protecting vehicle occupants when they
are integrated into one system.

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CHAPTER 5 Future Scope
The introduced intelligent braking system is very cheap and is affordable for
anybody. [5] But the actual importance for the safety increases the value of this
system. Due to this the various changes, modifications, new ideas are introduced.
These changes are observed and analyzed the importance of this system. So these
automobile industries are about to launching the various intelligent systems to
increase safety of customers. National and international organizations evaluate
Motorcycle ABS as an important factor to increase safety and reduce motorcycle
accident numbers. The European Commission passed legislation in 2012 that
made the fitment with ABS for all new motorcycles above 125cc to be mandatory
from 1 January 2016. [9] A new technology from Volvo may launch which allow
cars to park automatically. Recently, Volvo has announced its working automatic
parking system dubbed Autonomous Parking. It uses sensor system to park the
vehicle without driver.

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REFERENCES
1] Autotrader.com, http://www.autotrader.com/research/article/car-
news/210852/new- automatic-parking-system-will-reach-volvo-models.jsp,
October 12, 2014.
2] Bimba Manufacturing Company, Pneumatic Application and Reference
Handbook, PP 5-12, 2012.
3] FESTO, Solenoid/pneumatic valves, ISO 15407-1, PP 20-26, 2013.
4] G.V. Sairam, B. Suresh, CH. Sai Hemanth and K. Krishna Sai, Intelligent
Mechatronics Braking System, PP 100-102, 2013
5] Ravi Ingle, Sumit Thak and Ankush Shelke, Automated Reverse Braking
System, PP 1-4, 2014.
6] Technological Studies, Pneumatic Systems, PP 1-26 2008.
7] Thiess Field Trials- Reverse Alert Technology, Automatic Braking System,
Reverse Alert Australia, PP 1-12, 2013.
8] Vision Techniques, Cost Benefit Analysis for Banksman Auto Braking
Vehicle based reversing safety system, PP 1-2, 2008.
9] Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia- Anti-lock braking system for motorcycle,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system_for_motorcycles,
September 08, 2014.
10] Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia- Automatic braking,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_braking.htm, September 08, 2014.

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Annexure- I PROJECT PHOTOGRAPH

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