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1.1 INTRODUCTION
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In semi automation a combination of manual effort and mechanical power is
required whereas in full automation human participation is very negligible.
There is any obstacle in the path, the IR sensor senses the obstacle and giving the
control signal to the breaking system. The pneumatic breaking system is used to
brake the system. So basically here the car brakes on its own by determining the
distance from the object.
If the solenoid valve is activated, the compressed air passes to the Single Acting
Pneumatic Cylinder. The compressed air activate the pneumatic cylinder and
moves the piston rod. If the piston moves forward, then the breakng arrangement
activated. The breaking arrangement is used to break the wheel gradually or
suddenly due to the piston movement.
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When two come dangerously close the microprocessor in the system will activate
the brakes and it will slow down the vehicle or bring it to a stop if needed.
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Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
The Reverse Alert System is first developed by Surveillance Guard Corporation
(SVG). It was the world first aftermarket automatic braking system that can be
fitted to any vehicle. This system firstly fitted in Australian vehicles and has been
taken extensively trialed across the passenger vehicle market, road transportation
and taxi industries. This system begins with ultrasonic sensors that were fitted at
rear of the vehicle. These sensors detect an object at 1.6m a signal is sent to a
solenoid located at the front of the vehicle. The solenoid is attached to a flexible
cable that runs through the firewall and is attached to a universal brake pedal
clamp that is fitted on the brake pedal. Subsequently, when the solenoid is
activated this pulls the brake pedal -stopping the vehicle automatically. [7]
The Reverse Alert Technology was installed on following vehicles:
Two Ford Ranger Light Commercial Vehicles (1 x 1.6m and 1 x 2.5m systems)
Two Hino Trucks (both equipped with the 1.6m system) EWP
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) which helps the rider gets a hassle free braking
experience in muddy and watery surfaces. It applies a distributed braking and
prevents skidding and wheel locking. In 1988 BMW sold for the first time
electronic-hydraulic motorcycles.
The first Japanese maker selling motorcycles with ABS was Honda ST1100
equipped optionally with electro-hydraulic ABS module in 1992. [9] With the
ABS, if the rider only brakes with the front or rear wheel, the braked wheels tends
to lock up faster as if both brakes would have been applied. A Combined Braking
System (CBS) distributes the brake force also to the non-braked wheel to lower
the possibility of a lock up, increase deceleration and reduce suspension pitch.
[10] Volvo is all set to launch its new XC60 SUV which will sport laser assisted
braking which will be capable to sense a collision up to 50 mph and apply brakes
automatically.
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Chapter 3 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION
Ultrasonic ranging and detecting devices make use of high-frequency sound
waves to detect the presence of an object and its range. An ultrasonic sensor
typically utilizes a transducer that produces an electrical output pulse in response
to the received ultrasonic energy.
The above block diagram shows the main components intelligent reverse braking
system. There are two types of power supply are required viz. electric supply for
the operation of control unit and IR sensor, and the air power supply to operate
the pneumatic brake. IR sensor consists of IR transmitter and IR receiver. [5] IR
transmitter transmits ultrasonic waves continuously. When car gets too close to an
obstacle, the ultrasonic waves reflect back which was then receive by the IR
receiver. After receiving the reflected signal, it gives the impulse to the control
unit. This control unit make ON the solenoid valve. These complete processes are
electronic based which required electric supply.
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A continuous supply of air through air tank is supplied to solenoid valve. [2] The
flow control valve is used to control the flow of air which allows the air to flow in
one direction only that is only in forward direction and block in reverse direction.
When signal from control unit receives by solenoid valve, a supply of compressed
air supplied to pneumatic single acting cylinder. Then the piston takes forward
motion and consequently brake applied to the wheel. This stops the car and
accident is avoided.
Generally, IR sensors are fitted at rear of the vehicle and solenoid valve is located
at the front wheel.Intelligent braking has override mode as well as park mode. In
these two modes difference is the length of operation of the braking. In override
mode the length of operation is about 1.6m, but for parking mode the length of
operation is 40cm. [7] To allow the driver to park the vehicle or engage in tight
reversing maneuvers, the system has a park mode. In this mode the sensors are
reduced to 40cm. In addition, the system has an override button that overrides the
braking system when held.
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Chapter 4 COMPONENT AND DESCRIPTION
As Intelligent Braking is a sensor operated pneumatic brake, it has both
mechanical as well as electronic component. So it can be referred as an electro-
mechanical system.
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When waves reflected from the obstacle, is received by IR received it sends to
control unit. The control unit then determined the distance of obstacle from the
car and if the distance is within certain range it sends signal to solenoid valve and
finally brake is applied.
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moves forward to compensate the pressure difference. This forward motion is
against the spring force. This position of the piston remains as it is till pressurized
air stay in cylinder. Once the pressure input from the port is withdrawal due to
spring in the cylinder, piston moves backward. Hence for reverse motion, no force
is required.
The air from the compressor is passed through the regulator which controls the
pressure to required amount by adjusting its knob. A pressure gauge is attached to
the regulator for showing the line pressure.
4.5 Solenoid Valve
The solenoid valve is the valve which controls the flow of pneumatic (Air) by an
electronic signal.
The solenoid valve used here is 3/2 spring return pilot solenoid valve. 3/2 valve
means it has three ports that is we can give three connections to the valve and it
has two positions which means there are two positions that this valve can be
operated. [3] The three connections of the solenoid valve are as follows:
1) Pressure Port (P) referred as port number 1.
2) Output Port (A) referred as port number 2.
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3) Return Port (R) referred as port number 3
At the still position the pressure port is blocked which output is null. When signal
from control unit is obtained then valve shift from current right position to the left
position. At situation, pressure port is connected to the output port which means
that air supply passed through the valve and an output is obtained at port number
2. This completes the braking processes. The brake is continuously applied till
signal from IR receiver is obtained. When signal from IR receiver is not obtained,
then control does not send any signal to the solenoid valve. Hence solenoid valve
automatically comes to right position due springing action.
Fig 4.5 Flow Control Valve (a) Cross Section (b) Pneumatic Symbol
A flow control valve is connected in between solenoid valve and compressor. But
most of the time flow control valve is already attached to the cylinder. By using
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4.7 Braking Arrangement
An output is connected through flexible cable specially design for pneumatic
operation to the single acting cylinder. Piston is attached to the universal brake
pedal clamp that is fitted on brake pedal.
When solenoid valve is activated, piston takes forward motion. This forward
motion of the piston pulls the brake pedal consequently stopping the vehicle
automatically. [5] The solenoid is attached to a flexible cable that runs through the
firewall and is attached to a universal brake pedal clamp that is fitted on the brake
pedal. Subsequently, when the solenoid is activated this pulls the brake pedal
stopping the vehicle automatically.
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4.7.1 The Advantages of Pneumatic Systems
Pneumatic control systems are widely used in our society, especially in the
industrial sectors for the driving of automatic machines. Pneumatic systems have
a lot of advantages.
(1) High effectiveness.
(2) High durability and reliability.
(3) Simple design.
(4) High adaptability to harsh environment
(5) Safety
(6) Easy selection of speed and pressure
(7) Environmental friendly
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4.8 Working Operation
The IR TRANSMITTER circuit is to transmitter the Infra-Red rays. If any
obstacle is there in a path, the Infra-Red rays reflected. This reflected Infra-Red
rays are received by the receiver circuit is called IR RECEIVER.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig 4.7 Sensor Range Dipiction
The IR receiver circuit receives the reflected IR rays and giving the control signal
to the control circuit. The control circuit is used to activate the solenoid valve.
The operating principle of solenoid valve is already explained .
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4.9 Advantages
Brake cost will be less.
Free from wear adjustment.
Less power consumption
Less skill technicians is sufficient to operate.
It gives simplified very operation.
Installation is simplified very much.
To avoid other burnable interactions (Diaphragm) is not used.
Less time and more profit.
4.10 Disadvantages
Additional cost require doing the automation
Free from wear adjustment
4.11 Applications
For automobile application
Industrial application
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
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CHAPTER 5 Future Scope
The introduced intelligent braking system is very cheap and is affordable for
anybody. [5] But the actual importance for the safety increases the value of this
system. Due to this the various changes, modifications, new ideas are introduced.
These changes are observed and analyzed the importance of this system. So these
automobile industries are about to launching the various intelligent systems to
increase safety of customers. National and international organizations evaluate
Motorcycle ABS as an important factor to increase safety and reduce motorcycle
accident numbers. The European Commission passed legislation in 2012 that
made the fitment with ABS for all new motorcycles above 125cc to be mandatory
from 1 January 2016. [9] A new technology from Volvo may launch which allow
cars to park automatically. Recently, Volvo has announced its working automatic
parking system dubbed Autonomous Parking. It uses sensor system to park the
vehicle without driver.
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REFERENCES
1] Autotrader.com, http://www.autotrader.com/research/article/car-
news/210852/new- automatic-parking-system-will-reach-volvo-models.jsp,
October 12, 2014.
2] Bimba Manufacturing Company, Pneumatic Application and Reference
Handbook, PP 5-12, 2012.
3] FESTO, Solenoid/pneumatic valves, ISO 15407-1, PP 20-26, 2013.
4] G.V. Sairam, B. Suresh, CH. Sai Hemanth and K. Krishna Sai, Intelligent
Mechatronics Braking System, PP 100-102, 2013
5] Ravi Ingle, Sumit Thak and Ankush Shelke, Automated Reverse Braking
System, PP 1-4, 2014.
6] Technological Studies, Pneumatic Systems, PP 1-26 2008.
7] Thiess Field Trials- Reverse Alert Technology, Automatic Braking System,
Reverse Alert Australia, PP 1-12, 2013.
8] Vision Techniques, Cost Benefit Analysis for Banksman Auto Braking
Vehicle based reversing safety system, PP 1-2, 2008.
9] Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia- Anti-lock braking system for motorcycle,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system_for_motorcycles,
September 08, 2014.
10] Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia- Automatic braking,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_braking.htm, September 08, 2014.
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Annexure- I PROJECT PHOTOGRAPH
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