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1. INTRODUCTION
Another early wearable system was a camera-to-tactile vest for the blind,
published by C.C. Collins in 1977, that converted images into a 1024-point,
10-inch square tactile grid on a vest. In 2002, Dr. Bruce H Thomas and Dr.
Wayne Piekarski developed the Tinmith wearable computer system to support
augmented reality. This work was first published internationally in 2000 in
the ISWC conference. The worked was carried out of the Wearable Computer
Lab at the University of South Australia.In the late 2000s, various Chinese
companies began producing mobile phones in the form of wristwatches, the
descendants of which as of 2013 include the i5 and i6, which are GSM phones
with 1.8 inch displays, and the ZGPAX s5 Android wristwatch phone.
1.2. INTRODUCTION TO BIOSENSORS
Wearable sensors and systems have evolved to the point that they can be
considered ready for clinical application. The use of wearable monitoring
devices that allow continuous or intermittent monitoring of physiological
signals is critical for the advancement of both the diagnosis as well as
treatment of diseases.
3.1. INTRODUCTION
Similarly on the civilian side, the population is aging and the cost of the
health care delivery is expected to increase at a rate faster than it is today.
With the decreasing number of doctors in rural areas, the doctor/patient ratio is
in certain instances reaching unacceptable levels for ensuring a basic sense of
security when
they leave the hospital because they feel cutoff from the continuous watch and
care
they received in the
hospital.
3.3.
ARCHITECTURE
The GTWM was woven into a single piece garment (an undershirt)
on a weaving machine to fit a 38-40 chest. The plastic optical fiber (POF)
is spirally integrated into the structure during the fabric production
process without any discontinuities at the armhole or the segms using a novel
modification in the weaving process.
Fig 3.3 Block diagram of Wearable Motherboard
to) sensors mounted at any location on the body thus creating a flexible bus
the fibers that serve as a data bus to carry the information from the sensors (eg:
The sensors will plug into these connectors and at the other end
similar
Tconnector will be used to transmit their information for monitoring equipment
or
DARPS (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) personnel status
monitor. By making the sensors detachable from the garments, the versatility I\of
the Georgia
Tech Smart Shirt has been significantly enhanced. Since shapes and sizes of
humans will be different, sensors can be positioned on the right locations for
A combat soldier sensor to his body, pulls the smart shirt on, and attaches the
sensors to the smart shirt. The smart shirt functions like a motherboard, with
plastic optical fibers and other special fibers woven throughout the actual
signal is sent from one end of the plastic optical fiber to a receiver at the other
end. The emitter and the receiver are connected to a Personal Status Monitor (psm)
the light from the emitter does not reach the receiver inside the PSM, it signifies
that
the smart shirt has been penetrated (i.e.; the soldier has been shot). The
signal bounces back to the PSM forum the point of penetration, helping the
With proper skin preparation and the use of conductive gels, the EEG signal
quality from wet sensors is excellent. However, the skin preparation processes used
to reduce the skin-electrode contact interface impedance can be time-consuming
and uncomfortable for the user, making them impractical for everyday use.
Furthermore,
as the EEG signal quality may degrade over time as the skin regenerates and/or
the conductive gel dries, these electrodes require repeated skin preparations and gel
applications, which may also cause allergic reactions or infections. Issues also
arise when measuring a location of interest that is covered with hair, which
can lead to insufficient skin-electrode contact area, especially for long-term
applications.
To overcome these problems, dry-contact- and noncontact-type EEG sensors
have been developed to improve EEG measurements. Dry contact sensor corneum
and sometimes live skin layers, possibly resulting in pain or infection. These
dry MEMS sensors can perform well in measuring EEG signals when applied to
the forehead or other hairless sites; however, evidence regarding the quality of
the EEG signals at sites covered with hair using dry MEMS-based EEG sensors is
less convincing.
The spring-loaded probes and thin plate serve as a buffer to avoid causing pain
when force is applied to the sensor and to improve the skin-electrode contact
impedance. An injection molding process is used to package the sensors, which
can decrease the fabrication cost of the entire acquisition system, depending
on the cost of the electrodes. Test results have demonstrated the feasibility
of using dry spring-loaded probe electrodes for measuring EEG signals at sites
covered with hair. Noncontact (capacitive) sensors with spaces between the electrode
and the body and without skin preparation also have the potential to acquire EEG
signals. However, dry capacitive sensors are sensitive to motion artifacts, and
Gertet al. indicated that designing an amplifier to acquire signals with such
high source impedance remains a challenging issue. Because of these issues, dry
capacitive sensors require further improvement.
Fig.4.2.2 Several types of EEG sensors: (a) wet sensors (b) water-
based EEG sensors proposed by Volosyak (c)(g) dry EEG sensors developed
by Yu et al., Liao et al., Matthews et al., Grozea et al., and Liao et al. and (h)
noncontact EEG sensors
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(STNOs). These devices are being actively studied
as a technology for magnetic.2.3 NANO AND MICRO
TECHNOLOGY SENSORS
Nano electronic device technology holds promise for the next generation
of electronics, leading to advancement through the development of novel
sensors, flexible, transparent, and wearable high-performance electronics, smart
bandages, optoelectronics, on-chip electronic-optical coupling, radiation hard
electronics, and communications and processing electronics for deployable
sensor platforms. For example, researchers in Spain and the United Kingdom
have developed a new method for measuring electrical activity in the brain that uses
sensors constructed from carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Ruffiniet al. also
demonstrated the use of carbon-nanotube-based dry sensors in bio potential
signal studies. In the future, active, short-range communication of
information between body worn sensors may be enabled by spin- torque nano
oscillators memory applications, and may also be used as miniature frequency-
agile radio frequency (RF) sources and sensitive magnetic field detectors. For
example, the extremely low-power (250 pW) transmission of microwave radiation
through air has been demonstrated from a discrete 50-nm device, with
broadband frequency agility over at least four octaves of frequency without
conjugate matching, enabling a new class of low-power wireless communications for
wearable sensor technologies. Bio-inspired nanotechnologies mimicking gecko
foot structures are being developed as engineered reversible adhesive devices to
enable mm- to cm-scale robotic platforms to crawl on surfaces and may be
applicable to future biocompatible dry electrode adhesives for EEG
sensors. Maturing micro- and nano electromechanical system
(MEMS/NEMS) technologies also hold promise for novel actuation devices, tractors
and state-measurement devices. In the future, carbon-based or other
biocompatible nano scale sensing technologies may be envisioned that could be
injected into blood vessels, cross the blood-brain barrier, attach to specific
neurons or cells, sense the desired signals and transmit to an external receiver
though the intact skull. While a very high spatial temporal resolution of the
EEG signals could potentially be provided in this manner, the resolution of
many significant technical and ethical considerations will be required to facilitate
the use of such technologies, similar to the existing drug-development protocols.
Fig 4.2.3 Wearable EEG devices: (a) Emotiv (b) NeuroSky (c) Zeo (d)
StarLab (e) EmSense (f) nia Game Controller (g) Mindo 4 with dry
foam electrodes and (h) Mindo 16 with dry spring-loaded probe sensors
4.2.4. MULTIMODALITY
SENSORS
In addition to those sensors that are only used to measure EEG signals,
the simultaneous recording of hemodynamic responses using NIRS and neural
activity using EEG through multimodality sensors while users receive
stimulation is also a critical issue in the neuroscience domain. NIRS and EEG
techniques are based upon different imaging principles, and therefore, cross-
validation can improve our understanding of both the relationship between
hemodynamic responses and neural activity underlying cortical activation and
the biophysics behind the measurement techniques themselves. Furthermore
and critical to ABCIs, simultaneous NIRS and EEG imaging can provide
novel insight into the phenomenon of neurovascular coupling changes for
studying human brain mapping in everyday environments. Takeuchi et al.
developed a head cap for both NIRS and EEG whole-brain imaging, and neuro
hemodynamic changes have been addressed in detail. Cooperet al. also
proposed a novel probe design for simultaneous EEG and NIRS imaging of cortical
5.1.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
5.2.
RESPIRATION
5.3. SpO
great potential for the noninvasive and continuous monitoring of BG, e.g., by
reverse
1) In Catastrophe Detection:
operations Eg: military,
firefighting.
6.2. SMARTSHIRT
Combat casualty
care.
Medical
monitoring.
Sports/ Performance
monitoring.
Space
experiments.
Fire-
fighting.
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6.3. APPLICATIONS OF ABCIs
everyday use is important. Devices with dry electrodes are more convenient
and comfortable than traditional EEG systems with wet electrodes and are,
thus, more practical for use in everyday applications. Although dry/noncontact
EEG devices have not been proposed or used for clinical applications, many
commercial devices use EEG measurements for entertainment (Neurosky,Emotiv,
StarLab, EmSense, and nia Game Controller) and for monitoring personal
sleeping status (MyZeo). Devices with dry electrodes has become an important
goal for mobile human brain imaging. Recently, Lin et al. proposed a
wearable, wireless EEG device (Mindo) for everyday use. The Mindo 4 EEG
device with 4-channel foam electrodes has proven to be reliable for controlling
games according to the users mental focusing state based on signals from
forehead sensor sites. It also has the potential to acquire the EEG status during
sleep. Another multichannel EEG device, Mindo 16, which has spring-loaded
probe electrodes, was designed by Lin et al. for wirelessly measuring EEG
signals, especially at sites with hair, as the corresponding dry sensors have the
potential to properly reach the scalp skin through the hair. In addition to
wireless EEG devices with dry contact electrodes, Gert et al. designed a
wireless device with non-contact electrodes for measuring both EEG and ECG.
There is no doubt that developing a truly wearable, wireless EEG device using
dry/noncontact electrodes and extending the limitations of this technique from
basic research to clinical applications are important goals. Highly desirable
characteristics of future devices include a minimized readout circuit size
and easy preparation when using dry electrodes.
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6. FUTURE TRENDS
By providing the platform for a suite of sensors that can be utilized to monitor
and act based on the users condition, stimuli and environment. Thus, the rich
the smart shirt can be used to design and experiment real-time feedback
mechanism (as part of the smart shirt system) to embrace the quality of care for
this individual by providing appropriate and timely medical inspections.
to anaphylaxis reaction (an allergic reaction) when stung by a bee or spider and
need a
The ring sensor and smart shirt are an effective and comfortable, and
mobile information infrastructure that can be made to the individuals
requirements to take advantage of the advancements in telemedicine and
information processing. Just as special-purpose chips and processors can be
plugged into a computer motherboard to obtain the required information
processing capability, the smart shirt is an information infrastructure into which
the wearer can plug in the desired sensors and devices, thereby creating a
system for monitoring vital signs in an efficient and cost effective manner with
the universal interface of clothing.
[2] Lun-De Liao, Alma E. Wickenden, Kaleb McDowell, Klaus Gramann, Tzyy-
Ping Jung,Li-Wei Ko, anJyh-Yeong Chang, Biosensor Technologies for Augmented
BrainComputer Interfaces in the Next Decades, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.
100, May 13th, 2012,
[3] Yuan-Ting Zhang, Carmen C. Y. Poon and Qing Liu, Hui Gao and WanHua
Lin, Wearable Intelligent Systems for E-Health, Regular Paper Journal of
Computing Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2011, pp. 246-256