Property Measurement PVT

Table of Contents
1.0 Abstract / Summary..............................................................................................................4

2.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................4
3.0 Aims / Objectives.................................................................................................................5
Experiment 1: Boyles Law Experiment......................................................................................5
Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment...............................................................................5
Experiment 3: Determination of ratio of heat capacity................................................................5
Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization...................................................................................5
Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization..........................................................................................5
Experiment 6: Determination of ratio of volume.........................................................................5
Experiment 7: Determination of ratio heat capacity....................................................................5
4.0 Theory...................................................................................................................................5
Perfect Gas...................................................................................................................................6
Boyles Law.................................................................................................................................6
Charless Law...............................................................................................................................7
Gay-Lussacs Law........................................................................................................................8
First law of thermodynamics........................................................................................................8
Stepwise Depressurization.........................................................................................................11
Brief Depressurization................................................................................................................11
5.0 Apparatus............................................................................................................................11
6.0 Methodology / Procedure...................................................................................................12
General Operating Procedures...................................................................................................12
A. General start-up procedures.........................................................................................12
B. General shut-down procedures....................................................................................12
Experiment 1: Boyles Law Experiment....................................................................................12
A. Experiment 1.1: condition 1........................................................................................12
B. Experiment 1.2: condition 2........................................................................................12
C. Experiment 1.3: condition 3........................................................................................12
Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment.............................................................................13
Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process.............................................................................13
Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization.................................................................................13
Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization........................................................................................14
Experiment 6: Determination of ratio of volume.......................................................................14
Experiment 7: Determination of ratio heat capacity..................................................................14
7.0 Results.................................................................................................................................15
1) PT1 to PT2...................................................................................................................15
2) PT2 to PT1...................................................................................................................15
Experiment 2: Gay Lussac Experiment.....................................................................................15
Experiment 3: Isentropic expansion process..............................................................................16
a) Pressurized chamber to atmospheric...........................................................................17
b) Atmospheric to vacuum chamber................................................................................17
c) Pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber...................................................................17
Experiment 7: Determination of ratio of heat capacity..............................................................17
8.0 Calculations........................................................................................................................18
i) From atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber.......................................................18
ii) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber........................................................18
iii) From pressurized chamber to atmospheric chamber...................................................19
Experiment 2: Gay Lussacs Law..............................................................................................19
Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process.............................................................................20
a) From atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber...................................................22
b) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber........................................................22
c) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber..........................................................22
Experiment 7: Determination of ratio of heat capacity..............................................................22
9.0 Discussion...........................................................................................................................24
10.0 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................26
11.0 Recommendations...............................................................................................................27
12.0 Appendix / References........................................................................................................28
1.0 Abstract / Summary
This experiment involving a perfect gas or ideal gas has seven experiment. An equipment
has been used which called Perfect gas expansion apparatus in order to determine the properties
of measurement and study the relationship between ideal gas and various factor that can propose
an understanding of First and second law of thermodynamics. The objectives of this experiment
successfully achieved. Boyles and Gay-Lussacs Law was proven in this experiment when the
ideal gas obey the law. The volume ratio and heat capacity were also determined. The
experiment was successful
2.0 Introduction
The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus from model TH11 is a sufficient bench top unit
designed in order to expose the student and familiar with the fundamental thermodynamic
processes.
This experiment likely safe and more convenient to demonstrate thermodynamic
properties. The apparatus have two vessel, one is for pressurized chamber and the other one is for
vacuum chamber. This apparatus also equip with pressurized pump and vacuum pump and
several valve which can connect between chambers and also to the surrounding. The chamber is
made from glass that can withstand maximum pressure of apparatus can operate.
The apparatus also equipped with temperature and pressure sensors for both tanks which
can be read on the board. These sensors used to monitor and manipulate the pressure and
temperature. The board displays the temperature and pressure in a digital indicator that dealt with
the PVT laws.
Gas particles in the chamber collide with each other and the walls which transfer
momentum in each collision. The gas pressure is equal to the momentum delivered to the wall
per unit time. A single particles moves arbitrarily along some direction until it strikes back and
forth with wall and change direction and speeds. Equations are derived directly from the law of
conservation of linear motion of conservation of energy
3.0 Aims / Objectives
Experiment 1: Boyles Law Experiment

To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas
To compare the experimental results with theoretical results
Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment
To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas
Experiment 3: Determination of ratio of heat capacity
To determine the ratio of heat capacity
The experiment is to demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.
Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization
To study the response of the pressurized vessel following stepwise depressurization
Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization
To study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief depressurization
Experiment 6: Determination of ratio of volume
To determine the ratio of volume and compares it to the theoretical value
Experiment 7: Determination of ratio heat capacity
To determine the ratio of heat capacity
4.0 Theory
As shown on the figure 5.1, the apparatus used in the left side is the pressurized chamber
meanwhile on the right side is the vacuum chamber and they are separated by the valve. Let
assume the apparatus is in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings, means that the temperature
is same inside and out.
Figure 5.1
This is concept used in the perfect gas expansion where what we going to observe is the
changes in temperature and pressure when the valve is going to open. When the valve is open,
the gas molecule will rush it from the pressure chamber into the vacuum chamber until
the pressure, number of moles gas and temperature of both chambers are equilibrium. That why
when monitor the result after the valve have open both of temperature almost same. The ideal gas
law (PV= nRT) is apply before, during and after the expansion, and that the volume V will be
double during the process.
Perfect Gas
Theories of perfect gas can be divided into three which is Charless law, Boyles law and
Gay-Lussacs law. Perfect gas is same with ideal gas where there is none attractive forces exist in
the ideal gas. Since perfect gas is an ideal gas, they collide between atoms or molecules
elastically with no intermolecular attractive forces. Some assumption has been respect to kinetic
theory of ideal gas which is the gasses are made up of molecules that always move in a constant
straight line. An equation had been introduced in 1662 where it has been named as ideal
gas equation of state:
P=R ( VT ) Equation1
The subscript R refer to gas constant where different gas would have different value of R.
Any gas that obeys this law is called an ideal gas. The equation also can be written as:
PV =mRT Equation 2
The properties of ideal gas at two different state is related to each other as long as they
has one constant property throughout the experiment where:
P1 V 1 P 2 V 2
= Equation3
T1 T2
Boyles Law
The behavior real gas using parameter of pressure, temperature and volume is considered
at low density. Ideal gas also obeys the law of Boyles, Charless and Gay-Lussacs. Boyles law
describe the relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas. This law works when the
pressure increase inversely with the volume of gas where the temperature held constant along the
process. The gas inside a system loosely packed and move randomly. If the volume is reduce,
then the pressure become high as the molecules having less space to move, to hit the wall of
container more frequently.
Figure 2: Graph of Boyles Law
Charless Law
Second law is Charless Law which involves with the effect of heat on the expansion of
gases. The pressure will remain constant throughout the process and the volume of gas will go
directly proportional to the absolute temperature. The moving molecules increase their speed and
hit the wall more frequently as the temperature getting higher because the temperature transfer
the heat of energy into the molecule. Thus, as the speed increase and the frequency of collision
increase, the volume of the container also increase. Therefore the equation of Charless law
simply show below where the k is a constant. The temperature must be calculated in Kelvin unit.
If the constant value of k is not known then, the equation is derived as follow:
V V V
=k 1 = 2 Equation 4
T T1 T 2
The relation of volume and temperature of Charless Law describe in a graph as follow:
Figure 3: The graph of Charless Law

Gay-Lussacs Law
The third law involving ideal gas is Gay-Lussacs law where the volume of the system
become constant throughout the process. This law stated that the pressure and temperature are in
direct relation. That means as the pressure increase, the temperature also increase. Temperature is
a parameter for kinetic energy, as the temperature increase, the kinetic energy also increase,
therefore the frequency of collision also increase which causing the pressure to be increase with
the constant volume. The equation below can prove the relationship between pressure and
temperature in a particular system with constant volume.
P P P
=k 1 = 2 Equation 5
T T 1 T2
Graph below show the relationship of temperature and pressure in the Gay-Lussacs law with
constant volume. The conclusion is that the pressure directly proportional to the temperature.
Figure 4: Graph of Gay-Lussacs law
First law of thermodynamics
Based on first law of thermodynamics statement, energy can be neither created nor
destroyed but it can only change in the form of energy. For example the change of energy
of lamp, from electric energy convert to light and heat energy. Therefore, the conservation of
energy principle introduced as the net change in the total energy of the system equivalent to the
difference in the total energy enter the system and total energy leaving the system.
F F out = F system Equation 6
That equation also referred as energy balance equation that applicable to any kind system any
kind of process. Since the energy has numerous form such as internal, kinetic, potential,
electrical and magnetic and their sum constitutes the total energy of the system. Simple
compressible system has the following equation which the change in the total energy of a system
is the sum of the changes in its internal kinetic, potential energy can be expressed as:
E= U + KE+ PE Equation7
Where internal energy, U;

U =m(u2u1 )Equation 8
Where kinetic energy, KE;

1
KE= m ( v 22v 21 ) Equation 9
2
Where the potential energy, PE

PE=mg ( z 2z 1 ) Equation10
Energy can be transfer in or out of a system in three forms such as heat, work and mass
flow. As there is one of any three form cross the boundary of an open system, it can be concluded
as energy gained or lost during a process. In a closed system, there is only two form can pass
through the boundary which can change the energy which are heat and work. Temperature
difference in a system with its surrounding is not an energy interaction. Work interactions refer
as rising piston and rotating shaft. Commonly sense when the work transfer into the system, the
energy of the system increase and vice versa. As mass transfer in the system, energy also
increase as the mass carries energy with it and vice versa. Equation below represent the
concluded energy balance:
mass ,E mass,out
E

E Eout =( Q Q out ) + ( W W out ) +
Equation 11
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one
degree is a definition of specific heat. There are two specific heat use widely which is specific
heat at constant volume and specific heat at constant pressure. Cp value larger than Cv as at
constant pressure system is allowed to expand and the energy must supplied to system. Specific
heat capacity at constant pressure is the energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass
of a substance by one degree as the pressure remain constant. It can be concluded that Cv is
related to internal energy and Cp involved enthalpy value.
C v= ( uT ) C =( Th ) Equation12
v
p
p
Internal energy is a function of temperature only. As the temperature high, then enthalpy
value also big. Then the enthalpy value is represent with subscript h:
h=u+ Pv Equation13
Where it can combine to become:

Pv=RT Equation 14
h=u+ RT Equation15
Since R is a constant and u=u(T), the enthalpy of an ideal gas is also a function of temperature
only, h=h(T)
Therefore, at a given temperature for an ideal gas, u, h, Cv and Cp will have fixed values
regardless of the specific volume or pressure. Thus, the differential changes in the internal energy
and enthalpy of an ideal gas can be expressed as:
du=C v ( T ) dT Equation16
dh=C p ( T ) dT Equation 17
Cv and Cp has special relationships for ideal gas by differentiating the h = u + RT

to produce dh = du + RT and by replacing dh by CpdT and du by CvdT, the equation come out
with;
C p =C v + R Equation18
Specific heat capacity also has the constant k by the relation of:
Cp
k= Equation19
Cv
Ratio of volumes using isothermal process can be determine using isothermal process. One
pressurized vessel is allowed to leak slowly into another vessel of different size. Finally, the
pressure will be same for both vessel. Final pressure in vessel can be calculated by;
( m1 +m2 ) RT
||= Equation20
(V 1 +V 2 )
P
Both vessel was placed in room temperature before valve is opened lead the isothermal process
and the initial temperature will be equal to the final temperature. Deriving:
V 1 P|f|,1 V P
m 1= m2= 2 |f|,2 Equation21
RT RT
Using these equation, substitute m1 and m2 into equation of Pabs,f and become :
V P V 2 P|f|,2
P=
( RT
1 |f |,1
+
RT ) RT
Equation 22
f
V 1 +V 2
Rearrange the equation and cancel the RT to give the ratio of the two volume:
V 1 P|f|, 1Pf
= Equation23
V 2 Pf P|f|, 2
Stepwise Depressurization
Stepwise depressurization is conducted by depressurizing the chamber or tank step by

step slowly or gradually by flowing out the gas which they would expand at every instant opened
and closed in order to identify gradual changes in pressure and temperature within the contrary
decreases with the expansion.
Brief Depressurization
This is similar to stepwise depressurization but reduced in terms of time. The time
interval increased to a few seconds. This is to make sure that, the effect on the pressure and
temperature can be observe which can be compared later. The graph should be more higher
gradient.
5.0 Apparatus
1) Pressure transmitter
2) Pressure relief valve
3) Temperature sensor
4) Big glass
5) Small glass
6) Vacuum pump
7) Electrode
6.0 Methodology / Procedure
General Operating Procedures
A. General start-up procedures

1) Equipment was connected to single phase power supply and the unit was switched on.
2) All valve was fully opened and the pressure reading on the panel was checked just to
make sure the pressure was at atmospheric pressure.
3) All valve was closed.
4) Pipe from compressive pump connected to pressurized chamber or the pipe from vacuum
pump connected to vacuum chamber.
5) The unit was ready to use.
B. General shut-down procedures
1) Pump was switched and the pump was removed from the chamber.
2) The valve was fully open in order to release out the air inside the chamber.
3) The switch and power supply was switched off.
A. Experiment 1.1: condition 1

1) All valve was fully closed.
2) Compressive pump, pressurized chamber was filled with air until 160kPa.
3) The gas was transferred from pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber by opening the
valve between tanks.
4) The temperature and pressure was recorded.
B. Experiment 1.2: condition 2
2) Vacuum chamber was filled with air until 55kPa.
3) The gas was transferred from vacuum chamber to pressurized chamber by opening the
valve between tanks.
C. Experiment 1.3: condition 3
2) Both pressurized chamber and vacuum chamber was filled with air until 160kPa and
55kPa.
3) The valve between tanks was opened.
Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment
1) Make sure all the valves was fully closed.

2) The hose from compressive pump to pressurized chamber was connected.
3) The compressive pump was switched on and the temperature for every increment of
10kPa in the chamber was recorded. The pump was stopped when the pressure PT1
reaches about 160kPa.
4) The valve V01then was slightly opened and the pressurized air was allowed to flow out.
The temperature reading for every decrement of 10kPa was recorded.
5) The experiment was stopped when the pressure reaches atmospheric pressure.
6) The experiment was repeated for three times to get the average value.
7) The graph of pressure versus temperature was plotted.
Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process
1) Make sure all the valves was fully opened.

1) The hose was connected from compressive pump to pressurized chamber.
2) The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside chamber was allowed to
increase until 160kPa. The pump then was switched off and the hose was removed from
the chamber.
3) The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilizes. The pressure
reading PT1 and temperature TT1 was recorded.
4) Valve V01 then was slightly opened and the air was allowed flow out slowly until it
reaches atmospheric pressure.
5) The pressure reading and temperature reading after the expansion process was recorded.
6) The isentropic expansion process was discussed.
1) Make sure all the valves was fully opened.

3) The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside the chamber was allowed
to increase until about 160kPa. The pump then was switched off and the hose was
removed from the chamber.
reading PT1 was recorded.
5) Valve V01 was fully opened and it was brought back to the closed position instantly. The
pressure reading PT1 was monitored and recorded until it becomes stable.
6) Step 5 was repeated at least four times.
7) The pressure reading was displayed on a graph and was discussed.
1) Make sure all valves was fully closed.

to increase until about 160kPa. The pump then switched off and the hose was removed
from the chamber.
reading PT1 was recorded.
5) Valve V01 was fully opened and was brought it back to the closed position after few
seconds. The pressure reading PT1 was monitored and recorded until it becomes stable.
6) The pressure reading was displayed on a graph and was discussed.
1) Make sure all valves was fully opened.

2) The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside chamber was allowed to
increase up to about 160kPa. The pump then was switched off and the hose was removed
from the chamber.
3) The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilizes.
4) The pressure reading for both chambers before expansion was recorded.
5) The valve V02 was opened and the pressurized air was allowed flows into the
atmospheric chamber slowly.
6) The pressure reading for both chambers after the expansion was recorded.
7) The experimental procedures was repeated for following conditions:
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
b) From pressurized chamber to atmospheric chamber
8) The ratio of volume was calculated and was compared with the theoretical value.
Experiment 7: Determination of ratio heat capacity
1) Make sure all valves was fully closed.

to increase until about 160kPa. The pump then was switched off and the hose was
removed from the chamber.
reading PT1 and temperature TT1 was recorded.
5) Valve V01 was fully opened and brought it back to the closed position after few seconds.
The pressure reading PT1 and TT1 was monitored and recorded until it becomes stable.
6) The ratio of the heat capacity was determined and compared with the theoretical value.
7.0 Results
1) PT1 to PT2
Before expansion After expansion
PT1 (kPa abs) 155.4 138.2
PT2(kPa abs) 105.7 137.4
2) PT2 to PT1
PT1 (kPa abs) 102.3 88.9
PT2(kPa abs) 58.8 57.9
3)
PT1 (kPa abs) 152.3 121.1
PT2(kPa abs) 59.0 120.4
Experiment 2: Gay Lussac Experiment
Pressure Temperature (C)

(kPa abs) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Pressurize Depressuriz Pressurize Depressuriz Pressurize Depressurize
vessel e vessel vessel e vessel vessel vessel
110 26.9 26.1 25.3 26.1 25.2 26.5
120 27.1 26.7 25.5 27.0 25.5 27.6
130 27.6 27.7 26.3 28.3 26.1 28.7
140 28.3 28.9 26.9 29.1 27.0 29.2
150 29.2 30.2 27.9 29.7 27.9 29.7
160 29.9 30.8 28.7 29.6 28.8 29.9
Experiment 3: Isentropic expansion process

PT1 (kPa abs) 156.1 110.8
TT1 (C) 29.7 26.7

PTI (kPa abs)
Initia After first After second After third After fourth
l expansion expansion expansion expansion
157.3 132.3 133.8 118.0 119.5 108.9 110.4 104.1
132.4 133.9 118.1 119.6 109.0 110.5 104.2
132.5 134.0 118.2 119.7 109.1 110.6 104.3
132.6 134.1 118.3 109.2 110.7 104.4
132.7 134.2 118.4 109.3 110.8 104.5
132.8 134.3 118.5 109.4 104.6
132.9 134.4 118.6 109.5 104.7
133.0 134.5 118.7 109.6 104.8
133.1 134.6 118.8 109.7 104.9
133.2 134.7 118.9 109.8 105.0
133.3 134.8 119.0 109.9 105.1
133.4 134.9 119.1 110.0 105.2
133.5 135.0 119.2 110.1 105.3
133.6 135.1 119.3 110.2
133.7 135.2 119.4 110.3

PT1 (kPa abs)
Initial After brief expansion
156.8 106.1 107.9 109.7
106.2 108.0 109.8
106.3 108.1 109.9
106.4 108.2 110.0
106.5 108.3 110.1
106.6 108.4 110.2
106.7 108.5 110.3
106.8 108.6 110.4
106.9 108.7 110.5
107.0 108.8 110.6
107.1 108.9 110.7
107.2 109.0 110.8
107.3 109.1 110.9
107.4 109.2 111.0
107.5 109.3 111.1
107.6 109.4 111.2
107.7 109.5 111.3
107.8 109.6 111.4
a) Pressurized chamber to atmospheric

PT1 (kPa abs) PT2 (kPa abs)
Before expansion 157.7 102.8
After expansion 138.4 137.7
b) Atmospheric to vacuum chamber

After expansion 91.6 91.0
c) Pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber
After expansion 123.3 122. 6
Initial Intermediate Final

PT1 (kPa abs) 157.7 140.0 142.0
TT1 (C) 29.2 28.2 27.2
8.0 Calculations
Ideal gas equation, PV=RT. For Boyles law, temperature is constant at room temperature.
Hence, R= 8.314 L kPa / Kmol, T= 298 @ 25C
i) From atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber
P1= 155.4 kPa, P2= 138.2 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated
V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa / Kmol) (298.15 K) / (155.4 kPa)
=15.95 L
V2= (8.314 L kPa / Kmol) (298.15 K) / (138.2 kPa)
=17.94 L
According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2
P1V1= (155.4 kPa) (15.95 L) = 2478.63 L kPa
P2V2= (138.2 kPa) (17.94 L) = 2479.308 L kPa
Different before and after = 0.678 L kPa
ii) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa / Kmol) (298.15 K) / (58.8 kPa)
=42.16 L
V2= (8.314 L kPa / Kmol) (298.15 K) / (57.9 kPa)
=42.81 L
P1V1= (58.8 kPa) (42.16 L) = 2479.008 L kPa
P2V2= (57.9 kPa) (42.81 L) = 2478.699 L kPa
iii) From pressurized chamber to atmospheric chamber
V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa / Kmol) (298.15 K) / (152.3 kPa)
=16.28 L
V2= (8.314 L kPa / Kmol) (298.15 K) / (120.4 kPa)
=20.59 L
P1V1= (152.3 kPa) (16.28 L) = 2479.444 L kPa
P2V2= (120.4 kPa) (20.59 L) = 2479.036 L kPa
Experiment 2: Gay Lussacs Law
Pressure (kPa abs) Average Temperature (C)

Pressurize vessel Depressurize vessel
110 25.9 26.2
120 26.0 27.1
130 26.7 28.2
140 27.4 29.1
150 28.3 29.9
160 29.1 30.1
Pressure vs Average temperature (pressurized vessel)

180 160
160 150
140
140 130
120
110
120
100
Pressure (kPa abs) 80
60
40
20
0
25.9 26 26.7 27.4 28.3 29.1
Average Temperature (C)
Pressure vs Average temperature (depressurized vessel)

180 160
160 150
140
140 130
120
110
120
100
Pressure (kPa abs) 80
60
40
20
0
26.2 27.1 28.2 29.1 29.9 30.1
Average Temperature (C)

Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process
T2/T1= (P2/ P1) (k-1 / k)

(26.7) / (29.7) = [(110.8) / (156.1)] (k-1 / k)
0.8989 = (0.7098) (k-1 / k)
ln 0.8839 = [ (k-1)/ k] ln 0.7098
k = 1.4513
stepwise depressurization vs response pressurization

After first expansion After second expansion
After third expansion After fourth expansion
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
stepwise depressurization
response pressurization

Brief depressurization vs response pressurization
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
Brief depressurization
Responsepressurization
a) From atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber

P1V1= P2V2
V2/ V1= P1/ P2
V2/ V1 = 157.7 / 138.4
V2/ V1 =1.1395
b) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
P1V1= P2V2
V2/ V1= P1/ P2
V2/ V1 = 61.1 / 91.0
V2/ V1 =0.6714
c) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber
P1V1= P2V2
V2/ V1= P1/ P2
V2/ V1 = 156.3 / 122.6
V2/ V1 =1.2749
Calculate the value of heat capacity ratio, by the given formula of Cv.
The expression of heat capacity ratio is:
CV T 2 V
ln =ln 2
R T1 V1
Where,
V 2 P1 T 1
=
V 1 P2 T 2
CV T 2 V
ln =ln 2
R T1 V1
CV 300.35 K (157.7 kPa)(302.35 K)

ln =ln
8.314 LkPa /K . mol 302.35 K (142.0 kPa)(300.35 K )
CV =139.682 L kPa /K . mol
C P=C V + R
(139.682+8.314) L kPa/ K . mol
147.996 L kPa /K . mol
Therefore the ratio of:

C P 147.996
= =1.0595
C V 139.682
CP
The theoretical value of CV is 1.4
9.0 Discussion
Boyles law stated that the pressure of gas inversely proportional to the volume of a
container. From the results recorded, some calculation have been made in order to know the
difference value between before and after of the experiment one. For conditions 1, 2 and 3 the
value are 0.678, 0.309 and 0.408. According to the data tabulated, it can been said that the
pressure and volume inversely proportional. When the pressure increase, the volume start to
decrease. This is happen because if the gas of the same pressure with constant temperature
injected into small and big container which means have different volume. The gas molecule in
small container have less spacious room and will collide to the wall and with each other more
often which exert more pressure.
Gay-Lussacs Law stated that pressure is directly proportional to the temperature which
means if the pressure increase, the temperature also increase with constant volume. Experiment
two has been conducted in order to know the relationship between pressure and temperature.
Therefore, from the data tabulated and graph plotted, it can be said that the Gay-Lussacs Law is
verified. The same concept applied here, if the temperature of a gas in a container increase, the
heat energy of the system transfer its energy into the molecule of gas which actually increase the
frequency of collision in that container which exert more pressure.
Isentropic expansion process occur when the system are reversible and adiabatic where
no heat will be transferred in or out and no energy transformation occurs. From the data
recorded, a constant k are now known which is equal to 1.4513. The objective of the experiment
was achieved as the value of k calculated was closer to the theoretical value of k which is 1.4.
The value of k can be obtained by using T2/T1= (P2/ P1) (k-1 / k). It was obtained that both
temperature and pressure of the gas before expansion were higher compared to after the
expansion. The process is said to be isentropic since there was no change in the entropy
throughout the process.
Stepwise depressurization is a strategy to adopt an equal time-stepwise depressurization

approach in this study yield a more reliable result for an example in the production sector in
industries. The molecule in the container affected when the number of them decreasing slowly as
they do not have to collide between them more often. The depressurization shown that pressure
decrease with time and also affecting the temperature. As the pressure decrease, the temperature
also decrease in the system.
Brief depressurization shown in the graph plotted in result section which is decrease more
linear compared to stepwise. The expansion occur when the pressure of gas increase. Expansion
of gas decrease as the gas is free to flow out time by time.
Ratio volume can be determine by manipulating the equation of Boyles law. Boyles law
proposed an equation P1V1=P2V2 and after manipulate the equation ratio volume can be
determine by V2/V1=P1P2. This experiment test in three different condition where first condition
the gas is flow from tank 1 to tank 2, while gas flow from tank 2 to tank 1 in second condition
and both were filled with gas in third condition. The theoretical value is 2.021 in this experiment
where the error is 36.92% since the ratio volume calculated is 1.2749. There must be
environmental factors that affect the stability of pressure and temperature or random mistake
during experiment. Since the percentage error is more than 10%, it can be said that the
experiment is unsuccessful this related to the error during the experiment was done.
Determination of ratio of heat capacity using the expression of the heat capacity ratio and
it gives the 1.0595. The theoretical value of this experiment is 1.4. The deviation which now is
equal to 24.32%. The deviation is due to measurement error. The actual intermediate pressure
supposed to be lowered that the measured one. Unfortunately the error occur due to heat loss and
sensitivity of pressure sensors. Supposed, the intermediate pressure taken as the lowest pressure
at the moment the valve is closed. Since the percentage difference is more than 10%, the
experiment can be declared as failed because of certain problem during the experiment.
10.0 Conclusion
In a nutshell, the experiment was to determine the properties of measurement/PVT

according to Boyles law, Gay-Lussacs law, isentropic expansion, and heat capacity equation.
We managed to prove the Boyles law and Gay-Lussacs law which is based on their law. The
volume ratio of gas indicates and expresses the dynamics of compression and expansion of
gases. Although there is fail experiment but we managed to fine the reason behind the failure.
Even during conduct the experiment we make some parallax error but we still can manage to get
the result to prove that the Boyles law that is when pressure decrease the volume will increase
and vice versa. In facts, the result shown that the Gay-Lussac law is where pressure is
proportional to temperature. In conclusion, the experiment is successfully done and the objective
of the experiment is achieved.
11.0 Recommendations
Before starts the experiment, each of the experiment must do the start-up and shut-down
step in order to make sure there is no gas left in the chamber.
Most important during recording data, keep eye on the sensor while monitoring the board
because the parameter can increase and decrease really fast and read the procedure
carefully.
Get an average reading by repeating the experiment normally three times in order to
reduce amount of deviation.
Handle the valve carefully and do not make mistake by choosing the valve because it will
affect the data.
The place where the experiment is conducted also must be at stable and no vibration. All
the equipment must be handle carefully in order to avoid explosion because over-pressure
in the tank would cause an explosion.
12.0 Appendix / References
1. Yusus A. Cengel, M. A. (2011). Second law of thermodynamics. In Thermodynamics an engineering

approach (pp. 274-309). New York: Mc Graw Hill
2. Nakhleh (1998) Division of Chemical Education Department of Chemistry , from
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/gaslaws.php
3. Robert.P My Chemistry Website, From
https://sites.google.com/site/chemistryandfragglerocks/gay-lussac-s-law
4. Charles's Law.(2010). Retrieved from Sparknotes:
http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/chemistry/chapter5section8.rhtml
5. B.D Sharma (October 1982), J. Chem. Education, (pp. 807-892), ACS publication

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Table of Contents

1.0 Abstract / Summary..............................................................................................................4

Experiment 1: Boyles Law Experiment

Figure 3: The graph of Charless Law

Figure 4: Graph of Gay-Lussacs law

First law of thermodynamics

F F out = F system Equation 6

Where internal energy, U;

Where kinetic energy, KE;

Where the potential energy, PE

Where it can combine to become:

Cv and Cp has special relationships for ideal gas by differentiating the h = u + RT

Stepwise depressurization is conducted by depressurizing the chamber or tank step by

6.0 Methodology / Procedure

General Operating Procedures

A. General start-up procedures

A. Experiment 1.1: condition 1

Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment

1) Make sure all the valves was fully closed.

Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process

1) Make sure all the valves was fully opened.

Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization

1) Make sure all the valves was fully opened.

1) Make sure all valves was fully closed.

Experiment 6: Determination of ratio of volume

1) Make sure all valves was fully opened.

Experiment 7: Determination of ratio heat capacity

1) Make sure all valves was fully closed.

Experiment 1: Boyles Law Experiment

Experiment 2: Gay Lussac Experiment

Pressure Temperature (C)

Experiment 3: Isentropic expansion process

Before expansion After expansion

Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization

Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization

Experiment 6: Determination of ratio of volume

a) Pressurized chamber to atmospheric

b) Atmospheric to vacuum chamber

Experiment 7: Determination of ratio of heat capacity

Initial Intermediate Final

Experiment 1: Boyles Law Experiment

P1= 155.4 kPa, P2= 138.2 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated

P1= 58.8 kPa, P2= 57.9 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated

iii) From pressurized chamber to atmospheric chamber

P1= 152.3 kPa, P2= 120.4 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated

Pressure (kPa abs) Average Temperature (C)

Pressure vs Average temperature (pressurized vessel)

Average Temperature (C)

Pressure vs Average temperature (depressurized vessel)

Average Temperature (C)

T2/T1= (P2/ P1) (k-1 / k)

stepwise depressurization vs response pressurization

Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization

Experiment 6: Determination of ratio of volume

a) From atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber

CV 300.35 K (157.7 kPa)(302.35 K)

CV =139.682 L kPa /K . mol

(139.682+8.314) L kPa/ K . mol

147.996 L kPa /K . mol

Therefore the ratio of:

Stepwise depressurization is a strategy to adopt an equal time-stepwise depressurization

In a nutshell, the experiment was to determine the properties of measurement/PVT

1. Yusus A. Cengel, M. A. (2011). Second law of thermodynamics. In Thermodynamics an engineering

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