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1.

- ESTRUCTURA

2.- PROPIEDADES

3.- PROCESAMIENTO

4.- USOS / COSTO


Relacin entre propiedades, estructura y
procesamiento
Estructura de los materiales
Propiedades de los materiales
Procesamiento de los materiales
Estructura de los materiales
Estructura atmica Unin atmica y
Ordenamiento atmico

Estructura de granos Estructura multifsica


Estructura atmica y enlaces interatmicos

Enlaces Primarios Enlaces secundarios


Metlico Inico Van der Waals

Puente de hidrgeno

Covalente
ENLACE

2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning


METLICO

El enlace metlico se forma


cuando los tomos ceden sus
electrones de valencia, que
luego forman un mar de
electrones. Los ncleos de
los tomos cargados
positivamente estn unidos
por la atraccin mutua de
los electrones cargados
negativamente.
ENLACE
METLICO

2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning


Cuando se aplica
voltaje a un metal, los
electrones en el mar de
electrones se pueden
mover y transportar
fcilmente la corriente.
2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning
ENLACE
COVALENTE

2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning


El enlace covalente requiere
que los electrones se
puedan compartir entre
tomos de tal manera que
cada tomo tiene su orbital
exterior sp lleno.

En el silicio, con una


valencia de cuatro, deben
formar cuatro enlaces
covalentes (direccionados).
ENLACE INICO

2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

Un enlace inico se forma entre dos tomos de diferentes


electronegatividades. Cuando el sodio dona su valencia de electrones
al cloro, cada uno se convierte en un in; la atraccin entre ellos se
produce, y se forma el enlace inico.
ENLACE INICO

Cuando se aplica voltaje a un


material inico, los iones
deben moverse para provocar
un flujo de corriente. El
movimiento de un in es lento
y por tanto se presenta una
pobre conductividad
elctrica.

2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing /


Thomson Learning
Enlaces secundarios

(a) Polymer chains have strong covalent backbones, but bond to each other only with
weak hydrogen bonds unless they become cross-linked.
(b) Cross-links bond the chains tightly together. The strong carboncarbon bonds are
shown as solid red lines.
Tipo de Enlace Energa de Enlace
(kcal/mol)
Inico 625-1550
Covalente 520-1250
Metlico 100-850
Van der Waals <40
SEMICONDUCTORES
SEMICONDUCTORES

In a typical insulating solid, a full valence band


is separated by a substantial energy gap from
the empty conduction band. Note the break in
the vertical scale
Superconductors have the ability to levitate vehicles with embedded magnets.
This picture shows an experimental zero-friction train in Japan, built to use
helium-coo led metal Superconductors.
Fibras de refuerzo en una matriz polimrica
COMPUESTO
PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES
Propiedades Propiedades
Fsicas Mecnicas
Densidad Resistencia a la tensin
Color Resistencia a la compresin
Punto de fusin Resistencia al impacto
Conductividad trmica Resistencia a la fatiga
Conductividad elctrica Resistencia a altas temperaturas
(termofluencia)
Magnetismo Rigidez
Comportamiento ptico Ductilidad
Elasticidad Desgaste (abrasin)

Resistencia a la corrosin
PROPIEDAD
TRMICA
PROPIEDAD
ELCTRICA
PROPIEDAD
MECNICA
PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES
Propiedades Propiedades Propiedades
Fsicas Tecnolgicas Qumicas
(importante por el uso) (importante para la (importante para el
fabricacin) uso y la fabricacin )
Densidad Forjabilidad Resistencia a la
corrosin
Punto de fusin Maquinabilidad Aleabilidad
Conductividad trmica Aptitud para Propiedades
soldar venenosas
Conductividad elctrica
Elasticidad
Dureza
Resistencia mecnica
Resistencia a la tensin

a) Aluminio b) Magnesio
Rigidez
Resistencia a la fatiga
Resistencia a la compresin
Resistencia al impacto

(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

The impact test: (a) The Charpy and Izod tests, and (b) dimensions of
typical specimens
Procesamiento de los materiales
METALES
Colada o vaciado
Introducir material lquido en moldes en el
que tiene lugar la solidificacin
Four typical casting processes:
(a) and (b) Green sand molding, in
which clay-bonded sand is packed
around a pattern. Sand cores can
produce internal cavities in the
casting. (c) The permanent mold
process, in which ,metal is poured
into an iron or steel mold. (d) Die
casting, in which metal is injected
at high pressure into a steel die. (e)
Investment casting, in which a wax
pattern is surrounded by a
ceramic; after the wax is melted
and drained, metal is poured into
the mold
Engine block produced using the lost foam casting
process. (Courtesy of Paul Arch, Nova Chemicals.)
VACEADO
Vertical continuous casting, used in
producing many steel products. Liquid
metal contained in the tundish partially
solidifies in a mold
Elaboracin mecnica

En muchos casos son elaborados en caliente (1000C en el caso de


aceros) o en fro (temperatura ambiente).

Forjado
El material se calienta hasta una temperatura a la cual se le puede
deformar fcilmente: mediante un martillo de mano o usando
presin.
FORJADO

Anillos / Camisas Forjadas Anillos Rolados (sin costura) Discos Forjados Flechas Forjadas
mx. 70" diam. ext. - 8.2 tons mx. 160" diam. ext. y 30" mx. 70" diam. ext. - 8.2 tons mx. 70" diam. ext. -
altura de cara - 6.8 tons 8.2 tons
Extrusin

Laminacin Trefilado
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under
license.

During hot working, the elongated anisotropic grains immediately


recrystallize. If the hot-working temperature is properly
controlled, the final hot-worked grain size can be very fine
EXTRUSION
Metalurgia de polvos
Perforado y estirado

Estirado Doblado
Maquinado Aptitud para soldar
A schematic diagram of the
fusion zone and solidification
of the weld during fusion
welding: (a) initial prepared
joint, (b) weld at the
maximum temperature, with
joint filled with filler metal,
and (c) weld after
solidification.
Procesamiento de los materiales
CERMICOS
Laminado

Flotado
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Techniques for manufacturing sheet and plate glass:


(a) rolling and (b) floating the lass on molten tin.
Procesamiento de los materiales
CERMICOS
Compresin

Trefilado

Presionado y soplado

2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Techniques for forming lass products: (a) pressing, (b) press


and blow process, and (c) drawing of fibers.
Procesamiento de los materiales
CERMICOS

Compresin

Extrusin Moldeo por


escurrimiento
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Processes for shaping crystalline ceramics: (a) pressing, (b) isostatic


pressing, (c) extrusion, (d) jiggering, and (e) slip casting.
Steps in slip casting of
ceramics. (Source:
From Modern Ceramic
Engineering, by D.W.
Richerson, Copyright
1992 Marcel Dekker.
Reprinted by
permission.)
Procesamiento de los materiales
POLIMEROS
Segn el polmero:
TERMOPLASTICOS y TERMORIGIDOS (termoestables)
TERMOPLASTICOS (Acrlicos, ABS, Nylon, polietileno, PVC)

Inyeccin

Schematic diagram of an injection molding apparatus. (Adapted from F.W. Billmeyer,


Jr., Textbook of Polymer Science, 2nd edition. Copyright 1971 by John Wiley & Sons,
New York. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
Extrusin

Schematic diagram of an extruder. (Reprinted with permission from


Encyclopdia Britannica, 1997 by Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.)
Soplado
(c) 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

This figure shows a schematic of the blow-stretch process used for fabrication of a
standard two-liter PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle from a preform. The stress
induced crystallization leads to formation of small crystals that help reinforce the
remaining amorphous matrix.
Schematic diagram of an apparatus that is used to form thin polymer
films. (Reprinted with permission from Encyclopdia Britannica,
1997 by Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.)
TERMORIGIDOS : (epxicos, fenlicos, poliamidas, etc)
Typical forming processes for thermosetting polymers: (a) compression
molding and (b) transfer molding.
Moldeo por compresin

Moldeo por transferencia


2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Figure 15.29 Typical forming processes for thermoplastic: (a) extrusion, (b) blow
molding, (c) injection molding, (d) thermoforming, (e) calendaring, and (f) spinning.
Schematic diagram of a compression molding apparatus. (From F.W.
Billmeyer, Jr., Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd edition. Copyright 1984
by John Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprinted by permission of John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
RESISTENCIA
QUMICA
Resistencia a la corrosin

Electrolito

nodo
Fe Fe++ + 2e-
Flujo dee
electrones
e O2 + 2H2O+4e-
-
4OH

Ctodo
Metal
Resistencia a la corrosin

Electrolito

nodo

Fe Fe++ + 2e
Flujo dee
electrones
e 2H+ + 2e H2
Ctodo
Metal
Microstructural features
in metals, showing their
length scale and the
properties which they
determine. Each interval
on the length scale is a
factor of 1000.
Microstructural features in
ceramics and glasses, showing
their length scale and the
properties which they determine.
Each interval on the length scale is
a factor of 1000.
Microstructural features
in polymers and
elastomers, showing
their length scale and the
properties which they
determine. Each interval
on the length scale is a
factor of 1000.
Solidification in metal casting. (a) Nucleation and growth of solid
crystals in the melt. (b) Impingement of growing solid crystals forms
the grains and grainboundaries.
Evolution of molecular architecture in polymer molding.
(a) Alignment of molecules during viscous flow in
shaping. (b) Partial crystallization during cooling.
Grain structure evolution in the solid state by deformation and annealing. (a) Grains pancake,
following the change in shape of the component. (b) The recovery mechanism: dislocations
rearrange as sub-grains (shown on a large scale). (c) The recrystallization mechanism: new
grains form by migration of boundaries from a few sub-grain nuclei, wiping out the
dislocations in the deformed microstructure.
Schematic
trends in
structure and
strength,
hardness,
and ductility
properties of
cold worked
metals that
are annealed
at different
temperatures
for a fixed
time.

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