1/3/2012

UMTS Optimization

Prepared By Technical Team

Course Content

WCDMA Features
Idle Mode Behavior
Radio Link Supervision
Power control
Load sharing
Handover
Capacity management
Channel switching

3G KPIs Monitoring and analysis

1
 1/3/2012

WCDMA Features
Course Objective
Upon completion of this part you be able to
Explain the main parts of idle mode behavior
Explain what is the radio link supervision and what are its
benefits
Explain the different types of power control
Explain how can we control the capacity to maximize it
under minimum interference
Explain Different Handover types and scenarios
Explain how and why do we need for Load sharing and
Explain the main types of channel switching we have
Explain the Main 3G KPIs and how to analyze them

WCDMA Radio Network Features

2
 1/3/2012

Idle Mode Behavior

PLMN selection
Cell Selection / Reselection
Paging
Location Update and Routing area update
System Information

What is Idle Mode?

1. OFF Mode
2. IDLE MODE
3. CONNECTED MODE

UE in IDLE MODE has the following properties :

UE is Powered ON , while it doesn't have connection to the Radio Network

UE is synchronized with Radio Network and can read broadcast

information , Accordingly UE can access the Network request services .

UE is registered on the network , updating Network with its LAC ,

Accordingly UE becomes reachable by the network

3
 1/3/2012

Services Types in Idle Mode

Normal Service
When the UE select accepted level cell in its HPLMN
Limited Service
When the UE didnt find any accepted level cells at its
home PLMN it selects any accepted level cell at any
other PLMN
Operator reserved services
The operator can reserve any cell for testing only and
this through two parameters cell reserved and Access
classNbarred

PLMN Selection
PLMN Selection
What is it ? And When it happens ? What are the
types of PLMN selection
PLMN Selection is the process in which the UE decide which
PLMN it should register in and this process happens when
the Mobile turned on or when the mobile returned back
from limiting service
Automatic PLMN selection
Manual PLMN selection

4
 1/3/2012

Automatic PLMN selection

When the mobile powered on
The mobile uses information about the last registered PLMN
(Freq, the stored neighbors before off)
Mobile search the strongest signal cells and read its system
information to get (MCC and MNC)
If the chosen cell is accepted the mobile try to do the
registration
If the last chosen cell not available or there is no stored info
in the mobile USIM then the mobile might select any
accepted PLMN automatically or manually

In the automatic selection if no last register PLMN exists or

available the Mobile will select the PLMN that is available
and allowed as follow
HPLMN if not previously selected due to RAT
Each PLMN in User controlled PLMNs list in the USIM, in order of
priority
Each PLMN in operator controlled PLMN list in the USIM, in order of
priority
Other PLMNs according to the high quality criteria randomly the
minimum CPICH RSCP power is -95dBm
Other PLMNs that dont fulfill high quality criteria

5
 1/3/2012

Initial Cell Selection Automatic Mode

USIM
I
HPLMN
Strongest cell

Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

80
60

f1 40
20
0
USIM
-20
-40 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 I
II PLMN
Frequency x 107

PLMN II
PLMN III

PLMN A B C D E F USIM
I
PLMN
III II
PLMN
PLMN III
2110

Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

2170 MHz 80

60

40

IV PLMN 20

PLMN PLMN
-20

-40 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Frequency 7
x 10

PLMN A PLMN B

Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

80

PLMN B PLMN E V
60

PLMN 40

PLMN D PLMN D 20

PLMN PLMN
-20

PLMN E PLMN A -40 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Frequency 7
x 10

Manual PLMN Selection

UE displays all the available PLMNS after carriers
scanning
All the available PLMNs will appear regardless it is
allowed or not and ignoring the forbidden LACs

6
 1/3/2012

f1
Strongest cell PLMN A
f2 PLMN B
Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)
80

60

40

20
HPLMN
0

PLMN E

-20

-40
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Frequency x 10 7

fn

Roaming
It is the services in which the user will be able to
obtain services from another PLMN
Same country (national roaming)
Another country (international roaming)
Every 30 minutes the UE try to reselect its home
PLMN

7
 1/3/2012

Cell Search
Start

Detecting slot
synchronization

Detecting frame synchronization and

primary scrambling code group

Detecting primary scrambling and read

system information

End

Broadcast Channels
SCH Pilot Channel

1 timeslot = 2560 Chips = 10 symbols

P-CCPCH = 20 bits = 666.667 uSec

PICH Pilot Symbol Data (10 symbols per slot)

P-CCPCH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3 4
1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

CPICH always take

code 0 from SF 256
tree

8
 1/3/2012

Cell selection procedure

Squal = Qqualmeas qQualMin (For WCDMA)

Qqualmeas is CPICH Ec/No
qQualMin is minimum required Ec/No
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - qRxlevMin Pcompensation
(For all cells)
Qrxlevmeas is CPICH RSCP
qRxlevMin is minimum required RSCP

Pcompensation=Max(maxTXpowerUL-P , 0)
P is maximum O/P power of the UE accoring to its class
maxTXpowerUL is maximum power used in accessing

The cell consider as accepted if

Squal > 0 and
Srxlev > 0

9
 1/3/2012

Cell selection occurs when

When UE is switched on
When UE in idle mode has had a number of failed RRC
connection request
When a UE returns to idle mode from the connection mode
on common channel (cell-FACH) after a number of failed cell
update
UE returns to idle mode from connected mode (cell-DCH)
When a UE returns to idle mode after an emergency call on
any PLMN

10
 1/3/2012

Cell reselection procedure

When it occurs
When cell on which it is camping is no longer suitable
When there is any neighbor with better quality than
the selected one
When the UE in the limited service state on an
acceptable cell
When the UE is in cell _FACH state

According to the cell reselection criteria. In order to perform cell ranking, the UE
measures the serving cell and neighbor cells listed in SIB11 according to the
measurement rules .

i. Measurement rules for cell reselection

1. Intra frequency measurements starts when

Squal <= Sintrasearch

SintraSearch : Controls when intra-frequency measurements are performed

(0 dBm)

11
 1/3/2012

2. Inter frequency measurements starts when

Squal <= SinterSearch
Sintersearch : Controls when intra-frequency measurements are performed (0 dBm)
3. GSM measurements starts when
Squal <= sRatSearch
OR Srxlev <= SHcsRat
sRatSearch : Controls quality Threshold at which GSM measurements are
performed (4 dBm)
SHcsRat : Controls Signal Strength Threshold at which GSM measurements
are performed (3 dBm)

GSM measurements can also be triggered by

Qqualmeas (EcN0, dB) low RSCP
Qrxlevmeas (RSCP, dBm)

-14

sRatSearch = 4dB

-112

sHcsRat = 3dB
qQualMin = -18
(negative values are
interpreted as 0)
qRxLevMin+P = -115

Time (s)
WCDMA WCDMA & GSM WCDMA WCDMA & GSM
measurements measurements measurements measurements

12
 1/3/2012

When the UE triggers a cell reselections

procedure it starts ranking for the cell satisfy S-
criteria (Squal > 0 and Srxlev > 0) and the ranking
will be according R-criteria

R(serving)= Qmeas(s)+qHyst(s)

R(neighbor)= Qmeas(n)-qOffset(s,n)

Qmeas: is the quality value of the received signal

which is derived from
CPICH Ec/No or
CPICH RSCP
qHyst(s): hystersis value sent to mobile in system
information used to delay the reselection as
possible on the LA boarders
qHyst1 if the ranking based on CPICH RSCP
qHyst2 if the ranking based on CPICH Ec/No

13
 1/3/2012

qOffset(s,n): is the offset between the serving and the

neighbor cell also used to shift the cell boarder
qOffset1sn : if the ranking based on RSCP, there are 2
qOffset1sn one for WCDMA neighbor and the other
one for GSM neighbor.
qOffset2sn : if the ranking based on Ec/No
qualMeasQuantity is the parameter that determine if we
will do the ranking based on RSCP or Ec/No
The UE reselect the better cell if it stay better for time
interval more than Treselection

UMTS to UMTS cell Reselection

Qmeas (dBm)
Qmeas(n)

R(n)
qOffset2sn=0

qHyst2 = 4

R(s)

Qmeas(s)

Cell reselection time

R(n)>R(s) treSelection

14
 1/3/2012

UMTS to GSM cell Reselection

Qmeas (dBm)

Qmeas(n)

qOffset1sn
qHyst1

R(n)

qRxLevMin*+
sHcsRat

R(s)
qRxLevMin*
Qmeas(s)

time
WCDMA&GSM Ranking
measurements
treSelection
Cell reselection
R(n)>R(s)
* Pcompensation is assumed to be 0

FACH-connected cell reselection

During the FACH-connected mode the UE use secondary common
control physical channel (SCCPCH)
The parameters used to control the measurement
fachMeasOccaCycLenCoeff and interFreqFddMeasIndicator
fachMeasOccaCycLenCoeff (K) used to show when the UE has to do
this measurment this value should be greater than 0 and this value
send to mobile via system information
FACH measurment occasions are defined as being the frame where
the following equation is fulfilled
SFN= C-RNTI mod n*2^K
C-RNTI is the cell UE identity (16 bits) & n is the frame number 0,1,2,.

15
 1/3/2012

InterFreqFddMeasIndicator is a value set to True or

False if it set to True the UE will perform the
reselection criteria on inter frequency or inter RAT and
if it is set false it will not do

Location area Update and Routing area Update

After a UE has found a suitable cell it tries to

make PLMN registration.
If the LAI or RAI read on system information
has been changed then the UE tries to do RA
or LA registration Update
During the idle mode when the UE changes its
location or routing area it should do LAU or
RAU
LAU and RAU managed by CN

16
 1/3/2012

Types of Updates
Periodic
Occurs periodically after timer T3212 for LAU or T3312
for RAU, the value of the timer sent to the UE over
BCCH in the IMSI attach or in RAU , it is CN parameter,
when the UE is in connected mode and the timer
expired then the UE wait until enter idle mode again to
perform the periodic LA
Normal
Occurs when the UE change its LA or RA, the UE
discover the changes after comparing the new Cell RAC
or LAC with the stored values in the USIM

IMSI attach and detach

IMSI attach occurs when the UE activated in the same
LA in which it was before deactivation and the detach
occurs when UE deactiated
This function used to prevent unnecessary paging for
the off UEs
IMSI attach is an optional function and it is managed by
cell parameter called ATT sent to UE over BCCH
If ATT set to 1 it means the UE should do IMSI attach and
detach
When the UE is turned on it sent registration request indicate
IMSI attach to find out if the LA changed or not if changed it
send normal LA update

17
 1/3/2012

Paging

Is the process through it the CN inform the UE

there is a service request or RAN inform all the
UEs that the System information has been
updated also to initiate the channel switch from
URA-PCH to Cell-FACH state
Paging occurs in the following states
Idle
URA-PCH
Cell-FACH
Cell-DCH

Paging in Idle mode and URA-PCH

PICH and S-CCPCH are used to page the UE
PICH used to tell the UE when to read S-CCPCH
S-CCPCH used to carry RRC message type1 which includes
actual paging info and the number of times the WCDMA
RAN will retransmit the paging (noOfPagingRecordTransm)

18
 1/3/2012

DRX
In the Idle mode the UE should in order to save its
power consumption to listen to the PICH in certain
predefined times

288 bits for paging indication 12 bits (undefined)

b0 b1 b287 b288 b299

One radio frame (10 ms)

288 bits are divided to number of PIs each PI related

to one paging group and each paging group related to
one user
The number of PIs in a PICH frame is given by
parameter named PichMode
If PichMode is 72 that mean we have 72 PIs and each one 4
bits
The UE monitors one PI in one paging occasion per
DRX cycle
The length of DRX cycle is given by 2^k * 10(ms)

19
 1/3/2012

Where k is the DRX cycle Length coefficient defined by

cnDRXcycleLengthCS (PS)
Different DRX cycle for CS, PS and URA-PCH

Paging in cell-FACH and cell-DCH

When the establish connection between UE and RAN
is existing Paging type 2 message are sent to the user
it is carried on DCCH so it is only for one user.
Updated System information
RRC message paging type1 sent to the UE in the idle
mode to inform it about the updated SI

20
 1/3/2012

System Information

The UE read System information when

Powered on
Cell change in idle mode or Cell-FACH
UE informed that change occurred in system
information while it is in idle mode or Cell-FACH
UE switches from Dedicated mode to Common Mode.
Timer expires for SIBs with expiration time.

21
 1/3/2012

Radio Connection Supervision

22
 1/3/2012

Radio Connection Supervision

Supervision of the UE in State Cell-FACH and URA-

PCH

Supervision of the UE in Cell-DCH

What is the radio link supervision

Is the algorithm supervises the radio connection
between the UE and the UTRAN during all the
connected states, the reason of this is to check if the
UTRAN still control the UE or not and to prevent
undue charging and increase the efficiency of
resources usage.
Occurs in both of Uplink and Downlink

23
 1/3/2012

Supervision in Cell-FACH and URA-PCH

In CELL_FACH state, supervision is provided by monitoring periodic

Cell Update messages sent by the UE. The timer cchWaitCuT is
started whenever the UE enters the CELL_FACH state, or upon
transmission of a Cell Update CONFIRM message to the UE. The
timer is stopped if the UE enters CELL_DCH state and is reset to
zero (but not stopped) upon receipt of a Cell Update from the UE.
Upon expiry of the timer, the overall release of the connection
shall be triggered. The time set on cchWaitCuT is longer than
the one set on timer t305. The timer t305 indicates how often the
UE has to send a Cell Update message.

Cell Update Message will be sent either when t305 expires or

when the UE change its serving cell
In URA PCH state the UE sent URA_Update Message instead of
Cell_ Update as in Cell FACH case

T305 expires
Cell Update Overall Connection
Confirmation Release
CCHWAITCUT
starts Cell Update CCHWAITCUT Expire
Message

CCHWAITCUT Timer Should

Reset stopped if UE
Enters CELL-DCH
UE Enters
Cell FACH

24
 1/3/2012

Supervision in Cell-DCH
In CELL_DCH state, the Radio Connection
Supervision functionality is provided by means of
two different algorithms: the Radio Link Set
Supervision algorithm, located in the RBS,
supports the Radio Connection Supervision
Evaluation algorithms, located in the SRNC

The Radio Link consider failed if and only if radio link failure
indication send from the 2 RBSs

25
 1/3/2012

Radio Connection Supervision (RCS) Evaluation

The Radio Connection Supervision Evaluation
algorithm keeps track of the synchronization
status of the whole radio connection by assigning
a tag to every RLS.

Radio Link Set (RLS) Supervision

The RLS Supervision function supervises the synchronization status
of the RLS provided by the RBS to the radio connection, and
reports any changes to the SRNC. When nOutSyncInd number of
consecutive frames are out-of-sync a timer rlFailureT is started
and at expiry the RLS is considered out-of-sync and Radio Link
Failure is reported to the SRNC. When the RLS is out-of-sync and
nInSyncInd number of frames are in-sync, the RLS is considered
in-sync and Radio Link Restore is reported to the SRNC.

26
 1/3/2012

Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)

Coded Data, 10 x 2^k bits, k=06 (10 to 640 bits) I

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)
Pilot (FSW: is some of Pilot Bits) TFCI FBI TPC Q

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

1/3/2012

The connection is considered lost by the RCS when the

last RLS, for the connection, has been out-of-sync for a
time given by the parameter dchRcLostT. For a
connection that includes HSDPA, the PS part of the
connection is considered lost by the RCS when the RLS
that contains the Serving HS-DSCH cell, has been out-of-
sync for a time given by the parameter hsDschRcLostT.
This means that when the hsDschRcLostT timer expires,
an Iu Release will be requested to the PS CN and when
the dchRcLostT timer expires, an Iu Release will be
requested to all involved CNs.

27
 1/3/2012

SRNC Radio Link Restore

dchRcLost T Starts
Radio Link out of
sync sent to SRNC

Number of good
Number of Bad
T.S 1 T.S 15 frames = nInSyncInd
frames = nOutSyncInd Good
. Frame
Bad Frame #1

rlFailure T rlFailure T
starts Expires
What is the BER of this N.B if number of good frame that decoded by
frame (CRC decoding) NB before rlFailureT timer expiration equal to
UE sends FSW in each
Time Slot in DPCCH nInSyncInd then the RL consider ok and the
timer should stopped

Power Control

28
 1/3/2012

Power Control types

Power control

Uplink Downlink

Open Loop Closed Loop Initial Power

Closed loop
Power Power settings for
Power control
Control Control Power

Setting Of common Channel Power

Channel Name Parameter Name Default Power Meaning

Setting
CPICH PrimaryCpichPower 300 30dBm
BCH bchPower -31 -3.1dB
AICH aichPower -6 -0.6dB
FACH (control) maxFach1Power 18 1.8dB
FACH (Traffic) maxFach2Power 15 1.5dB
PCH pchPower -4 -0.4dB
PICH pichPower -7 -0.7dB
P-SCH schPower1 -18 -1.8dB
S-SCH schPower2 -35 -3.5dB

29
 1/3/2012

Open Loop Power Control

UL SIR
SIR=Ec/No X SF
= RSCP/RTWP X SF
= RSCP-RTWP + 10log SF

RSCP=SIR + RTWP 10log SF

SIR has target value depend on service and Channel
SF has value related to the used service

RACH preamble Power setting

P-PRACH = RSCP + Losses.

RSCP = SIR+RTWP 10log SF.
Losses = CPICH_Power CPICH_RSCP.
P_PRACH = SIR_TARGET_RACH + RTWP 10 log SF +
CPICH_Power (pimaryCpichPower) CPICH_RSCP.
SIR_TARRGET_RACH 10log SF + C is constant
parameter called (constantValueCprach)

30
 1/3/2012

ConstantValueCprach , PrimaryCPICHPower and

RTWP are sent to the UE through BCCH

Now the UE can transmit the Preamble using

P_PRACH calculated Value

Power Ramping

31
 1/3/2012

Parameter Range Default Description

PowerOffsetPO 1 to 8 3 3dB
PowerOffsetPpM -5to10 -4 -4dB
1 to 64 8 8 step of increase
PreambleRetansMax before the
recalculation of
P_PRACH
MaxPreambleCycle 1 to 32 4 4 trials for P_PRACH
calculation before
giving access failure

RACH Message Power

RACH Data Slot (0.666 mSec)

Random Access Message (10, 20, 40, or 80 bits per slot) I

RACH Message Slot (0.666 mSec)

Pilot (8 bits) TFCI (2 bits) Q

Control Part Power = P_PRACH+ PowerOffsetPpm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

32
 1/3/2012

Control Power/ Data Power = 20 log (GFc/GFd)

GFc: is standard gain factor related to control

part
GFd: is standard gain factor related to data part
This 2 parameters will be different according to the
type of carried information

Gain Factor Range Default

GFc (Control) 0 to 15 11

GFd (Control) 0 to 15 15

GFc (Data) 0 to 15 10

GFd (Data) 0 to 15 15

Control Case:
Data part power = control Part Power + 2.7
Data Case:
Data part power = control part power + 3.5

33
 1/3/2012

FACH Power Setting

As mentioned earlier FACH power is initially

reserved relative to CPICH power

The question Now is that does each part of FACH

message has the same power as the reserved
value

0, 2, or 8 bits 20 to 1256 bits 0, 8, or 16 bits

TFCI or DTX Data Pilot

TFCI_Power = FACH_Power + FO1

FO1 Default Value is 0 dB
Pilot_Power = FACH_Power + FO2
FO2 Default Value is 0 dB

Parameter Name Range Step Default

FO1 (power offset1 FACH) 0 to 24 0.25 0
FO3 (power offset3 FACH) 0 to 24 0.25 o

34
 1/3/2012

Initial Setting of DL_DPDCH

In case of inter frequency non blind handover

cBackoff will be replaced by cNbifho (modified
parameter to enhance the performance of IFHO

DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data 1 TPC TFCI Data 2 Pilot

Default Values
PO1 (00) Step 0.25 Value 0dB
PO2 (12) Step 0.25 Value 3dB
PO3 (12) Step 0.25 Value 3dB

35
 1/3/2012

Downlink Power Ramping

Upper Power Limit

P_DL_DPDCH Calculated

2nd power step size

1st power steps x steps

Used only when the NBAP indicates Lower Power Limit

it should be used via parameter first
RLS indicator

1st power Ramp 2nd power increase Inner loop

Setting of initial UL_DPDCH power

Power_UL_DPCCH_initial=
PrimaryCpichPower + RTWP+uLInitSirTarget -
10log(SF_DPCCH) + CPO
RSCP_PCPICH (dBm)
DPCCH_power_offset Sent to UE by
RBS in RRC connection setup Message
Measured by the UE

cPO= -30 to 30 in 0.5 dB steps default = 0 (0 dB)

PrimaryCpichpower = -100 to 500 in 0.1 dB steps default = 300 (30 dBm)
ulInitSirTarget : has different values for different services
e.g. SRB =5.7dB; RAB with SF=4 = 9.2 ; RAB with SF=16 or 8 = 8.2 dB
and for RAB with SF= 32 or higher =4.9

36
 1/3/2012

Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)
Coded Data, 10 x 2^k bits, k=06 (10 to 640 bits) I
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC Q

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

P_DPDCH power calculation

DPCCH power/ DPDCH power = Bc/Bd

DPCCH power DPDCH power= 20 log (Bc/Bd)

DPDCH power = DPCCH power- 20log(Bc/Bd)

Bc: DPCCH gain factor

Bd: DPDCH gain factor

37
 1/3/2012

Radio Bearer DPCCH gain Factor DPDCH gain factor DPDCH power
Signaling 11 15 DPCCH power +2.7
Speech 11 15 DPCCH power + 2.7
CS 64 8 15 DPCCH power + 5.46
PS 64/64 8 15 DPCCH power + 5.46
PS 64/384 8 15 DPCCH power + 5.46

Inner loop power control

Up Link inner loop power control

DPDCH/DPCCH (pilot + Data +TFCI +TPC + Data)

TPC_Command =
(UP) or (Down)

DPCCH (Pilot + TFCI + TPC)

DPDCH RBS measure
SIR_UL_RLS of
the pilot Data then
compare it with
Target value

38
 1/3/2012

DPCCH TPC_cmd=-1 (Down) or +1 (UP)

DPCCH change = TPC X TPC_cmd dB

DPDCH power related to DPCCH power

SIR_UL_RLS>= SIR_TARGET TPC command = down

SIR_UL_RLS < SIR_TARGET TPC command = UP

UL Power control during compressed mode

10 mSec Frames (15 slots)

Normal Operation
11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Compressed-Mode; single-frame method

11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4

Transmission Gap

Compressed period used for IRAT measurements and BSIC decoding and
confirmation

39
 1/3/2012

SIR_target in CM

SIR_target + 1dB

SIR_target + 0.5dB

SIR_target

13 14 15 1 2 3 4 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 14 15

Transmission Gap

TPC command in CM
TPC = 2 dB

TPC = 1 dB

13 14 15 1 2 3 4 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 14 15

Transmission Gap

Recovery Period 7 slots

after the Gap
pilot = 10 log (Npilot,prev/Npilot,curr)

DPCCH= TPC X TPC_cmd + Pilot

40
 1/3/2012

Down link inner loop power control

DPDCH/DPCCH (pilot + Data +TFCI +TPC + Data)

DPCCH (Pilot + TFCI + TPC)

DPDCH

MS measure
SIR_DL_RLS of TPC_Command =
the pilot Data then (UP) or (Down)
compare it with
Target value

TPC command (UP or Down)

present power P(K)= P(k-1) + Ptpc(K)

P_TPC(K) = +1 dB if (TPC_CMD is
Up) or -1 dB if (TPC_CMD is down)

SIR_UL_RLS>= SIR_TARGET TPC command = down

SIR_UL_RLS < SIR_TARGET TPC command = UP

41
 1/3/2012

Downlink Power Balancing

Power Drift

SRNC

UE
RBS 2
RBS 1

8 frame cycle
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7 Frame 8

Reference value
SRNC

RBS 1
RBS 2

UE

At the beginning of each cycle a reference power, which is the average of

all radio link powers is calculated.
Over the next 8 frames cycle the power of each RL is adjusted back to
this reference value

42
 1/3/2012

dlPcMethod

1 no DL power 4 fixed power

balance and no 2 No balancing only inner 3 Balancing is balancing algorithm
inner loop power loop power control is used working is used fixed Dl
control reference value

P(K) = P(K-1) + Pbalance

Pbal = +1 dB increase the power -1 dB decrease the power
Power balancing is configured to work on 8 frame cycle

Downlink power control in compressed mode

P(K)= P(K-1) + Ptpc(K) + P bal(K) + P sir (K) dBm

P(k-1): previous DL power

Ptpc (K): +1(UP) or -1(down) X TPC

PSIR(K) = 4dB PSIR(K) = 3.5dB

TPC(K) = 1 dB TPC(K) = 2 dB

13 14 15 1 2 3 4 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 14 15

Transmission Gap

Recovery Period 7 slots

after the Gap

43
 1/3/2012

Outer Loop Power control

The outer loop power control algorithm performed for DL in the UE
and for the UL in the RNC
The Main idea behind the outer loop power control is to set proper
SIR target
SIR target value change according to blerQualitytargetDl
SIR target value should be between SIR Max 173 (17.3 dB) and SIR
min -82(-8.2 dB)
UL outer loop power control could be either jump regulator or
constant step regulator by ulOuterLoopRegulator parameter

1 Jump Regulator 0 constant step

Jump Regulator

SIRtarget= SIRtarget + ulSirStep(-x/(z*UPDOWNSTEPRATIO)+Y/Z)

Where:
ulSirStep = 0 to 50 in 0.1 step default 10 (1 dB)
X = Number of Transport blocks that have CRC OK
Z= Total Number of received Transport blocks
Y= Number of transport blocks that have CRC NG
UPDOWNSTEPRATIO= (1/blerQualityTargetUL * 0.5) -1 default
value is 199
blerQualityTargetUL = -63 to 0 default is -2 (0.01)

44
 1/3/2012

SIR_Target=5.9 dB

CRC=OK

Will continuo to drop until receive bad CRC

The SRNC will Update the SIR target value for

the UL in resolution of 0.1 dB to prevent
excessive Iub signaling.
ulInitSirTaget = 4.9
SIRTarget= 4.9+1(-0/(199*1) +1/1) = 5.9
.

NG frame received

Step Regulator
If ulOuterLoopRegulator set to 0 the Step regulator will work
Idea of step regulator is as following :
The SIR target should increased by ulSirStep when one NG CRC have
been Received
And decreased by ulSirStep if number of good CRC equal to
(1/(1.5blerQualityTargetUL) (0.5) Default 133

133 Good CRC

ulSirStep

ulSirInitTarget

NG CRC NG CRC

45
 1/3/2012

Handover

Handover Type

HO Types

Hard
Soft Handover
Handover

Inter Core Network

IRAT handover Soft HO Softer HO
Frequency HO Hard HO

46
 1/3/2012

Soft/ Softer HO
RNC UE
Measurement Control message
DCCH Perform measurement

UE Evaluation

RNC Evaluation

RL addition
Active Set Update
DCCH
Radio Link Add/Remove / Replace
Active Set
Radio Link Removal Update Complete

RNC Evaluation Measurement Control message

DCCH

Reported Measurement

47
 1/3/2012

Measurements Elaboration

RRC Measurement initial

48
 1/3/2012

Handover triggering type

Event Triggering
Measurement to be sent whenever the levels of cells
enters the reporting range
Periodic triggering
Measurement report should be sent to the RNC by the
UE periodically

Event Description

49
 1/3/2012

Event 1A

Event 1B

50
 1/3/2012

Event 1C

Event 1D

51
 1/3/2012

Event 1E

Event 1F

52
 1/3/2012

Event 2D/2F

2B/2C
3A/3C

Compressed Mode

53
 1/3/2012

Compressed mode

Realization Methods
SF/2
Rate matching/puncturing
Higher layer scheduling

54
 1/3/2012

Load Control

PUC

55
 1/3/2012

ICAC

Cell Resource Decision

Legend Technologies
1/3/2012 112

56
 1/3/2012

The algorithm Chooses UEs for

Pre-emption

Legend Technologies
1/3/2012 113

LDR

57
 1/3/2012

OLC

Admission and congestion

control

58
 1/3/2012

Admission control (1-2)

The RN Admission Control function blocks or admits resource requests

according to admission policies defined on system resources. Those requests
are initiated for example when new radio connections are set up, cell changes
performed, existing radio connections are modified or soft handover is
performed. To decide on whether to admit the request, the RN Admission Control
function requires information about the system resource load and the amount of
resources needed by the requester. This information is provided by the System
Resource Handling function.

RN Admission Control policies can differentiate accessibility of system

resources dependent on the characteristics of the request (e.g. the request
relates to set up of a new radio connection or a handover of an existing radio
connection etc.), allowing reservation of system resources for high priority
connections and for mobility.

Admission control (2-2)

To be able for the system to balance the available resources between radio
connections in case of lack of system resources, RN Soft Congestion is used.

When admitting a request, RN Soft Congestion evaluates whether to reduce the

rate of one or more existing low priority users or whether to pre-empt one or more
Radio Access Bearers (RABs) (implies the release of the RAB).

In case of admission reject, RN Admission Control is not taking any further

actions in terms of asking for admission again, it is up to the requesting function
to retry on a lower rate, for example such as the Handover function

59
 1/3/2012

Congestion Control (1-2)

For most systems resources, the radio connections utilizing the resource never use
more of the resource than was admitted. In those cases the RN Admission Control
functionality is sufficient to control the resource utilization. For some system
resources, such as UL interference and DL transmitted carrier power, admitted radio
connections may dynamically utilize more of the resource, depending on for example
the radio conditions, and can cause overload. Resource overload threatens the QoS
of connections and the stability of the system. In those cases, RN Admission Control
alone is not sufficient and additional control is needed to deal with overload on the
resource.

Congestion Control (2-2)

The RN Congestion Control functionality detects and resolves three types of overload:

UL Overload: The UL interference in a cell reaches a critical level and the RN

Congestion Control blocks all admission requests in the cell, except for handover of
connections (as they typically contribute to the lowering of the UL interference). The
situation is restored when the UL interference is back to acceptable levels
DL Overload: The non-HSDPA DL transmitted carrier power in a cell reaches
critical levels and the RN Congestion Control blocks all admission requests in the
cell, while congestion resolve actions are taken to reduce the resource utilization.
The situation is restored when non-HSDPA DL transmitted carrier power level is
back to acceptable levels.
DL HSDPA Overload: The DL transmitted carrier power available for radio
connections on HSDPA is not sufficient to meet their QoS. The RN Congestion
Control will start congestion resolve actions to re-balance the resource utilization
between the radio connections on HSDPA and release 99 channel, while
selectively blocking admission requests in the cell. Note that for HSDPA overload it
considers non-GBR users as well as GBR users

60
 1/3/2012

Allocating function in same RNC

Allocating function in different RNC

61
 1/3/2012

System Resource handling

The following set of system resources are relevant within the
Capacity
Management scope:
Per Cell:
1-Downlink channelization codes
2-Downlink transmitted carrier power, non-HS part and HS
required part
3-Air Interface Speech Equivalents (ASE) in uplink and downlink
4-Uplink Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP)
5-The number of radio links per DL Spreading Factor (not
including the codes

6-(spreading factor = 16) reserved for or used by HSDPA

connections)
7-The number of radio links per UL Spreading Factor (not
including codes used by EUL)
8-The number of radio links in compressed mode
9-The number of serving HS connections
10-The number of serving EUL connections
11-The number of serving 2 ms TTI EUL connections
12-The number of non-serving EUL connections

62
 1/3/2012

Per Hardware Pool:

RBS hardware utilization in uplink (both DCH and EUL) and
downlink (both DCH and MTCH)

To monitor the system resources, Capacity Management performs

periodic and event based measurements and keeps track of every
radio connection setup, deletion and modification in a cell.

RN admission Control

63
 1/3/2012

RN Congestion Control

Uplink Congestion Control Downlink Congestion

Control

Channel Switching

64
 1/3/2012

Channel Switching- Main Purpose

Dynamically change the physical resources allocated to a UE, by

switching UEs to the most suitable transport channel based on
traffic volume (throughput- UL & DL), radio resources availability,
radio conditions and mobility.

Applies only to packet traffic on the interactive RAB (Interactive and

Background QOS classes with no guaranteed bit rates and no
packet delay requirements)

Channel switching function works both on a Single RAB and on a

Multi RAB combination.

Channel Switching - Evaluation Criteria

The Channel Switching evaluation is based on two criteria:

- User activity
Measured in terms of either channel throughput or
RLC buffer load

- Coverage condition
Measured in terms of downlink code power

65
 1/3/2012

Channel Switching - Interacting Functions

- Admission Control
Admission Control can initiate channel switching of an individual UE from one
dedicated transport channel to another (from 64/384 to 64/128 or from 64/128
to 64/64...etc) when resources needs to be freed up for new users

- Congestion Control
Congestion Control can initiate channel switching of an individual UE from
dedicated to common transport channel when needed to solve a congestion
situation

- Soft Handover

- HS Mobility

Channel Switching
Single RAB Transitions Common to URA, URA to Common and URA to Idle

66
 1/3/2012

Channel Switching - Single RAB Transition Common to Dedicated

UL RLC
buffer load

Up-switch
X
ulRlcBufUpswitch [256 bytes]

or
DL RLC
buffer load
Up-switch
X
dlRlcBufUpswitch [512 bytes]

Buffer Based Up-Switch

The Common to Dedicated Evaluation algorithm monitors the amount of
user data buffered in the RNC or UE. If the buffer load increases and a
switch from the common transport channels FACH/RACH to a higher bit rate
dedicated transport channel is required, an upswitch request is sent to
channel switching execution.

When the RLC buffer load in the UL exceeds the threshold value set by the
parameter ulRlcBufUpswitch (256), a measurement report is sent from the
UE. An upswitch request is issued upon reception of the measurement
report.

A request is also issued when the RLC buffer load (in the RNC) in the
downlink exceeds the threshold value set by the parameter
dlRlcBufUpswitch (500).

The common to dedicated switching function always tries to allocate a

EUL/HS, 64/HS or 64/64 transport channel in that order.

67
 1/3/2012

Channel Switching - Single RAB Transition Dedicated to Common

[0Kbps]

[0Kbps]

[1s]

Channel Switching- Multi RAB Transition Dedicated to Common

UL and DL
throughput
downswitchTimerSp[30s]
Down switch to
MRAB DCH/DCH X MultiRAB SP0

68
 1/3/2012

Down switch Timer : DCH to FACH

384 / HS
EUL / HSDPA
EUL / HS
DCH / HSDPA
64 / HS

64/384 128/384 384/384

64/128 128/128 384/128

64/64 128/64 384/64

FACH
SRB
URA
Idle

HS to Common Evaluation algorithm (UL and DL):

IF Throughput (UL&DL) < downswitchThreshold (0) kbps for
downswitchTimer (10) seconds
IF the throughput increases above downswitchTimerThreshold (0) before
the timer expires, the timer is stopped and no switch is issued.

UL RLC
buffer load

Up-switch
UL Triggered
X
ulRlcBufUpswitch

or
DL RLC
buffer load
Up-switch
DL Triggered X
dlRlcBufUpswitch

69
 1/3/2012

DL throughput

Max Throughput of
current DCH Channel

dlThroughputDownswitchTimer [2s]

Max Throughput of
next lower DCH Channel
dlDownswitchBandwidthMargin
[80% of next lower rate]
X
Downswitch to next lower DCH Channel

70
 1/3/2012

XX Throughput Down switchTimer : DCH to DCH

The Dedicated to Dedicated EUL

EUL / /HS
HSDPA 384 / HS

DCH / HSDPA
Downswitch Evaluation algorithm 64 / HS

determines whether a switch to a 64/384

64/128
128/384
128/128
384/384
384/128
lower rate channel should be made. 64/64 128/64 384/64

The same algorithm applies both for FACH

Single RAB and for Multi RAB. URA
SRB
Idle

A channel switch request to the next lower uplink or downlink rate

(monitored independently) Radio Bearer when
the downlink throughput decreases below the threshold specified by
dlDownswitchBandwidthMargin (80%) or the uplink throughput decreases
below the threshold specified by ulDownswitchBandwidthMargin (80%) .
If the above conditions holds for the duration of
dlThroughputDownswitchTimer (or ulThroughputDownswitchTimer for an
uplink trigger), a downswitch request is executed by the Channel Switching
function.

Inactivty timer switch

What we are interested in this
activity is to consider the DOWN
switch procedure EUL / HSDPA 384 / HS

(from EUL/HS/DCH -> FACH, EUL / HS

DCH / HSDPA
from FACH -> IDLE and
64 / HS
from DCH to DCH) regulated by
inactivity.
64/384 128/384 384/384

In particular:
64/128 128/128 384/128
HS FACH
(hsdschInactivityTimer) 64/64 128/64 384/64

DCH FACH (downswitchTimer)

FACH IDLE
FACH
(inactivityTimer)
SRB
DCH DCH
(XXThroughputDownswitchTimer) URA
Idle

71
 1/3/2012

Hsdsch Inactivity Timer: HS to FACH

384 / HS
EUL / HSDPA
EUL / HS
DCH / HSDPA
64 / HS

64/384 128/384 384/384

64/128 128/128 384/128

64/64 128/64 384/64

FACH
SRB
URA
Idle

HS to Common Evaluation algorithm (UL and DL):

IF Throughput (UL&DL) < downswitchThreshold (0) kbps for
hsdschInactivityTimer (2) seconds
IF the throughput increases above downswitchTimerThreshold (0) before
the timer expires, the timer is stopped and no switch is issued.

Inactivity Timer : FACH to IDLE

384 / HS
EUL / HSDPA
EUL / HS
DCH / HSDPA
64 / HS

64/384 128/384 384/384

64/128 128/128 384/128

64/64 128/64 384/64

FACH
SRB
URA
Idle

FACH to IDLE algorithm (UL and DL):

The algorithm is activated at the entry of the CELL_FACH state.
IF no uplink or downlink activity has been detected (i.e. no data has been
transmitted) during inactivityTimer (30) seconds the mobile is witched to
IDLE.

72
 1/3/2012

Optimized settings to be changed

Current value Proposed Value
Parameter/RNC
All RNC's SRX01 BRX02 RRX03 CRX04
dlRlcBufUpswitch 500 2048 1024 1024 1024
downswitchThreshold 0 8 8 8 8
downswitchTimer 10 10 10 10 10
downswitchTimerThreshold 0 32 32 32 32
hsdschInactivityTimer 10 5 5 5 5
inactivityTimer 30 20 16 12 12
ulRlcBufUpswitch 256 1024 1024 1024 1024
bandwidthMargin 90 90 90 90 90
bandwidthMarginUl 90 90 90 90 90
dlThroughputAllowUpswitchThreshold 0 0 0 0 0
ulThroughputAllowUpswitchThreshold 0 0 0 0 0
upswitchTimer 5 5 5 5 5
upswitchTimerUl 5 5 5 5 5
upswitchPwrMargin 6 6 6 6 6
dlThroughputDownswitchTimer 20 20 20 20 20
ulThroughputDownswitchTimer 20 20 20 20 20
dlDownswitchBandwidthMargin 80 80 80 80 80
ulDownswitchBandwidthMargin 80 80 80 80 80
allowswitchtocommon 0 1 1 1 1

Optimization Tips and Tricks

Increase the downswitchThreshold/Timer to avoid keeping

unnecessary users in the HS state
Decrease the inactivity timer to quickly empty FACH from the
idle users
These changes will be reviewed upon the results of statistics
and the field tests
Different strategies will be applied on the RNCs based on the
Cs/Ps traffic utilization
Multi-RAB and coverage triggered channel switching will be
optimized in the coming phases

73
 1/3/2012

Key Performance Indicators

KPIs

Main 3G KPIs

Traffic (CS)
R99 RABs Establishment success rate
RRC success rate
Call drop Rate
HS establishment rate
R99 & HS & EUL throughput
Handover

74
 1/3/2012

IRATHO
Success
Rate 100*<HOSUCC>/<HOTT>
HS to
FACH 100*(<pmPsIntHsToFachSucc>/<pmPsIntHsToFachatt>)
CDR
HSDPA 100*((<pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs>)/(<pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs>+<pmNoNor
NEW malRbReleaseHs>+<pmNoSuccRbReconfPsIntDch>+<pmPsIntHsToFachSucc>))
100*((<pmNoSystemRabReleasePacket>-<pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs>-
<pmNoCellFachDisconnectAbnorm>)/(<pmNoSystemRabReleasePacket>-
<pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs>+<pmNoNormalRabReleasePacket>-
CDR <pmNoNormalRbReleaseHs>+<pmNoSuccRbReconfOrigPsIntDch>+<pmupswit
PKT chFachHsSuccess>-<pmNoCellFachDisconnectAbnorm>-
NEW <pmNoCellFachDisconnectNormal>))
CDR_CS 100*(<pmNoSystemRabReleaseSpeech>/(<pmNoNormalRabReleaseSpeech>+
_SP <pmNoSystemRabReleaseSpeech>))

CDR_C
S_VIDE 100*<pmNoSystemRabReleaseCs64>/(<pmNoNormalRabReleaseCs64>+<pmNo
O SystemRabReleaseCs64>)
FACH
to HS (<pmupswitchFachHsSuccess>/<pmupswitchFachHSAttempt>)*100
HS2DC If <pmHsToDchAttempt>=0 Then 1 Else
H (<pmHsToDchSuccess>/<pmHsToDchAttempt>)
RAB_H
SDPA_
EST_RA 100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractiveHs>/<pmNoRabEstablishAtte
TE mptPacketInteractiveHs>
RAB_P
KT_EST 100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractive>/<pmNoRabEstablishAttemp
_SUC% tPacketInteractive>
RAB_S
PE_EST 100*(<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessSpeech>/<pmNoRabEstablishAttemptSpeech>
_SUC% )

75
 1/3/2012

100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessCs64>/<pmNoRabEstablishAttemptC
RAB_VID_EST_SUC% s64>

RRC_CON_SUC% 100*<pmTotNoRrcConnectReqSuccess>/<pmTotNoRrcConnectReq>
SHO_Succ_Rate 100*<SHO_Success>/<SHO_Attempts>

DCH to HSDPA
Success Rate %: 100*(<pmDlUpswitchSuccessHs>/<pmDlUpswitchAttemptHs>)

76