2015 AP World Summer Reading Assignment

You are to read Chapters 1-3 (roughly 95 pages) of the textbook The Earth and Its
Peoples AP Edition by Bulliet et al. ISBN -13: 978-1-4390-8608-7. You may check
out your text book for the summer. There is also an on-line version of the text
available at
http://www.lindblomeagles.org/ourpages/auto/2012/8/9/53532161/The_Earth_and_It
s_Peoples__5th%20Edition_.pdf. (Warning- it may take a little bit to load since it is
the whole book).

Join the Edmodo group 2015 AP World Summer Assignment, group code d7mis2 ,
for electronic templates mentioned below. Sample is also on back of this sheet. Can
be recreated using table feature in Word.

Using the available PIRATES templates, fill in all appropriate information in the
appropriate columns related to each of the following cultures listed below (they are
in order of read in the chapters). See model on Neolithic culture to help guide you in
synthesis (compress/put in your own words) and depth. Notes can be typed using
the electronic template or handwritten into the template.

This work is representative of about 6-8 hours of work. This will allow us to get an
early acceleration so that we will be able to set aside two weeks of review for the
national test the second semester.

There will be a test the first week of school on this information. Your first
comparative essay(s) will reflect this material. This is also a demonstration of
your work ethic which is the most important trait in completing collegiate
level work.

My e-mail is floydr@fultonschools.org or Mrs. Jolle jolle@fultonschools.org

if you have any issues or questions.

Cultures listed in order for chapters 1-3:

1. Mesopotamia
2. Early Egypt
3. Indus Valley
4. Early China
5. Nubia
6. Celtic Europe
7. Olmec
8. Chavin
9. New Kingdom Egypt
10.Crete/Mycenaean Greece
11.Assyrian Empire
12.Israel
13.Phoenicia
Notes Chapter: 1 Legend- purple = dates red = terms blue = culture

A
P I R T E S
Art and
Politics Intellectual Religion Technology Economics Society
Architecture

Culture: No sharp conflicts Hunting powerful Ancestor worship due Megaliths- big stones Obsidian tools Farmers tougher life Early farmers led
between farmers and force rather than to kinship. for religion than foragers- shorter lives than
foragers due to slowfarming- men buried Pottery foragers-
Neolithic with weapons and art Elaborate ritualism
spread of agriculture. 2000 BCE Stonehenge Cultivation
Took 3000 years in depicted hunt scenes Woolen cloth Clearing land Physically
Europe. 6500-3500 Farmer Deities- Moving herds shorter
BCE Weaved baskets Poor harvests Poor nutrition
Mother Earth 5000 BCE Burial Disease due
Sky God Stone and shell beads to massing
chambers/mounds
(male) Storage of food key to and close
Egypt contact with
Early societies had Unlike foragers who settled life and
centered on sacred animals
female rule in some development of
Reliability of food
cases. natural objects like By 6400 BCE specialized crafts.
supply leads to more
groves, animals etc. Metalworking in
Earliest towns of farmers than foragers.
Kikuyu men (Kenya) copper, gold, lead,
Jericho and Catal
overthrew by People buried with and silver
Hyk in Middle east. Nuclear Family- two
conspiring to hunting weapons not Land held by large
parents and unmarried
impregnate all the farm tools kinship groups called
Plastered, rectangular children.
women making them rooms lineages or clans.
weak. Catal Hyk-
Patrilineal- descent
Central courtyards through father
Matriarchy-rule by Religious
and wide doors
women shrine for Catal Hyk- long
every two Matrilineal- descent
8000 BCE Jericho- distance trade of
houses through mother
walled settlement obsidian (hard volcanic
Female
rock that is polished)
dominated
tools and artifacts.
Bulls, breasts, 7000-5000 BCE Catal
handprints, Hyk- entered Non-farmers such as
leopards, through hole in roof, artisans and priests
goddesses contiguous wall, no had food provided by
adorn shrines windows or doors. Catal Hyk- centered
farmers who had to
Plump female on agriculture-
grow more than they
deities
Wall paintings of needed.
outnumbered Barley
male deities hunting scenes Wheat
Cult Legumes
priestesses (beans)
buried in
Vegetables
shrines
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 Written Barley used Gods Made pottery Agriculture Some city 3 classes: 1.
record as cereal embodied and artwork reached here dwellers free land
begins with crop b/c it nature Metalworking around 5000 went out owning class
Sumerians could stand Anu the sky Peasants B.C each day to (Royalty,
They created climate Enlil the air built homes They labor in the High- ranking
framework of Fields Enki the with mud channeled fields officials,
civilization unplanted water and brick floodwater Others warriors,
here during a every other reeds until 3000 depended on priest,
Utu the sun
period of year to Ziggurat- B.C when the food merchants,
and
dominance replenish multistory, they started surplus and some
Nanna the
in the 3rd nutrients mud-bricked, building made by artisans and
moon shopkeepers.
millennia Date Palms pyramid canals those
Goddess ) 2. Class of
2000 B.C provided shaped Ox- drawn laborers and
Inanna instead took dependent
Semitic food, wood, tower plows 4000
Mesopotamia governed to crafts, farmers and
people fiber approached B.C
sexual religious artisans,
became Grazed herds by ramp and Baskets
attraction duties, or whose legal
politically Well- trained, stairs Huts
and violence administrativ attachment
dominant well- paid, Mud bricks Boats
Gods e duties to royal,
Cities full-time used to build Crafts
imagined as Most temple, or
controlled soldiers by from
human-like Writing private
agricultural late 3rd and abundant merchants
in nature appeared worked for estates
land and early 2nd clay
Chief god 3300 B.C palace or made them
crop millennium
named Wagons temple in the the primary
surpluses
from nearby Marduk who Irrigation 3rd rural
villages. In battled Metalworking millennium workforce. 3.
return, Tiamat, a with bronze Independent Class of
villages got female figure Potters merchants slaves,
protection who wheel by and primarily
and a market personifies 4000 B.C merchant used for
the salt sea, domestic
Kings started Second guilds arose
Marduk cuts millennium in the 2nd purpose
in 3rd
millennium up Tiamat to B.C Horse- millennium Penalties
fashion the drawn B.C prescribed in
Women
earth and chariot Palace the Law
could own
the sky Code
property, Used base- admins
He then 60 number collected depended on
maintain
creates taxes class
control of system
their dowry, divisions of (Origin of Slaves
and engage time, seconds and classified by
in trade, but celestial minutes distinctive
men bodies, today) hairstyle
rivers, and Bearing and
dominated Astronomy
political life weather. raising
From blood children
of a defeated became the
rebel god, he primary duty
made of women
humans Womens
Ziggurats standing
 Amulets for declined
protection more in 2nd
against evil millennium

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Early Egypt Local Developed Invoked 2630 BC, Stone tools King and
Kinships system of landscape of Djoser, a Simple As much as High ranking
were the writing called Nile third dynasty levers, 50% tax on officials
first political Hieroglyphics Imagined sky ruler, ordered pulleys, and income enjoyed
organization 2500 BC, to be a great construction rollers Long- status,
Then, these cursive script ocean of stepped Oldest wealth, and
distance
local developed surrounding pyramids known paved power
Rulers of the trade Low ranking
kingships Learned world road in the
were unified about Sun God Re 4th dynasty world used controlled by officials,
into a larger chemistry crossed in a ordered the to build government artisans,
state by through boat each steps to be pyramids Monopoly of priests, well-
Menes mummificati day and filled in and Irrigation key to-do
around 3100 on process went to the made Lightweight economic farmers, and
BC which underworld smooth ships local leaders
sectors by
State allowed at night to These equipped were the
government class under
centered learning fight demons pyramids with sails Much of the the high
around king about and be kept getting and oars for
called anatomy reborn the built and countrys ranking
Nile
pharaoh Advanced next day became the wealth went officials and

Pharaoh was medical Popular story largest stone towards king
thought of as knowledge said Osiris, structures in religious Peasants
divine for time former ruling the world purposes were the
reincarnation Endless god of Egypt, Temples lowest and
of Horus and flooding and was cut into zealously lived in
tasked with irrigation pieces by his built villages
maintaining gave rise to brother Seth. Tombs built mostly
maat, the mathematics His wife and Painstaking devoting
divinely Good sister, Isis, process to themselves
authorized astronomers finds and build to
order of the and made reassembles pyramids agriculture
universe most pieces while and livestock
Dynasties accurate his son, Slavery was
placed calendar in Horus, takes there but it
capitals in world revenge on was only
areas of Seth. Osiris made of
original then is prisoners of
power base restored to war, debtors,
Complex life and the and
bureaucracy king of the convicted
kept detailed underworld criminals
records of King thought Slaves had
resources to be Horus humane
Merit System and son of conditions
Tied with Re and had the
religion Very possibility of
religious being freed
people Women were
Afterlife subordinates
to men but
had many of
 same legal
rights, social
freedom, and
respect

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Possibly a Creators Depictions High, thick Metal used Widesprea Tools and
Strong spoke of gods encircling more d trading useful
central Dravidian and walls of frequently contacts objects
authority languages sacred brick Trade outweighe
here than
possibly in 400 signs animals on Streets between d jewelry
a citadel the seal Mesopota and
to laid out in Indus
Presumed represent stones a mia or Valley and decoration
that urban syllables Little rectangula Egypt Mesopota s
centers and words known r grid Skills in mia Metal used
controlled in writing Covered irrigation Little by
surroundin Aware of drainpipes Potters known everyone
g hardness to carry wheel Not much
farmlands of away Fired known
Eventual different waste Abandone
bricks in
systems mixtures d cities
failure for metals kilns
sometime
Little Smiths
Indus Valley after 1900
known worked BCE
with many Little
metals known
More tin in
things that
need to be
hard

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Early China Chang (1750 Chang Change Chang Chang Chang Chang
(2000- 221 BC- 1027 Pioneered Feng Shui Walls built Grew Far- Warrior
BC) AD) Production was used with millet reaching aristocrac
Frequent of silk King pounded Raised trade y
military cloth thought of earth pigs and networks Nomads
campaigns Pictogram as Walls Chickens Brought used as
Zhou (1027 s and intermedia surrounde Stone Shang slaves
BC- 221 AD) Phonetic ry d capitals Tools jade, ivory, Only elite
Kings and symbols between Stone is Pottery pearls, mastered
Nobility used in people short made with figurines, writing
had to be writing and gods supply, so Kilns etc. Bronze
moral, fair, Artisans Shang foundation Bronze Shang was sign
and made Royal s were started may have of nobility
concerned weapons, family and made by 2000 BC exchanged Zhou
with chariot aristocrac pounded goods and Aristocrats
Horse
welfare of fittings, y earth ideas with were
drawn
people instrument worshiped Zhou Mesopota advisors
chariots.
Highly s, and spirits of Intricate Zhou mia to rulers
decentrali vessels male pottery Zhou Confucius
Iron
zed unlike with ancestors just like Ironworkin was one
replaced
Shang bronze Believed Chang g (551- 479
bronze
Power Zhou ancestors around introduced BC)
waned Propagand had 600 BC by nomads Confucius
around a used to influence of north
Southern was more
800 BC justify with gods west optimist of
metalwork
Legalism seizure of Used ers were Taxes human
philosophy power divination directly nature
first to
Had codes Confucius Ritual make collected than
of laws drew sacrifices steel. Standardiz legalists
Ruler, then parallel Zhou ed Daoism
public line b/w Ruler had currency avoided
officials, state and been Large- struggles
then family chosen by scale Women
people Fathers, supreme public were
then sons, deity works shamans
then Evidence projects and
wives, of pleased mothers
then deity =
daughters prosperity
 by age.
Ying and
Yang

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 Nubia During New River Wives, Around Skilled Mero was 500 years
(3100- Kingdom (1532- irrigation servants, 1750 BC, metalwork a big iron of
350 BC) 1070 BC), used due and kings of ers smelting Egyptian
Egyptians to heat wealth Kush made Pottery city dominatio
conquered and no sacrificed labor force surpassed It also n imposed
Nubia rainfall in with dead to build anything dominated Egyptian
Egyptian north kings to monument in Egypt convergin culture on
weakness after Hieroglyph serve al walls Reservoirs g trade Nubia
1200 BC led to ics used them in and dug to routes Children of
collapse of until 4th the structures catch Roman elite
authority cent BC afterlife of mud rainfall diversion families
Native kingdom when it Egyptian brick Iron of trade taken to
emerged in was religion Towns built replaced weakened enforce
southern Nubia replaced came on bronze as Nubia good
8th century BC by new along with Egyptian main through behavior
8th- 4th symbols to conquerin model metal loss of Children
centuries, write g after the 1000 BC profitable brought
Napata was Meroitic Erected conquerin commerce back
center Language stone g culture,
4th BC- 4th AD temples to language,
cents, center Egyptian customs,
was south at gods, esp etc.
Mero Amon. Some
712 to 660 BC, 4th cent Nubians
Nubians ruled BC, still served as
Egypt had archers in
Helping Egyptian Egyptian
Palestinians in gods, but armed
701 BC let they forces
Assyrians drive shared When
them back space with Nubians
Nubian took over
Nubians used
deities. Egypt,
matrilineal
system they were
like
Nubian queens
Egyptian
sometimes
kings, but
ruled by
kept
themselves and
names
sometimes as
partners with They
husbands revived
 Mero collapsed Egypt
4th cent AD by culture
loss of
commerce and
being overrun
by nomads from
west

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 ture ology ic
Celtic Europe By the People in Priests in Britain and Houses Elite class of warriors,
(1000 50 time of conquere Gaul formed a (round in professional groups of
BC) roman d lands fraternity that Britain, priests and bards, and
invasion assimilat preformed religious, rectangul commoners
58 51 ed to judicial, and education ar in Warriors owned land
BC, they Roman functions. France) and flocks of cattle
periodica ways Trainees spent years were and sheep and
lly chose Thats memorizing prayers, made of monopolized wealth
public why rituals, legal wattle and power
officials inhabitan precedents, and other and daub- Common people
Roman ts of traditions a wooden labored on land
conquest conquere Priesthood was an framewor Warriors of Welsh and
from d places institution that k filled in Irish were a little less
second speak crossed tribal lines with clay complex
century Latin They were off limits in and They raided each
BC to derived feuds straw-
others flocks, reveled
first language with
They served as judges in drunken feasts, and
century s today thatched
in cases from engaged in contests of
Ad of Germani straw
involving different strength and wit
Spain, c roofs
groups Women focused on
south invaders Might be
First century BC, child rearing, food
Britain, weakene wooden
romans tried to stamp production, and crafts
France, d Celts fences
them out for fear that Women were strong
and more, they would rally Celtic
parts of and proud
and and for involvement in
Central Marriage was a
English human sacrifice
Europe has still partnership where
400+ gods known both parties
curtailed has a
evolution Widely revered include contributed property
Germani
of Celtics c base Lug (god of light, Both had right to
crafts, and inherit upon death
Only on
inventions), Epona Women had greater
western
(horse- goddess), sexual freedom than
fringes of
Cernunnos (horned southern counterparts
Europe
god), and The Daughters of elite
did Celtic
Mothers (three married to leaders of
culture
goddesses depicted other tribes for allies
survive
for fertility)
Thats Women sometimes led
Halloween and May but experts say it was
Brittany
Day preserve culture in response to Roman
(NW
today Invasion
France),
Worship where divinity
Wales,
Scotland, felt
and Rich burial of elite
 Ireland sug. Aftlf
Irish & Welsh heroes
and gods pass b/w
both worlds commonly
Magic is common
belief
Doctrine of
Reincarnation

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Olmec (1200- Core was Elite was Strong Large Irrigation Centers Flourished
400 BC) at San able to belief in artificial and developed between
Lorenzo require significanc platforms drainage to exploit 1200 and
1200- 900 and direct e of and channels and 400 BC
BC the labor astronomi mounds of Artisans exchange Centers
After San of c events packed produced specialize had small
Lorenzo thousands Rulers and earth high d products permanen
was People close kin dominated quality like salt, t
destroyed, enjoyed became urban crafts like cacao, population
La Venta diverse associated centers carved clay, and The labor
became diet with gods and served jade limestone pool was
the most Elite used through to frame figurines, used for
important elaborate blood- the necklaces, low-skill
city in 900 religious letting and collective ceremonia tasks like
Tres rituals to human ritual and l knives, moving
Zapotes control sacrifice political and axes dirt and
was the society Polytheisti activities stone
last Class of c that constructi
dominant shamans Most brought on
center, and deities the rural materials
rising after healers had dual population Advantage
the fall of attached (male and to the s from
La Venta in to elite female) cities at growing
600 BC organized natures special elite
These religious times
Animals power and
centers life and provided Some urbanizati
seem to gave images for platforms on were
have advice religious were used shared
independe about observatio as broadly
ntly periodic n foundation throughou
developed rains for elite t society
Rulers
Kingship necessary residences
associated
that to with Cities laid
combined agriculture jaguar out in
religious They also alignment
and secular directed of certain
roles planning stars
to reflect Skilled
astronomi artisans
cal decorated
observatio buildings
 ns with
They carvings or
created a sculptures
calendar
Ball game

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Chavin (900- Earliest Chavns Most potent Ceremonial American Costal Reciprocal
250 BC) urban dominance religious plazas, Metallurgy populations labor
centers depended symbol was pyramids, first traded fish, obligations
were on earlier a jaguar elevated developed mollusks, were later
villages of developme deity platforms in Andean and organized
few nts in The symbol and region decorative by groups
hundred agriculture was mounds Later shells for of families
built along and trade dispersed Signature of introduction corn, other who held
coastal including over a large Chavn was of foods, and land
plain or in into of area large metallurgy eventually, communall
foothills maize Evidence complex of in textiles y and
near coast cultivation suggests multilevel Mesoameric produced in claimed
Chavn de from Chavn as platforms a suggests foothills descent
Huantar Mesoameric pilgrimage made of sustained Capital was from a
was the a site packed trade and at the common
capital in Developme Jaguar earth or cultural intersection ancestor
the eastern nts were provided an rubble and contacts of trade Group
Andes accompanie enduring faced with between routes members
north of d by image of cut stone or two As Chavn thought of
Lima evolution of religious adobe. regions. grew, its each other
Dominated reciprocal authority Small Superior trade linked as bros and
densely labor and a buildings textiles, the coastal sisters and
populated obligations vehicle used for gold economy were
region that through ritual crowns, with obligated to
including permitted which gods purposes or breastplate producers aid each
large areas constructio could act in elite s, and of quinoa, other.
of Peruvian n and the world residences jewelry potatoes, Class
coastal maintenanc Priest class were built distinguishe and llamas distinctions
plain and e of roads, directed on these d rulers in high mtn. increased
Andean bridges, religious platforms from valleys and during
foothills temples, life Nearly all commoners with period of
Capitals palaces, buildings and Amazon expansion
location large decorated suggest producers Local chiefs
allowed irrigation with relief skilled of coca and and more
rulers to and carvings of artisans fruits. powerful
control drainage serpents, Increased chief or
trade projects, condors, use of king
between and textile jaguars, or llamas to dominated
these areas production human move politics
Chavn Evidence forms goods
imposed suggests Largest promoted
political increased building specializati
integration war around measured on of
and trade 200 BC 76 meters production
dependenc disrupted on each and
 y on trade and side and increased
neighbors undermined rose to 15 trade.
that may elite meters
have relied authority
on military
force

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New Kingdom Under rule Used Amenhotep Akhenaten Hyksos By Hyksos
Egypt (1532 of Hyksos occupied IV built a new possessed expanding intermarrie
1070 BC) during territories ascended capital at horse- territorial d with
1700s- as a buffer throne modern day drawn war control Egyptians,
1532 BC zone to 1353- 1335 Amarna chariot and north into used
Princes protect BC which is composite Syria- Egyptian
from Egypt from He began halfway bow (made Palestine language,
Thebes an attack to refer to between of wood and south and
reunited Egypt fully himself as Memphis and horn, into Nubia, maintained
Egypt participated Akhenaten and Thebes that had Egypt got Egyptian
under a in meaning He and his greater access to institutions
native diplomatic beneficial artists range and timber, and culture
dynasty and to the Aten created a velocity gold, and Hyksos
Kamose commercial (the disk of new art than a copper were still
and networks the sun) style that wooden It also got regarded as
Ahmose linking the Changing broke the bow) taxes and foreigners
expelled states of his name conventions Bronze tribute to
Hyksos western spread his of earlier Metallurgy payments Egyptians
from Egypt Asia belief in art. took hold from those though
after three Egyptian Aten as the The king, around conquered Pride
decades of soldiers , supreme his wife 1500 BC The injured and
war and administrat deity Nefertiti, Travelers Ramessides isolationist
inaugurate ors, He closed and their brought returned to mindset
d the New diplomats, temples of daughters back tech expansion shattered
Kingdom and other gods were like an Akhenaten after
It became merchants and depicted in improved neglected foreign rule
an brought challenged fluid, potters The In Nubia,
aggressive back new the natural wheel and greatest of Egyptian
and foods, new supremacy poses with weavers these, language
expansionis instruments of the chief strangely loom Ramesses and culture
t state , and new god Amon. elongated Horses II, ruled was
In Syria- tech He is heads and reached from (1290- pressed
Palestine, Got sub- credited limbs and Egypt 1224 BC) onto the
Egypt Saharan with the swelling before 1600 and natives
stationed goods when invention of abdomens BC dominated
garrisons Hatshepsut monotheis After his Around 500 the age.
and sent naval m death, the BC, people Commerce
supported expedition Worship of temples he began to in metals
cooperative down the Aten was closed were make energized
local rulers red sea to confined to reopened common long-
One woman fabled land the royal Ramses use of distance
named of Punt family undertook cammels trade
Hatshepsut Goods The people monumenta (Copper
claimed included had to l projects all from
royal title ebony, revere the over Egypt Anatolia
 after ivory, divine ruler and Cyprus,
husbands cosmetics, tin from
death live Afghan and
(1473 monkeys, British Iles)
1458 BC) and panther
skins

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 ns re
Influences Writing not Stat Egyptian, High- Widespread Ethnicity
from Egypt, deciphered yet ues Syrian, and quality distribution uncertain
Syria, and Stylized depictions of Mesopotami indoor of Cretan
Mesopotam of scenes from wom an plumbing artifacts
ia can be nature on vases en influences around
seen in the communicate with seen in Medit. and
centralized delight in beauty head design of ME
governmen and order of the dres Minoan suggests
t and natural world ses palaces widespread
writing and Absence of trading
system serp fortification connections
Minoan Crete All Cretan ents s at palace Cretan
palaces coili cites merchants
except at ng Absence of pioneered
Cnossus limb identifiable trade
and houses s representati routes and
of elite and repr on of rulers was later
peasants esen Colorful joined by
destroyed ted frescoes in Greeks in
1450 BC fertil palaces 15th century
ity show BC
godd women in
esse frilly
s dresses
Mycenae Speakers of For centuries it Myc Centers Excavation Governmen Intermarria
Indo- was simple. enae built on a showed t had lots of ge,
European Farmers and ans hilltop technologic control in blending of
language shepherds lived in were location and ally the languages,
ancestral to Stone Age toug had high, advanced economy and
Greek conditions h, thick civilization Tablets tell melding of
migrated Around 1600 BC, warli fortification at Mycenae little of cultural
into Greek sudden change ke, walls made from 1600- political practices
peninsula In 1876 Heinrich and of large 1150 BC and legal let the
around Schliemann acqu stones Admins system, indigenous
2000 BC discovered a circle isitiv The citadel kept track social and the
Early of graves at e contained of people, struct., newcomers
Greeks Mycenae in south palace and animals, gender create the
influenced Greece which admin and objects relats., or first Greek
by Minoans Additional info complex in fine religious culture
They provided by clay Aristocrats detail beliefs Adopted
adopted tablets written in a had houses Long- They only Minoan
Minoan script called Linear close to distance traded with culture
systems B, which uses walls trade the strong Only elite
pictorial signs to Peasants possible by and took owned
 represent syllables lived on sea skills from the metal
lower slope Light, wood weak goods
ships low
keels

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 Assyrian The rulers The king It was Relief Iron The Peasant
Empire (911 led a was literally believed sculptures weaponry campaigns farmers
612 BC) ceaseless and that the depicting Cavalry provided provided
series of symbolically gods chose hunts, Assyrian booty and the foot
campaigns the center of the king as battles, engineers prospect of soldiers for
westward the Assyrian the earthly sieges, developed tributes the revival
across the universe representat executions, machinery and taxes of Assyrian
plain and Everything ive and and tactics Resources power
desert as far belonged to The king deportation for of people Propagand
as the him devoted s covered besieging ruthlessly a secured
Mediterrane The king much of his the walls of fortified exploited popular
an, north chose one of time to the palaces. towns. for support for
into his sons to supervising Looming They dug purposes military
mountainou succeed and the state over most tunnels of king and campaigns
s Urartu it was religion, scenes was under the military that mostly
(modern confirmed attending the king, walls, built Wealth benefited
Armenia), by divine elaborate larger than mobile from the king
east across oracles and public and anyone else towers for campaigns and elite
the Zagros the elite private Scholars archers, and went to Early
range onto The king rituals, and preserved applied king and armies
the Iranian appointed overseeing and built on battering nobility consisted
Plateau, and officials, the upkeep achievemen rams to Cities and of men who
south along heard of the ts of weak merchants served in
the Tigris complaints, temples Mesopotami points. thrived on return for
River to He made an grants of
dictated Couriers long-
Babylonia corresponde no predecesors distance land and
and signal
The nce to decisions of fires commerce peasants
Assyrians scribes, and state provided Silver was and slaves
defeated received without long- basic contributed
the great foreign consulting distance medium of by large
kingdoms of envoys the gods communicat exchange landowners
the time He was the through Later, there
ion State
At its peak military rituals of A network fostered was a core
their empire leader, divination of spies long army of
stretched responsible All actions gathered distance professiona
from for planning were intelligence trade ls created
Anatolia, campaigns, carried out by King
Campaigns Individual
Syria- and was in the name Tiglathpiles
secured artisans
Palestine, often away of Ashur, er
access to and small
and Egypt in leading ops the chief Skilled
resources workshops
the west, Terror tactics god. professiona
like iron and in the
across used to keep ls and elite
silver and towns
Armenia hold over bound to
gave the made
and conquered monarchs
Assyrians pottery,
Mesopotami by oaths
Never found control of tools, and
 a, and as far how to internationa clothing,
as western govern l commerce and most
Iran effectively trade took
All entitled place at
to same the local
legal level
protections
and liability

PIRATES Chapter : 4

Cultures Political Intellectu Religions Art/A Tec Econom Social

al rchit hn ic
ectu olo
re gy
Israel (2000- The stories in the Traditio The Hebrew Bible tells the story of Solom Nomadic
500 BC) Hebrew Bible may ns Abraham and his descendants ons pastoralists
compress the about Abraham rejected the idol worship reign sometimes
experiences of the of his homeland and migrated with was engaged in
generations of Israelite his family and livestock across the high trade and
pastoralists who s early Syrian desert point sometimes
migrated from the history Eventually he arrived in the land of of raided the
grazing lands between were Israel, which had been promised to monar farms and
the upper reaches of not him and his descendants by the chy villages of
the Tigris and written Israelite god, Yahweh. Allian settled peoples
Euphrates Rivers to down Friction between herders and ces They eventually
the Mediterranean until the farmers permeates the story of the and settled down to
coastal plain tenth shepherd Abel, who was killed by trade an agricultural
The Israelite migration century his farmer brother Cain, and the establ life and later
to Egypt may have BC story of Sodom and Gomorrah ished made a unified
been connected to the During Abrahams son Isaac and then his w/ state
rise and fall of the that grandson Jacob became leaders of distan Wealth gained
Hyksos time, the group of herders t made lavish
Surviving Egyptian they The next generation had a fight lands court style,
sources complain were
over the leadership of the group Templ sizeable
about Apiru written e bureaucracy,
They sold their brother Joseph as a
Period of alleged down in priest and big army]
a script slave to a merchant heading to
slavery coincided with s Solomon made
borrowe Egypt
building programs power building
d from Joseph became a high ranking
launched by New ful program using
the official at the phaross court and and
Kingdom pharaohs forced labor of
Phoenici was in a position to help the wealt
Little archaeological Israelites when a drought struck
slaves and
evidence though an hy citizens
The text and they were forced to migrate to
Canaan conquered by Egypt Male heirs
unified Israeli army we have important
today The Egyptians forced them to be
1250- 1200 BC slaves Lived in
dates
Saul appointed as first The Israelites were led out of extended
from families
king, then David, the captivity by Moses, a man w/ royal
fifth
Solomon connections First born sons
century
Solomons death in got double
BC The story of the departure, Exodus,
920 BC split kingdom share of
Hebrew is overlaid w/ folktale motifs like ten
in two, Israel in north, inheritance
languag plagues Yahweh inflicted upon
Judah in south Egypt, and the parting of the red If no son,
e of
They were sometimes sea that helped the refugees adoption
Bible
at war, sometimes escape available
reflects
allied During their journey through the If man died w/
speech
They banded together of desert, they made a pact w/ Yahweh no child, brother
to fight the Assyrians Israelite saying they will worship only him to expected to
but didnt succeed s until become his people marry widow
They were destroyed and sire heir
about Solomon made first temple in
by Assyrians in 721 BC 500 BC Jerusalem Woman
New settlers brought in supplan respected by
The two- kingdom period saw the
from lots of other ted by and had some
final formulation of monotheism
places Aramaic influence w/
People still followed other gods
husband, but
 Judah survived longer, though still considered
but Babylon deported Loss of political autonomy and exile less
them in 587 BC. They sharpened Jewish identity into
prospered monotheists
Diaspora was jew Dietary restrictions, ritual baths,
scattering Sabbath

PIRATES Chapter : 4

Cultures Political Intellectua Religions Art/Archite Technolo Economic Social

l cture gy
 Phoenicia During violent upheavals and mass The Accordi Tyre was Philistin Seaborne The City-
migrations of 1200 BC, many Phoenicia ng to practically es commerce states
(1200-500 Canaanite settlements in Syria- ns Hebrew impregna introduc Thriving trade in contended
BC) AKA Palestine region were destroyed developed Bible, ble since ed iron- raw materials with Assyrian
Canani or Aramaeans- nomadic pastoralists- earlier King it was based (cedar and pine, aggression,
migrated to the interior portions of Canaanite Hiram located on metallur metals, incense, followed in
Canaanites Syria models formed an gy to papyrus), the sixth
South, Israelite farmers and herders into a close offshore this part foodstuffs (wine, century BC by
settled in the interior of present day alphabeti alliance island of the spices, salted the
Israel c system with the It had two world fish), and crafted expansion of
Philistines occupied the south coast of writing King harbors Carthag luxury goods the Neo-
Two dozen Solomo connected es navy (carved ivory, Babylonian
By 1100 BC Canaanite territory
symbols n and by a dominat glass, and kingdom and
shrunk to a narrow strip of Lebanon
Each gave canal, a ed the textiles colored later the
between the mountains and the sea
symbol skilled large western with a purple Persian
Series of small city-states
represent craftsm marketpla Mediterr dye) Empire
Chief of them: Byblos, Berytus, en and Many
ed a ce, anean These brought
Sidon, and Tyre cedar magnifice for settlements
sound wealth and gave
Byblos was biggest before 1000 BC wood to nt palace centurie situated on
The Phoenicia an
King Hiram came to power 969 BC build complex s important role in promontories
Phoenicia
and helped Tyre be big ns the with Phoenici international or offshore
The names of a series of kings were represent Temple treasury an politics islands
preserved ed only in and towns Before 1000 BC, Frequent and
Evidence suggests political consonant Jerusale archives, provide Byblos was destructive
domination by leading merchant s, leaving m and d distribution Assyrian
fams. the vowel In temples friendly center for cedar invasions of
After 900 BC, Tyre made colonies on sounds to return, Its only ports to timber from Syria-
Cyprus be Tyre weakness dock at Lebanese mtns. Palestine and
By 700 BC a string of settlements in inferred gained was its It relied and Egyptian the lack of
western Mediterranean formed a The access dependen on a papyrus arable land to
Phoenician triangle Greeks to ce on the fleet of In the 800s BC feed a
Tyre maintained autonomy until 701 later silver, mainland galleys Tyre took control swelling
BC added food, for food & of nearby Sidon population
symbols and water and dominated motivated
Assyria felled it allowing Sidon to
for vowel trade Mediterranean Tyrian
become lead city
sounds, routes coastal trade. expansion
Founded 814 BC, Carthage to the
creating The trading Overseas
dominated the other cities and grew east
rapidly the first network spanned settlement
alphabetic and provided
Located just outside Tunis in Tunisia the entire
writing south outlet for
on a promontory jutting into the Mediterranean.
system Tyre excess
Mediterranean, it stretched between Carthaginian
The city- had population,
the original hilltop citadel and a foreign policy
states temples new sources
double harbor focused on
preserved to of trade
There was a watchtower, high walls, protecting the
autonomy Melqart goods, and
and an iron chain to close the harbor sea lanes,
by playing and new trading
It was the largest city in the world by gaining access to
the great Astarte partners
500 BC with 400,000 people raw materials,
powers off Chief and fostering Carthage was
Each year two judges were elected against among a merchant
trade.
from upper-class families to serve as one gods aristocracy
Foreign
heads of state, carry out another was There is little
administrative, and judicial functions merchants were
and by Baal of the
free to sail to
The real seat of power was on the accepting Hammo political and
Carthage to
Senate- an inner circle of 30, where a n, a social unrest
market their
members of leading merchant subordinat male that plagued
goods, but if
families, who sat for life, directed the e storm- Rome
they tried to
affairs of the state god,
 The leadership occasionally relationshi and operate on their Everyone
convened an Assembly of the citizens p when Tanit , a own, they risked benefited
to elect public officials or vote on needed fertility having their from the
important issues, particularly when Mired figure ships sunk riches of the
they were divided or wanted to stir mercs in Human Perishable goods empire
up enthusiasm for a venture war sacrifice traded and Citizens not
in crisis metals required to
serve