Child Labour Sapa E

Ministry of Labour, International
Invalids and Social Affairs Labour

Organization
Prevention and Elimination

of Child Labour in the Tourism Sector
in Mountainous Ethnic Minority Areas
Documentation of the Potential
Intervention Model in Sa Pa district,
Lao Cai province, Viet Nam International
Programme on the
Elimination of Child
Labour
International Labour Organization
Prevention and Elimination
of Child Labour in the Tourism Sector
in Mountainous Ethnic Minority Areas
Documentation of the Potential
Intervention Model in Sa Pa district,
Lao Cai province, Viet Nam

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON THE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOUR
II Prevention and Elimination of Child Labour in the Tourism Sector in Mountainous Ethnic Minority Areas
Copyright International
Labour Organization 2013
First published 2013
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IPEC
Eliminating child labour in the tourism sector in mountainous ethnic minority areas: documen-
tation of potential intervention model in Sa Pa District, Lao Cai Province
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), ILO Country Office for
Viet Nam. - Hanoi: ILO, 2014
ISBN: 978-92-2-128399-7 (Print); 978-92-2-128400-0 (Web PDF)
International Labour Office; ILO International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour,
ILO Country Office for Viet Nam
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This publication was elaborated and coordinated by IPEC team in Hanoi office and
the Bureau for Protection and Care of Children, Ministry of Labour, Invalids and
Social Affairs of Viet Nam.
Funding for this ILO publication was provided by the Spanish Agency for
International Development Cooperation (Project VIE/08/06/SPA).
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Prevention and Elimination of Child Labour in the Tourism Sector in Mountainous Ethnic Minority Areas III
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IV Prevention and Elimination of Child Labour in the Tourism Sector in Mountainous Ethnic Minority Areas
Contents
1. General introduction...............................................................5
1.1 Situation of child labour in the project sites...................................... 5
1.2 Objectives of the Action Programme in Sa Pa................................. 6
1.3 Beneficiaries.................................................................................... 6
2. Strategies and principles of the Action Programme..........7

2.1 Strategies......................................................................................... 7
2.2 Approach
2.3 Organization structure of key stakeholders...................................... 8
2.4 Steps of the AP.............................................................................. 10
3. Performance of the action programme..............................12

3.1 Prevention and elimination of children dropping out of school and
entering the labour market through awareness raising activities
and building capacity..................................................................... 12
3.2
Prevention and elimination of child labour through direct
interventions, rehabilitation and support to families....................... 14
a. Promotion of bilingual education for Hmong kindergarten and
primary students (5-11 years old).................................................. 14
b. Promotion of community-based boarding classes for secondary
students (12-14 years old)............................................................. 15
c. Vocational training and job placements for adolescents aged
15-17 dropping out of school......................................................... 15
d. Promotion of livelihood strategies for childrens families............... 16
3.3
Prevention and reduction towards elimination of child labour,
especially street vending through improvement of tourism
activities and management............................................................ 18
4. Results of the action Programme........................................19

4.1 Social awareness and capacity building........................................ 19
4.2 Direct interventions........................................................................ 20
5. Opportunities and challenges.............................................22

5.1 Opportunities.................................................................................. 22
5.2 Challenges..................................................................................... 23
6. Lessons learnt.......................................................................23
7. Sustainability.........................................................................25
Prevention and Elimination of Child Labour in the Tourism Sector in Mountainous Ethnic Minority Areas V
Acronyms & Abbreviations
AP Action Programme
DOCST Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism
DOET Department of Education and Training
DOLISA Department of Labour, the Invalids and Social Affairs
ILO International Labour Organization
ILSSA Institute of Labour Science and Social Affairs
IPEC International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
MOET Ministry of Education and Training
MOLISA Ministry of Labour, the Invalids and Social Affairs
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
OSH Occupational Safety and Health
PPC Provincial Peoples Committee
VIRI Viet Nam Rural Industries Research and Development Institute
WU Womens Union
X Prevention and Elimination of Child Labour in the Tourism Sector in Mountainous Ethnic Minority Areas
Foreword
The project Support the Development and Implementation of the Programme on the Elimination of
the Worst Forms of Child Labour operated nationwide in Viet Nam during 2009-2013 and was funded
by the Spanish Cooperation and Development Agency and implemented by the International Labour
Organization (ILO) and International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC).
One of the projects key objectives is to develop, implement, evaluate and document effective interven-
tion models to eliminate child labour in its worst forms in selected provinces, to draw lessons and rep-
licate effective models. Further to these objectives the project piloted a number of intervention models
by developing and implementing Action Programmes (APs) in five cities/provinces, Dong Nai, Ha Noi,
Lao Cai, Ninh Binh and Quang Nam. The APs were implemented from July 2011 to September 2013
and encompassed a wide range of activities, including awareness raising and capacity building, educa-
tion and vocational training, improving working conditions and occupational safety and health as well as
support of household livelihoods to prevent and eliminate child labour, especially in its worst forms. AP
experiences have been recorded and summarized in the three potential intervention models as follows:
Potential intervention model for the prevention and elimination of child labour in traditional stone

carving and wood art craft villages (Hien Giang commune, Thuong Tin district, Ha Noi)
Potential intervention model for the prevention and elimination of child labour in tourism in moun-

tainous and ethnic minority areas (Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province)
Potential intervention model for the prevention and elimination of child labour in agriculture and

fisheries in fishing villages (Ma Da commune, Vinh Cuu district, Dong Nai province).
These potential intervention models were presented at a project workshop in August 2013 in Nha
Trang city to share experiences with almost 200 representatives of government agencies at central,
provincial, district and commune levels who are project partners. These models have also been ap-
praised at AP closing workshops at each of their respective provinces. These potential intervention
models have also been presented at a consultation workshop to develop the National Programme of
Action on the Elimination of Child Labour in its Worst Forms, with the participation of central and pro-
vincial government agency representatives from 12 provinces.
We would like to express our special thanks for the guidance and support of the Bureau for Protection
and Care of Children, the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA), the Provincial
Peoples Committees (PPC) where the project was implemented, the coordination of the provincial
Departments of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (DOLISA) of Lao Cai, Dong Nai and Ha Noi, the
active participation and cooperation of involved agencies, including the Departments of Education
and Training as well as Tourism, the Viet Nam Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Viet Nam General
Confederation of Labour, Viet Nam Cooperative Alliance and non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
including the Hoa Sua Tourism Vocational Training School and Viet Nam Rural Industries Research
and Development Institute (VIRI) without whom the success of these potential intervention models
would not have been possible. The active participation of these organizations in the final self-evaluation
process to document these intervention models in a comprehensive and objective manner reflects the
consistency of the projects strategy and approach throughout the APs implementation.
Special thanks also goes to Dr. Tran Thi Minh Thi, Institute of Sociology, Viet Nam Academy of Social
Sciences for her efforts, in collaboration with the ILO-IPEC project in Ha Noi and involved agencies, to
complete the documentation of these potential intervention models.
Prevention and Elimination of Child Labour in the Tourism Sector in Mountainous Ethnic Minority Areas 1
1. General introduction
2 Prevention and Elimination of Child Labour in the Tourism Sector in Mountainous Ethnic Minority Areas
The project Support the Development and with exotic species of fauna and flora set
Implementation of the Programme on the in a cool, moderate climate. The tourist
Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child sectors development has brought numerous
Labour operated nationwide in Viet Nam economic benefits with new jobs and
during 2009-2013 and was funded by the businesses. However, tourism has also
Spanish Cooperation and Development brought negative side effects with threats
Agency and implemented by ILO-IPEC. to the environment and the areas unique
cultural traditions, as well as some social
One of the projects basic objectives was to consequences such as child labour in
develop and implement an intervention model tourism.
to reduce the worst forms of child labour in
project provinces and use these lessons to Lao Chai and San Sa Ho communes (Sa
develop and duplicate a model that offers Pa district) had 538 children working in
education, vocational training, occupational hazardous work, accounting for 21.8 per
safety and health (OSH) components as cent of the total children aged 5-17 living
well as income generation opportunities for in the areas, with girls comprising 10.3 per
families with children in hazardous labour. cent (ILSSA, beneficiary baseline survey
2011). The common types of work children
Lao Chai and San Sa Ho communes, engaged in included street vending, working
and Sa Pa township in Lao Cai provinces as attendants in restaurants, hotels, and
Sa Pa district were the project sites that karaokes as well as tourist porters and
implemented interventions to reduce guides. Many of the surveyed children
child labour in tourism and heavy and started working at a very young age, with
dangerous works, through the support of the majority of surveyed children (66.54 per
education, vocational training and livelihoods cent) in the 5-14 age group and children
development to increase income for families aged 12-14 accounting for 44.24 per cent.
whose children participate in such work to
reduce the worst forms of child labour in
these project areas.
1.1 Situation of child

labour in the project sites
Sa Pa, a mountainous district of Lao Cai, is
diverse with various ethnic minority groups.
According to the Census 2009, Sa Pa had
a total population of 52,899 belonging
to seven ethnic minorities, with Hmong According to the survey results, most work
accounting for 51.6, Dao 23, Kinh 17.9, was exposed to one or more hazardous
Tay 4.7, Day 1.4, Xa Pho 1.06 and other factors. Nearly 72.3 per cent of children
minorities 0.23 per cent. The population reported they had to work in conditions not
is located in 17 communes and heavily appropriate for children. These working
relies on agriculture, forestry and traditional conditions negatively affect childrens normal
handicrafts to make a living. The poverty rate personality, psychology and mental health
in Sa Pa is 39.2 per cent, while considered development. Some work also exposed
high is decreasing (key finding of Census children to dangers of sexual abuse,
2009, GSO Publishing House, 2011). The especially among girls aged 13-17.
total number of children was 23,761, with
those aged 5-17 amounting to 16,821, who Among the surveyed children, a significant
mostly live in poor and rural areas. number never go to school or drop out of
school. Strikingly, 40.52 per cent of the
Sa Pa is also known as an attractive place surveyed working children had dropped out
for tourism due to its scenic location with of school, with 34 of them (18.5 per cent) re-
panoramic views of forested mountains illiterate. Most primary students dropped out
at the beginning of secondary school, with In such a context, a comprehensive

the main reasons being poverty, poor school intervention programme was designed to
performance and a perception that studying reduce child labour in the tourism sector.
was unnecessary. The number of children In co-operation with Lao Cai provincial
who never went to school was also high. authorities ILO started a short-term, yet
comprehensive Action Programme for the
Prevention, Withdrawal and Rehabilitation of
child Labour in Tourism Services and other
Hazardous Sectors in Lao Chai and San Sa
Ho communes and Sa Pa town from 1 July,
2011 to 30 September, 2013.
1.2 Objectives of the

Action Programme in Sa
Pa
The education level of surveyed childrens The general objective of this AP was to
parents was also low, which may affect contribute to the prevention and progressive
the way children are educated and cared elimination of child labour in tourism
for. The majority (66.7 per cent) of parents services-related activities and other identified
were illiterate or could not read or write in hazardous sectors through the achievement
Vietnamese. Parents being underemployed
or not economically active are common
reasons behind child labour.
of the following three specific objectives: in Lao Cai province.
1) P
revention of children dropping out F
amilies with children engaged in child
of school into child labour through labour, children having dropped out of
awareness and capacity building for school or those at risk of child labour/
local government authorities, employers dropping out of school.
and employees, the media, labour
inspectors, teachers, mass organizations O
fficials/staff of local government
as well as working with at-risk children agencies, tourism sector, education
and their families. sector, market management, community
tour points, mass organizations, general
2) P
revention and elimination/withdrawal community and mass media.
of child labour from hazardous work,
especially tourism services work through O
wners of local tourism enterprises.
direct interventions focused at children
and their families (i.e. education and
social protection services). Indirect beneficiaries
3) P
revention and elimination of child The AP indirectly influenced colleagues

labour, especially street vending children of staff directly trained in local government
through improving the management and agencies, schools, mass organizations,
organization of tourism service activities tour companies and enterprises, which
in Sa Pa district. subsequently contributed to social
awareness changes in child rights and
labour.
1.3 Beneficiaries Through
advocacy and awareness
raising initiatives, the AP potentially
Direct beneficiaries reached thousands of families in the
province and their children who were
B
oys and girls, under 18 years old, engaged in, or at risk of, the worst forms
engaged in child labour or at risk of child of child labour.
labour in tourism service activities and
other hazardous work in Lao Chai and The AP also indirectly influenced local

San Sa Ho communes, Sa Pa township people in communities who benefited
from increased social awareness of child
labour, gender equality and economic
2. Strategies and principles of the

Action Programme
development. implemented with close linkages and

synchronization of each other, with the
leveraging of resources and the building of
2.1 Strategies alliances with a number of NGOs projects/
programmes with common goals in Sa Pa to
The APs intervention strategy was integrate financial and technical resources to
implemented through a combination of the achieve AP objectives and outputs.
prevention, protection and withdrawal of
child labour from hazardous work along
with helping children study in school and
develop in safe and suitable working
conditions reflective of their age. Childrens
2.2 Approach
families received economic development The following principles were applied
and income generation support to prevent throughout the process of designing,
children dropping out of school prematurely planning, implementing, monitoring and
to work with their families. To provide a long evaluating the AP:
term and sustainable foundation to develop
child labour prevention and protection, the The first principle is relevance to the

AP implemented awareness raising activities socio-economic and cultural nature of
for parents, children, communities and State project areas.
agency staff together with capacity building
for AP implementing and collaborating Support
services were provided
agencies. by grassroots-based consultations
with target groups, suitable with the
The APs key strategies were: conditions of project sites.
1) Prevention of children at risk of dropping Close collaboration and inclusive

out of school and into the labour participation of related agencies and
market through awareness raising and government, with proactive agreement
capacity building for State agencies, and local government guidance in
local governments, employers and service provision to target groups.
workers organizations, mass media,
labour inspectors, teachers and mass I ntegration of support service activities
organizations through training to to target groups into existing government
efficiently implement the AP in project programmes as well as projects sharing
areas. similar objectives in project areas.
2) W
ithdrawal or protection of children from
Mobilization of resources from related
hazardous work, especially from areas stakeholders, such as enterprises and
related to tourism services, through NGOs.
direct interventions, reintegration and
support for their families. This was
done through close coordination with
NGOs sharing common interests and
objectives with the AP in Sa Pa.
3) P
revention, reduction and elimination of
child labour, especially street vending
children through improvements in the
management of tourism. This was
implemented through close cooperation
among sectors and NGOs sharing
common interests and objectives with
the AP in Sa Pa.
These interventions were developed and

2.3 Organization structure

In August 8 2011, Lao Cai Peoples
of key stakeholders Committee passed Decision 1968/
QD-UBND on the establishment
The AP was implemented with strong
management, coordination and participation of the Steering Committee for
by the following agencies with a the Action Programme against
hierarchically structured system and defined Child Labour in San Sa Ho and
responsibilities to ensure the APs potential
Lao Chai commune and in Sa
sustainability:
Pa town, with 11 members. The
The
PPC, the State administrative Head of the Steering Committee
organ in the locality, executes State was also the Vice Chair of the
management functions to ensure
uniform State administration and
Provincial Peoples committee,
management in the province. Within the Director of DOLISA was
its functions and responsibilities, the the Vice Head and members
PPC coordinated cooperation between were representatives of DOET,
agencies and sectors at all levels within
the province in implementing the AP,
Department of Culture, Sport and
including: (i) directed the relevant local Tourism (DOCST), Department of
agencies and organizations to integrate Tourism, Bank for Social Policy,
AP activities into provincial social and Womens Union, leadership of
economic development programmes;
(ii) set up the AP Steering Committee
Sa Pa town, and two chairmen
which included leader representatives of Lao Chai and San Sa Ho
from local agencies/sectors and chairs communes. Subsequently, Lao Cai
of district and commune Peoples established a Management Unit
Committees; (iii) created opportunities
for the implementation of the AP through
with three members of DOLISA
ILO recommendations and iv) assigned and a Secretariat Unit with
Lao Cais DOLISA to be the focal point seven members from commune,
and coordinating agency in implementing district and provincial agencies.
this AP, on behalf of the committee.
(DOLISA representative).
The State management agency for

education and training acted as an AP
education focal point by; (i) steering
local schools participation in formal/ The cultural, sports and tourism sector

non-formal education for children; is managed by the Ministry of Culture,
(ii) developing appropriate policies Sports and Tourism and exercises
to support target children to be State management over tourist
mainstreamed in the education system; operations and activities throughout
and; (iii) facilitating communication the country. In the framework of the
activities and awareness raising for AP, this sector participated strongly in
students in prevention and elimination implementing tourism-related activities
of child labour as well as managing, to improve tourism services as well as
monitoring and evaluating activities the prevention and elimination of child
related to AP education and training. labour in AP sites, especially street
vending children and those engaged
in tourism service activities. It also
joined work in monitoring child labour
in local areas.
Hoa Sua Tourism Vocational Training

based establishments to promote
School is a Vietnamese non-profit markets for consumption of traditional
organization which strives to empower handicrafts and agricultural products
young people, especially those in made by the target groups.
difficulty, by providing them with
opportunities to develop and enrich their The WU has a multi-layered structure

education and professional knowledge of provincial and commune/community
and earn a living following the provision tiers. It has experience in communication
of vocational training. One of the Hoa and community advocacy in gender,
Sua School branches is located in Sa health, nutrition, household income
Pa town and it coordinated with the AP generation, prevention of social evils and
to carry out its vocational, skills and job of women/child abuse. With its strengths,
placement activities for target children. the WU was one of the key collaborating
partners working and supporting VIRI in
VIRI
is a non-profit NGO offering AP livelihoods promotion and income
practical assistance to disadvantaged generation.
artisans and marginalized groups in Viet
Nam. With its strong network, technical The Bank for Policy and Social Affairs

expertise and rich experience working is a State management agency for
in Sa Pa, VIRI was one of the key AP managing capital. Its customers are
implementing agencies to provide poor people eligible for State prioritized
technical and marketing support to loans. The Bank was involved in the AP
working childrens families to improve to support target families with loans,
their brocade quality and designs for while VIRI and the WU trained them on
income generation based on traditional how to generate income from loans.
skills, brocade patterns and design,
local materials and market. In addition
the Trade Union, the
Agriculture and Rural Development
The mass media encompasses State
sector and Farmers Association also had
agencies that manage information important roles to play in collaboratively
on local socio-economic and cultural implementing this AP.
development and provide the public with
information on all aspects of life. Thus,
the involvement of these agencies in
the APs implementation was critical to
2.4 Steps of the AP
advocate and raise awareness of child Step 1: Conducted a Beneficiary Baseline
labour through communication channels. Survey of child labour in target sites,
highlighting the incidences of child labour
The Vocational Training Unit is under

in target sites in each sector, their working
DOLISA management and assists conditions and times, educational status,
it to exercise State management of motivations for work, family circumstances
vocational training within the province. and needs for assistance. All survey staff
With this function, vocational training were trained on the concept/definition of
collaborated with Hoa Sua Tourism child labour, the worst forms of child labour,
Vocational Training School to carry out knowledge and skills related to the survey
AP-related vocational related activities. and child labour issues.
The
Industry and Trade sector is Step 2: In parallel with the survey, the AP
a specialized agency under the held training courses on Knowledge of
management and supervision of the Child Labour and Design, Monitoring and
PPC, carrying out State management of Evaluation of the AP on Prevention and
industry and trade. With such functions, Elimination of Child Labour for all agency
the organization was a key collaborating officials involved in the AP. The courses were
agency to work with local NGOs - the designed to equip them with necessary child
VIRI, district Economic Office, Womens labour knowledge to effectively participate in
Union (WU), enterprises and home- the AP.
Step 3: A workshop on the APs formulation Step 6: A workshop on the development of

was conducted based on the survey results an implementation workplan was conducted
with the participation of all concerned State with the participation of all implementing
officials and related organizations from the and collaborating agencies involved in
locality, encompassing local authorities, implementing the AP, from provincial, district
labour, education and vocational training and commune levels. In the workshop, each
officials, mass organizations, NGOs, mass agency worked in a group to draw specific
media and other relevant agencies. At the activities and timeframes for each respective
workshop, participants worked together in activity, its budget and target beneficiaries to
groups to identify target groups of children be consolidated into the entire AP workplan.
and their families as well as needed levels
of support. They also identified how to
prevent, protect and withdraw children from
hazardous work, engage implementing and
collaborating agencies, expected objectives
and outputs, as well as discuss management
and monitoring mechanisms with appropriate
support services for target groups and an AP
timeframe.
Step 7: Profiling of the targeted child labour,

who were direct AP beneficiaries and their
families, by labour staff and commune
volunteers, with direction from commune
government and the district labour unit.
Before target children profiling, relevant staff
from implementing agencies and communal
collaborators were trained on the concept
and definition of child labour, the worst forms
Step 4: Following the workshop, a draft of child labour, national and international
AP was formulated based on the workshop laws, profiling procedures, interview and
results as stated in the previous step survey skills as well as how to use the direct
and ILOs technical assistance. A direct Beneficiary Monitoring and Reporting System
intervention was developed towards working to computerize target group information
children and their families in Lao Chai and into a database. The system managed and
San Sa Ho communes, through applying a monitored activities and supported AP target
combination of direct prevention, withdrawal beneficiaries and their families.
and rehabilitation intervention strategies
leading to the reintegration of target children Step 8: After profiling target group children,
into normal developmental activities the AP organized consultations in Lao Chai
appropriate to their age. and San Sa Ho communes with different
groups of profiled children and their
Step 5: The draft AP was then presented parents to discuss project expectations. In
in a local meeting with representatives from detail, they focused on how to protect and
previous AP meetings to share the draft APs withdraw them from hazardous work through
contents to seek more comments and inputs support from education and/or vocational
from stakeholders, as well as gaining their training, generation of families income
engagement in the APs execution. and household economy improvements
as well as collaboration and commitment
requirements for beneficiaries to receive
support. In addition, AP implementing and

collaborating agencies such as DOLISA, the
district labour unit, San Sa Ho and Lao Chai
communes, Hoa Sua Vocational Training
School, enterprises and mass organization
also participated in consultation meetings
at each target site, to listen to children and
families expectations and needs to identify
appropriate support and outline collaboration
and commitment requirements.
Step 9: To link and refer beneficiaries to

local service providers, follow-up meetings
to the consultations were conducted
with key local service providers, such as
DOLISA, district labour unit, communes,
education and training agencies, Hoa Sua
Vocational Training School, VIRI and mass
organizations. In these meetings, information
about the target children was provided
to stakeholders to help develop support
strategies and discuss implementing and
collaborating agencies expectations, such
as capacity building, to help them provide
the best services to target groups.
Step 10: Documentation of intervention

models and lessons learnt, with the
subsequent dissemination of model
extension and replication possibilities, were
the final AP steps.
3. Performance of the action programme

3.1 Prevention and A Design, Monitoring and Evaluation of

the AP for the Prevention and Elimination
of Child Labour training course for district
elimination of children and provincial staff on issues relating
to the construction, implementation,
dropping out of school management, monitoring and evaluation
of the project. The importance of
various agency and mass organization
and entering the labour participation was highlighted along with
project procedures to further the APs
market through aware- development.
ness raising activities and

building capacity
The AP target groups were a very diversified
mix, ranging from various levelled provincial,
district and commune local authorities, at risk/
working children, their parents, employers,
communal organizations/associations and
the general public. Therefore, awareness
raising and capacity building was designed
to influence and change the publics
The AP organized child labour prevention,

knowledge, attitudes and behaviour for the
elimination and communication training
prevention and progressive elimination of
courses using ILO textbooks and the
child labour and help local implementing and
SCREAM (Supporting Childrens Rights
collaborating agencies obtain knowledge and
through Education, the Arts and the
skills to effectively carry out their AP tasks.
Media) ILO approach to address child
Activities in the intervention included: labour to help teachers, the media and
Youth Union improve child rights and
a. Training of government staff, including labour communication and awareness
DOLISA, DOET, DOCST, along with the raising activities with an integrated
Sa Pa district and commune peoples and participatory approach. There was
committees, mass organizations also a training course for 40 province
and volunteers in communes and teachers and a training course on
villages provided development and SCREAM to Stop Child Labour for 30
implementation knowledge and school teachers and mass organizations
monitoring and evaluation skills. in Lao Cai province.
Diversified and comprehensive training
programmes included: Training courses for the DOLISA, district

labour, commune representatives and
A training course on Training of trainers
village volunteers helped teachers and
(TOT) for provincial staff and training WU members in the profiling target
courses for 100 district and commune children and usage of the monitoring and
staff in Lao Chai and San Sa Ho reporting system of direct beneficiaries.
communes on Knowledge of Child In these trainings, concepts, definitions
Labour. Content included advocacy and and indicators of child labour and its
training of basic concepts of child labour, worst forms as well as national and
childrens rights, national legislation and international legislation were introduced
regulations, international conventions, to help compile beneficiaries profiles.
linkages between education and
child labour, gender integration and b.
Organized annual community-based
collaboration among agencies to prevent communication campaigns to mark
child labour. the World Day against Child Labour in
June from 2010. This direct and indirect to seek support from relevant local
communication was integrated into authorities and/or organizations when
community cultural activities with the in need of help, such as cases of
participation of numerous departments mental or physical abuse. Methods of
and organizations from municipal awareness raising for these children
to village/commune levels and the were diversified and flexible, such as
participation of children. These activities counselling meetings, folk games, mini
included: game shows, painting competitions and
other entertainment events for children.
For schooling children, the education

and labour sectors worked together Use of commune loud speakers to

to organize advocacy and awareness deliver AP messages, with hundreds of
raising on childrens rights, child people able to access AP messages via
labour, national and international child this media channel.
labour, news, stories and/or reports
regarding street vendors and child The advocacy and public awareness

tour guides. These events were held raising campaigns were carried out
at Lao Chai elementary school, San through different channels such as
Sa Ho secondary school, Sa Pa town village, commune and teacher meetings,
elementary school, peoples committees community games, mass media and
of San Sa Ho and Lao Chai communes communal communication activities.
using the SCREAM approach to engage
2,250 children, adults and tourists. Mass organizations, such as the WU,

played a positive part in advocacy,
For child street vendors, tour guides
awareness raising and capacity
and other at risk/working children, there building to attract women members
were awareness raising activities on to join the activities and link the AP
childrens rights, the value of education, with other ongoing WU strategies and
the impact and consequences of child interventions. For instance, the WUs
labour, life skills issues and channels of Sa Pa town and the two communes
collaborated with other agencies to hold

four game shows in Lao Chai and San 3.2 Prevention and
Sa Ho communes on child labour to 230
local people. elimination of child
labour through
direct interventions,
rehabilitation and support
to families
a. Promotion of bilingual
education for Hmong
kindergarten and primary
The idea is to find an attractive students (5-11 years old)
and friendly way to deliver the Results of the Beneficiaries Survey of the
messages of sending children ILSSA (2011) showed that education-related
to school and fighting child issues played a key role in child labour.
The finding stated, 33.5 per cent of surved
labour to ethnic minority
children did not like schooling or could not
people. After training, ethnic follow lectures, so they preferred working to
peoples awareness of child studying. Of the 538 surveyed children, 41
labours negatives impacts on per cent had dropped out and 27 per cent
never went to school.
child development has been
improved. (Womens Union A key feature of the intervention was to
Leader, Sa Pa town). address the use of Vietnamese as the
official language of instruction in schools
creating a language barrier for many ethnic
minority children who have a limited or no
understanding of the language. Because few
At the same time, hazardous child

teachers can communicate in local ethnic
labour issues were integrated into hand-
minority languages (i.e. Hmong), many ethnic
over meetings with commune heads of
minority children struggle to understand their
WUs, together with regular field visits to
teachers and participate confidently in active
villages to observe cases of child labour
learning, with some dropping out of school.
for timely AP interventions.
This explains why the proportion of primary
completion of ethnic students is significantly
Communication via mass media such

lower than Kinh students (61 versus 86 per
as provincial radio, television and
cent, Source: General Statistic Office and
press were regularly maintained. With
UNICEF, 2006).
these efforts, compelling child labour
prevention and elimination messages
Since August 2007, the Ministry of Education
were broadly delivered to all provincial
and Training (MOET) and UNICEF have
residents.
worked on the Research on Practice Bilingual
Education on the basis of Mother Tongue
programme in Gia Lai, Lao Cai (including
Lao Chai commune) and Tra Vinh provinces
with three ethnic minority languages Hmong, At the time of the APs implementation, the
Khmer and Jrai. This model is designed to MOET was undertaking research in Lao
build a sustainable policy and appropriate Chai commune. Thus, the AP collaborated
bilingual education, with practical guidelines with MOET, UNICEF and the local education
for successful deployment to the end of 2015 sector to integrate resources in Lao Chai and
based on the results of this research project. more comprehensively develop the practice
models scope and range of the support to
San Sa Ho commune. This was implemented
with technical and financial support from Lao
Cais DOET and Sa Pa districts education
unit, with the mobilization of MOET experts
with the following activities:
Professional and capacity training on

bilingual education methods for school
teachers with 40 school teachers and
managers in Lao Chai and San Sa Ho
communes.
On-the-job training for school teachers

included regular visits/observations
A key feature of the bilingual programme is to bilingual classes in Lao Chai and
mother tongue learning (Hmong language) San Sa Ho kindergartens. Technical
and the gradual integration of Vietnamese support such as lecture translations,
into the curriculum so communication bilingual method applications as well as
between teachers and students is improved knowledge and experience sharing on
to allow students to be more active learners kindergarten bilingual education was well
and access a higher level of education. In received by teachers.
the longer term, bilingual education will
indirectly contribute to fighting child labour The AP and DOET worked together to

as local ethnic minority children will be more develop materials for bilingual education,
engaged in school and less likely to enter the including the printing and delivering of
labour market prematurely. Hmong language training materials for
kindergarten classes of five-year-olds
and grades 1-4 at two primary schools,
with contents based on standard
MOET textbooks to develop a bilingual
curriculum.
As a result, the AP contributed to upgrading

facilities and study materials for the class
dormitory in San Sa Ho school
In Lao Chai Primary School, there
were five classes with 503 students With ILO support, DOLISA in collaboration
(241 females). There were 119 with the district education sector, leaders of
districts and communes, labour sector and
students in six classes (i.e. two Lao Chai and San Sa Ho secondary schools
grade 1, two grade 2, one grade 3 held consultation meetings to discuss
and one grade 4) in the bilingual solutions to meet the aspirations of children
programme, of which two project and their families to reduce child labour.
Discussions agreed for the need to renovate
classes were expanded to four the dormitory build and provide equipment for
classes after the good results of the two schools to meet the accommodation
the ILO project class. demands of boarding students. The
improvement plan and construction details
(Group discussion with teachers were agreed by the parties, with funding
and managers of San Sa Ho from the AP, the district people committee,
education sector and charity enterprises
kindergarten and Lao Chai in local areas to upgrade and build more
primary school). dormitories and provide learning supplies
for classrooms. The education sector also
committed to mobilize students to regularly
attend school and not drop out to end up as
street vendors.
b. Promotion of community-
c. Vocational training and job
based boarding classes
placements for adolescents aged
for secondary students
15-17 dropping out of school
(12-14 years old)
Tourist service activities are abundant
In every project commune there was a in Sa Pa. Every year, it attracts millions
secondary school, often in remote locations of local and foreign tourists. Service
in mountainous areas and sometimes 11 supply agencies are always in need
kilometres from childrens homes. The of skilled workers to meet tourists
issue of long distance and no appropriate demands for quality and professionalism.
transportation means, apart from by bicycle Of the 463 records of AP beneficiary
or foot results in many children prematurely children put into the Monitoring and
leaving school. Reporting System, 184 children were
in need of job training and placement.
When launching the AP, the two Lao Chai DOLISA, in collaboration with district
and San Sa Ho secondary schools had their and commune Peoples Committees of
dormitory for students. However, it was in Lao Chai and San Sa Ho along with ILO
a state of disrepair with rotting walls and support, held consultation meetings with
limited sleeping space for only one-third of children to discuss vocational training
students. During the consultations and needs and learn their age, educational level and
assessment with AP children, their families, needs. The consultations revealed that
teachers and school managers expressed the majority of children wished to learn
a desire to be supported to upgrade and careers related to tourism services, such
build boarding facilities for children aged 12- as cooking and tourist guides.
14 whose families were far from school to
reduce dropout rates and increase regular
attendance.
Hoa Sua Vocational Schools Sa Pa branch Hoa Sua Vocational School and ILO to
is its student practice area, where students agree on the vocational courses contents,
after theory lectures in Ha Noi practice with objectives, time frame, number of trainees,
guidance from schools teachers. Because job placement plan, budget contributions
of professionalism of the curriculum, and mobilization. After this meeting,
teaching and practice guidelines, nearly curricula for each course and detailed
100 per cent of Hoa Sua school students plans were developed, with budgeting to
moved onto good jobs with stable salaries organize training courses (six months per
after graduation. As a result, Hoa Sua course) and financial contributions from
Vocational School was selected for AP the AP, DOLISA (from Programme 1959)
vocational training and job placements. and Hoa Suas contribution (dormitory
for all trainees, uniforms, teaching and
Hoa Sua Vocational School in collaboration practice facilities).
with the DOLISA Training Division, district
labour sector and CPCs of Lao Chai and Two basic training courses of six classes
San Sa Ho communes visited children to were organized for 45 trainees, mostly
introduce them to vocational programmes Hmong children from 1 April 2012 to 30
and post-graduation job prospects. At the June 2013 with three training courses in
same time, the school also provided school Asian cuisine cooking, bakery skills and
requirements for students and support to waiting staff training. In these classes, Hoa
allow for registration and enrollment. The Sua taught basic occupational skills and
results of the consultations showed that grouped students according to cognitive,
45 children met apprentice conditions, trained communications and life skills
including age (14 years and older) and a along with foreign language ability.
minimum level of education for vocational
training (minimum of secondary level). After theoretical lectures, trainees were sent
to tourist companies in Sa Pa to put their
Based on the number of registered training into action.
students, a meeting was held with
participation from DOLISA, district labour,
increase income through brocade/handicraft

development in Sa Pa district. After one
years implementation, the target groups
income increased by 50 per cent through
selling products to tourists. The project then
moved to a new five-year phase (2011-
2015) to support the reintegration of human
trafficking and domestic violence victims in
Lao Chai, San Sa Ho and Ta Phin communes
in Sa Pa district, with the first two overlapping
with AP sites.
VIRI has a Center of Research and

After the first two training courses, a third Development Support for traditional
course was held with similar consultation craft villages, is a unit of the Fair Trade
and selection procedures. The third course and a member of the World Fair Trade
started in November 2013 and will finish by Organization (WFTO) since 2008. With its
April 2014 with 20 trainees. Training budget strong network, technical expertise and
came from Programme 1956, a vocational rich experience working in Sa Pa, VIRI was
training programme for rural areas and partly involved as a key AP implementing agency
from Hoa Sua School. As the time of this to coordinate with other local agencies and
report, trainees in the third course were at organizations such as the district economic
the skills practice stage. This is an indicator office, WU and agricultural extension office
reflecting the APs sustainability in Lao Cai, to provide technical and marketing support
as AP-initiated activities are continuing using to 200 families of the working children in the
local budgets. following activities:
d. Promotion of livelihood P
romotion of economic development:
With the support of DOLISA, VIRI
strategies for childrens families collaborated with the district labour
sector and WU to provide consultations
The AP promoted family livelihoods with each profiled target group family to
strategies as a contributing factor to directly obtain information about employment,
improving childrens family living standards livelihoods and income, capital and
and indirectly remove children from capacity of capital development and
hazardous work. If parents have sustainable support needs to evaluate each familys
employment and income, children will not be livestock, farming, and craft production
pressured into working and can go to school capacity. Based on these consultations,
and enjoy their rights. discussions among related agencies
identified suitable livelihood strategies
The results of consultations with profiled for each family. Plans were developed
households revealed sensitive livelihoods and implemented via livelihood groups
issues, such as the desire to borrow money encompassing handmade brocades,
from banks for livestock, farming or weaving planting cardamoms, aromatic candles,
and handicrafts. However, many lacked bath medicine and oils, herb perfumes
knowledge and skills to farm and grow high and sweet corn along with home-
yield crops and coped with a high proportion stays to enhance groups quality and
of livestock deaths due to disease or cold professionalism.
weather. They also suffered from poorly
crafted brocades unsuitable for sale to C
apacity building: After registration of
tourists. participation, a team leader was voted
for then income generation activities
Since early 2010 VIRI, a non-profit NGO, took place with programme support.
undertook a preliminary project on tackling Team leaders were trained in group
domestic violence against women to management, conflict resolution,
accounting and marketing. The group and produce materials and leaflets to
was provided with training production showcase products. They also helped to
techniques, production plans, farming sell products in local areas by accessing
and seeding techniques to learn about fair trade markets, showrooms and
the planting and harvesting of sweet corn shops in Lao Cai. The pilot home-stay
and cardamoms, cardamom essential oil tour model was also improved.
distillation, embroidery, the design and
marketing of textile and manufacturing
products, community tourism skills, input
material accounting and product prices.
V
IRI collaborated with WU to provide
an awareness raising course on child
labour, gender issues in prevention and
elimination of child labour, protection
S
ale promotion in local areas: In addition and child care, childrens rights, early
to technical support, VIRI and other marriage, gender violence and people
related agencies such as WU, Center for trafficking for 120 women and men in the
Tourism Promotion and Vietcraft worked project commune to improve knowledge
together to connect participants with and eliminate gender biases, creating
markets to sell products, Meanwhile, favourable conditions for girls to claim
groups were supported to design their rights and go to school.
Especially, the AP connected livelihood

groups with local enterprises and 3.3 Prevention and
arranged a place for production,
showing and selling products in the
Cultural Museum and Exhibition of
reduction towards
Ethnicity in Sa Pa district, in the Sa Pa
fair in February 2013, Bac Ha fair in elimination of child
June 2013 and Lao Cai fair in March
2013. Products were also introduced on
the website greencraft.vn and expanded
labour, especially
the market for local products via the
Vietcraft channel.
street vending through
improvement of
tourism activities and
management
Improvements in the management and
organization of activities effectively
contributes to the monitoring and elimination
of child labour, especially those in the tourism
sector. These activities were implemented
in Sa Pa town (receiving destination of
During the implementation of this direct child labour) and Lao Chai and San Sa Ho
intervention, the following methods and communes (sending places).
principles were applied:
Sa Pa township (receiving destination)
Inclusive participation of beneficiaries

(needs assessment, planning, A number of activities to improve tourism
implementation, monitoring and quality and facilities were undertaken, in
supervision) institutional and family settings with DOCST
the key implementing agency:
Provision of consultation and technical

support from experts (foreign design, DOCST and DOLISA co-organized two

market, technical and gender experts) training courses for 70 tourism sector
directors and staff with comprehensive
Empowerment
to local areas training content, including child labour
(opportunities for economic development knowledge in general and in the tourism
and social participation, with participation sector in Sa Pa, national and international
in activities by the commune peoples child labour legislation, Lao Cai and Sa
committee and WU) Pas tourism development strategy,
tourism sector roles to provide child
Fair trade (VIRI supported fair trade,
labour knowledge and attract workers
commitment to not use child labour, to prevent and eliminate tourism sector
creation of favourable conditions for child labour.
economic development)
Facility
upgrades for the Tourism
Multi-dimensional approach (involving
Information Center of Sa Pa improved
agencies and maximization of service quality and provide transparent
resources). information for tourists. Activities included
an upgraded center website, designed
and printed IEC materials distributed
to customers/tourists, dissemination of
child labour prevention and elimination Formulation

of manufacturing,
messages, communal tour points, promotion, introduction and sale of
souvenir shops and traditional handicraft brocade products/crafts made by
products and exhibitions on ethnic artisans from Sa Pa district communes,
groups culture and customs in Sa Pa. including San Sa Ho and Lao Chai.
Exhibitions helped sell ethnic minorities This area was located at the museum
traditional handicraft products and and exhibition of ethnic culture in Sa
buyers were reminded not to purchase Pa district to attract tourists to see and
from street vendors and especially child buy brocades and handmade products.
vendors. Tourists were recommended to Besides these products manufactured
buy products in permanent markets and on site, the tourism sector and VIRI
participate in charity activities if willing worked with production groups in two
to help. The AP also refreshed Sa Pa project sites to choose other products,
Tourism Information Center information such as natural candles, handcrafted
to better guide tourists. and cardamom products for showcasing
and sale.
The AP also worked closely with the

DPC Sa Pa, labour and tourism sectors
to restructure the Sa Pa town market
management to give local people,
including street vendors, stable places
for products and help reduce street
vendors.
The
local government also issued economic conditions by offering them
regulations prohibiting street vendors. long-term livelihoods.
At the same time, market management
capacity was improved through Improvements in home-stay services by

development of market operation rules, assessing home-stay conditions in Lao
including rules to eliminate vendor sales. Chai and San Sa Ho communes as well
Regulations to prohibit child labour in as local training and support needs. IEC
tourism businesses were implemented materials and training courses developed
with administrative punishments for on tourist services and management for
violations. eight home-stay owners in the project
communes.
Sending places (Lao Chai and San Sa Ho
communes) Coordinated with the Sa Pa Tourist

Information Center to bring community
Set up communal tour points showcasing
tour points into local tourism with
handicrafts production with showrooms package tours to attract tourists.
to sell traditional Dao and Hmong ethnic
minority products. The tour points were Organized community activities such

run by women and youth to prevent as cultural shows and fairs with the
children going to Sa Pa to work as street participation of domestic and foreign
vendors and develop childrens family tourists. In advocacy activities on child
protection, child labour awareness was
raised through communication activities.
4. Results of the action Programme

4.1 Social awareness and Awareness of children, families and

communities on the negative impacts of
child labour and necessity of education
capacity building was significantly promoted. If someone
came to the village asking children to
After the training courses, awareness and work with high payment, would you go?
capacity of government staff working in child Answer: No, I have to go to school for
labour sectors gradually improved. These learning and we are too small to go to
knowledge and skills for greater planning, work. (Lesson for children in Lao Chai
monitoring and reporting were applied communes secondary school).
in the implementation of other national
programmes. Teachers awareness of child labour has

improved as has their Teaching capacity,
We could implement all intervention especially communication skills from
procedures, from needs assessment training on the SCREAM method, which
and counselling, planning, intervention applies art in communication activities to
implementation to linkages at the end to a attract participation and make lessons
consumption market or labour receiving more effective.
agencies. (Staff member, Sa Pa District
Labour Sector).
Previously, few children went

to school, especially regular
Our district staff built capacity
attendance during peak tourism,
in planning, monitoring and
harvest season and rice crops
implementing. Previously, they
periods. After project advocacy and
often planned using subjective
awareness raising, we opened five
ideas without situational
advocacy campaigns for schooled
assessment in local areas. They
and non-schooled children and
now know how to develop plans
childrens families. The number
based on input surveys so plans
of students returning to school
become more feasible and
increased to 99 per cent. At the
specific.
beginning of our project, we faced
Vice President, Sa Pa Peoples many challenges with local peoples
Committee, Lao Cai province low awareness and knowledge of
child labour and schooling. They
did not even understand what
child labour is. After advocacy and
Agencies and local governments at
awareness raising, children and
all levels strengthened coordination
local authorities understood what
in implementing AP activities and
integrated and utilized resources from child labour is and the importance
existing programs (of government, of schooling.
businesses in the same area) and AP
resources to implement project activities (Staff member, district Department
in the most effective way. The need of Labour).
for harmonious integration between
external technical support and financial
resources available in local areas. (Staff
member, DOLISA of Lao Cai).
Sa Pa district established a Regulation

Team to ask for families commitment
to combat child labour and provide
administrative punishments for
violations.
Villages
also developed Village and local government highly evaluated
Development Plans which require this teaching approachs effectiveness
childrens families commitment to child for its obvious advantages in education
labour prevention and punishments for quality and high attendance levels.
dropping out of school.
The proportion of 99 per cent of children
Local government set up tourism patrols
aged 6 enrolled in the elementary school
responsible for monitoring child labour thanks to higher social awareness of
in the district and communes and families and better government support.
ensure children were not involved in Some children still drop school in peak
tourism-related activities such as selling rice harvest and tourist season times.
brocades or working in restaurants. The enrolment rate of secondary to high
school is increasing, but remains low
(25 per cent in school year 2011-2012
and about 50 per cent in the school year
Not only maximizing 2012-2013) due to big distances from
participation and voices of home to high school with insufficient
children, childrens families and transportation means. (Indepth
local staff through consultation interview, Lao Chai Secondary School
Headmaster).
meetings, collective discussions,
problem identification and Action
Programme development, the AP
also developed and implemented
social campaigns with community
pervasive expansion, which
mobilized all communes and
wards in advocacy training and
disseminated social slogans such
as Creating equal development
opportunities for all children and
signed child labour prevention and B oarding classes helped about 215

elimination commitments. secondary school children in Lao
Chai and San Sa Ho commune get
(Staff member, District Labour accommodation for studying, which
greatly contributed to increased
attendance rates and reduced child
labour in these two communes. The
classes are community-supported
4.2 Direct interventions with villagers in communes providing
childrens meals.
The
use of the Hmong language
increased the attractiveness of education
and primary schools because it erased
the language barrier for ethnic minority
students, which resulted in more active
and meaningful learning to reduce risks
of prematurely leaving school in favour
of child labour. Children of bilingual
education programmes were more
confident, had good learning results
and communication skills than those in
regular programmes. Childrens parents
For
the vocational courses, after labour-using enterprises. This approach
graduation, 40 trainees were issued is also a good model for moving children
vocational certificates and job in hazardous work away to vocational
placements in tourist enterprises in Sa training agencies in localities.
Pa town with stable incomes. In general,
children felt happy and lucky compared Regarding
livelihood activities, 16
with friends at home villages: At home I livelihood groups with 135 participants
have to worry about food and earn money were initially established. All the groups
to help parents. Here I have food to eat, have been self-replicated after training
have a place to sleep, have internet with market linkages (i.e. brocade,
with news and many friends. And more cardamom and candles groups).
importantly, I can learn a career to earn Groups have become active in planning,
my living later. I feel more confident and production and sales to raise family
can easily talk with people. (Female incomes, encourage children to return to
intern, aged 17, Hmong). school and decrease the number of child
street vendors. The family economic
development model has been vigorously
promoted, with the sweet corn group
particularly successful. Handmade
products had good designs and were
successfully linked to markets for
output. Exploration of the local market
and support of local social enterprises
(i.e. Lan Rung, Pho Nui and Sa Pa
View) were well coordinated. All of these
livelihood groups are not dependent on
a single focal point of sale, but instead
had the right to choose.Village solidarity
is strengthened through teamwork and
In a probation period of three months,
sharing. The notion of group work has
a trainee from Hoa Sua employed been formulated as a basis for larger
after graduation may have a starting scale production activities.
salary of around VND2 million per
month with accommodation and meals
provided. The full salary may reach to
VND4 million. According to employers:
Trainees from Hoa Sua School
are honest, skillful, responsible and
hardworking. However, they adhere to
the tradition of early marriage, leading
to some quitting jobs. During the training
programme at Hoa Sua, some trainees,
mostly Hmong girls, quit school to get
getting married before completion of the
course. (Receiving hotel, manager).
IThis completed intervention model links

sending communes with vulnerable
children, vocational training and receiving
enterprises. This pilot model received
consensus and high appreciation from
childrens families, local government and
The aromatic candle production group can make 10 types of candles

group in Cat Cat village (San Sa Ho with different shapes and aromas.
commune) is one of the programmes All members follow her guidance
most prominent groups. Led by Ma with a very basic, but important rule:
Thi Sa, born in 1982 - a Hmong you get paid when you contribute.
farmer in the village, the candle After one years operation, the
production group was set up with 10 group has a network of many hotels
members. The programme assisted and restaurants in Sa Pa town such
the group with key equipment such as Lan Rung, Sa Pa View and Sa Pa
as frames and materials, kept by Ochao. As Cat Cat is on a tourist
one group member. Furthermore, trekking road, handmade candles
the group was given training in can be marketed in the village.
buying materials (bee wax and Since candle production materials
herbal oil), moulding techniques for can be stored for a long time, the
various types of candles, designing group is active only when products
boxes and promotional leaflets and are all sold-out, which is common
pricing. In addition, in collaboration as the candles are popular with
with Sa Pa District Economic customers. With limited facilities,
Division, the programme networked the group has no capacity to expand
the group with markets in Sa Pa its membership beyond 10 members
by organizing a showroom, where while other villagers want to join
the group introduced products to the group. The average income
customers. As a group leader, Ms. of each group member is about
Sa was in charge of organizing VND800,000 per month. With
members, making production plans, this income, families can purchase
coordinating production processes, household utensils, seeds, clothing
selling products and accounting. The and pay for childrens education.
Thanks
to all these changes child These
institutional interventions
labour, especially street vending, remarkably improved the public, private
has significantly decreased. After sector, enterprises, local people and
consultations, we, ILO and the tourists general awareness of child
government formulated some livelihood labour issues and created a State
groups, including children just returned management framework to control of
to school who may spend 1-2 hours per street vending, tourist hawking and
day for brocade practicing with their use of child labour in local areas. For
parents. The brocade group in Lao Chai local areas, reduced numbers of early
is quite stable with a good outcome. The working children, declining street
maize, sweet corn and aromatic candle vending children, reduced harassment
groups had stable incomes and provided of tourists, improved service quality to
better conditions for children to study. contribute to the stabilization of the local
(District labour staff). economy. Moreover, these successful
models have a high possibility of
replication.
5. Opportunities and challenges

5.1 Opportunities by law for women and 20 for men) as

per cultural customs of Hmong people.
This traditional custom also emerged
Strong support and collaboration from
from family needs for domestic
MOLISA and various levels of local labour, when in the early phase of
government. marriage young couples stay with their
extended families and provide them
Proactive coordination and sharing/
with additional female labour. Local
contribution of resources of relevant governments and mass organizations
agencies in implementation and worked hard together to educate young
monitoring of activities. people and their families about negative
impacts of early marriage. This activity
must continue in a sustained manner to
5.2 Challenges achieve its objectives.
There are some difficulties in maintaining

Low qualifications, language barriers,

and sustaining bilingual education after limited knowledge and understanding
the projects completion as there is a lack of child labour as well as low living
of teachers with bilingual training skills standards are significant issues for many
and methods. The pilot bilingual teaching local people in the project areas. Poor
programme has experienced challenges transportation and scattered population
in institutional settings and staff capacity. added more constraints to the survey,
For instance, because written Latinized profile and management of childrens
Hmong and its spellings are different, profiles.
most teachers (and Hmong) can speak,
High levels of poverty among the many

but not write in the language. There
ethnic minority people in the project
is insufficient colour-printed training
areas was a key challenge, with many
materials for all bilingual classes,
inhabitants unemployed and reliant on
forcing classes to use black-and-white
government subsidies.
photocopied materials, which may
have negative impacts on the learning
Applications of the new model had

process for teachers and students. To
limited experience in local areas.
overcome this constraint, the DOET
of Lao Cai hired Hmong people who
High turn-over of staff in project sites

can speak and write their language to
resulting in newcomers having to be
support teachers and organized training
trained as replacements.
courses for teachers in the summer. The
Lao Cai DOET allocated its own budget Limited
budget contrasting with
to contribute to the AP budget in printing interdisciplinary objectives and
colour textbooks for students. activities requiring more time for
effective economic promotion of
Another challenge is related to early

childrens families.
marriage (before aged 18 as stipulated
6. Lessons learnt
1.
Local government ownership and A direct solution to ease pressure
9.
leadership in all intervention procedures. on working children is to create a
ILO helped the AP develop and promote sustainable replacement income. Thus,
strong government ownership and childrens economic contributions will
leadership in child labour protection and no longer become necessary. With this
control with interventions via institutional perspective, the social welfare and
settings. The lead agency, which is social security system improvements for
the provincial peoples committee, children and their families was essential.
performed its State management
function in local areas. Lao Cais DOLISA 10.
The AP supported the completion of a
was the AP coordinating agency, which child protection and labour code legal
closely coordinated with the stakeholder. system together with strengthening
the competence and law enforcement
2. Developed a coordination network and capacity of labour inspectors in the
assigned responsibilities to related prevention and protection of children and
agencies for AP implementation. underage workers from the worst forms
of child labour and hazardous work.
3.
Addressed local areas real needs
so all stakeholders were proactively 11.
Robust consent and support from local
involved to contribute resources to the authorities, mass organizations and
programme. the private sector was significant in
accelerating the APs implementation
4.
Integrated the model and priorities into and progress. The commitment and
existing activities in local areas and at support expressed by the implementing
the same time supported these activities agency and collaborating agencies
to ensure sustainability. representatives influenced the APs
outcome. In particular, implementing
5.
Mobilized local and national resources agency staff now have the capacity
to ensure ownership and sustainability to mobilize additional programme
resources through their relationships
6.
Enhanced awareness and capacity as and collaboration with the business
the first foundation towards changes sector and other government agencies.
in knowledge, attitude and behavior of
beneficiaries and society. Linkages between socio-economic plans
12.
have been strengthened in local areas.
The AP was developed based on
7. Sa Pa town has many development
effective consultation with related projects, such as one preserving cultural
agencies. During the implementation heritage, one on economic development
process, the provincial government and local participation to improve
acknowledged its capacity and human socio-cultural values for Dao and
resources to independently develop Hmong people, one on rehabilitation
and implement similar activities and for trafficking and domestic violence
programmes in the future. victims and a project on the prevention
of child and early marriages in Sa Pa
The AP acted to reduce poverty, develop
8. districts ethnic groups. The AP can now
family livelihoods along with the support build on the results of these projects
of children in formal education and and mobilize resources for these
vocational training, health care and interventions. The child labour issue has
gradually move them out of hazardous also been integrated into the political
work. Education and vocational training agenda of local areas socio-economic
were key strategies for combating child development encompassing agriculture,
labour. Overall, a livelihoods promotion education and poverty reduction to fully
strategy for childrens families is crucial mobilize the effectiveness of resources
for the elimination of child labour. and sustainability of the AP. For instance,
bilingual education was developed based
on the existing UNICEF intervention As a result, many of the inhabitants of

model. ILOs new contribution is to the project areas have low qualifications,
develop a more comprehensive pilot poor language skills, limited knowledge
model. and understanding of child labour and
low living standards. Many parents
13.
The promotion of livelihood strategies for believe work can be an educational
childrens families was built on existing process that contributes to childrens
livelihood strategies such as handicraft development with the prevailing
making. The APs contribution was to tradition of passing on jobs and skills
improve the standards, techniques and from one generation to the next, where
quality of these livelihoods together the children grow up taking part in work
with awareness raising activities. The alongside their families. Especially in Sa
most effective support and outcome for Pa, a tourism area with many tourists,
the livelihood groups was to connect there are numerous opportunities for
local people with traditional products to local people to make money. Children
market and sell. are more easily attracted to the labour
market by this environment. Therefore,
14.
Relevance to the socio-economic if local communities do not recognize
background of local areas was essential. the negative impacts of child labour and
In terms of institutional setting, Viet Nam positive influences of education and
signed Convention 182 on elimination vocational training, there is a risk they
of the worst forms of child labour may ignore educational and vocational
and Convention 138 on the minimum training opportunities offered to children
working age. In 2011, the Prime Minister and communities.
approved the National Programme on
Child Protection, including a component 16.
Sa Pa has a high level of poverty, at nearly
of eliminating the worst forms of child 40 per cent, which can encourage the
labour by 2016. use of child labour for income generation
to meet basic family needs. As poverty
15.
There are numerous obstacles and alleviation is a long-term process,
potential risks related to the models child labour prevention and elimination
success. Sa Pa, San Sa Ho and Lao programming should be co-ordinated
Chai are all mountainous tourism areas. with poverty reduction programmes.
7. Sustainability
1. A stable social and political environment on child labour issues and livelihood
was hugely beneficial, with intervention strategy promotion techniques which
activities developed through encourage critical and creative thinking.
consultations and agreements with local
staff, children, childrens families and The AP implementation process will
6.
the tourist enterprises. serve as a basis for the implementing
agency to request follow-up material
2.
Interventions are suitable with national and financial assistance from authorities
objectives and the socio-economic to expand proposed activities.
background of tourist areas. The AP fits Moreover, the AP will provide lessons
in with the overall policies and legislation and experiences to serve as inputs for
of the Government of Viet Nam and Lao policy formulation on recommended
Cai PPC and contributes to achieving interventions to withdraw children from
goals set out in the National Programme the worst forms of child labour.
for Child Protection (2011-2015).
7.
National and local socio-economic
3.
The APs successes were driven by development made a telling contribution
the local governments willingness and to individual income promotion. In
political commitment to support project addition, government social security
objectives. The AP was premised on programmes provided a security network
strengthening local capacity to combat for complementary income for childrens
child labour, which requires an alliance families. Economic development and
of key stakeholders and mobilization of better income distribution created ample
society to guarantee action is sustained adult employment, which rendered child
over time and its results continue work superfluous.
independently of external assistance
and support. 8.
Education is a hugely important strategy
for combating child labour. To stop
4.
Inclusive community participation, children prematurely leaving school,
especially effective collaboration with the AP encouraged and provided them
local NGOs, professional organizations with vocational traditional wood and
and civil society organizations, was a stone carving art opportunities. Such
vital ingredient in the APs success. vocational training for children helped
The informal sectors AP participation childrens families develop economic
also brought significant outputs. Public- security to keep children in school and
private partnership collaboration on out of the labour market.
child work hazards was effective due
to the mobilization of several resources 9.
According to a labour sector
together with target groups in the same representatives evaluation, the APs
location, which improved effectiveness, multi-dimensional approach to child
reduced costs and ensured a long-term labour must be further embraced by
maintenance. project provinces. The prevention and
elimination of child labour, in addition
A high level of awareness and critical
5. to interdisciplinary working methods
thinking by ethnic minority people allowed between agencies, must become multi-
them to embrace the sustainability dimensional with combined awareness
of technical support to children, raising and capacity building of children,
childrens families, communities and their families, employers and related
local government. This awareness of agencies. Moreover, it is essential to
child labour issues also led to a multi- support childrens families through
stakeholder and integrated approach. livelihoods promotion, vocational
Local people are now better equipped training for children, improvements in
to maintain current livelihood models for working conditions and other solutions
economic development and help combat to withdraw children from the worst
the worst forms of child labour thanks to forms of child labour.
their new knowledge and awareness
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
4, route des Morillons, CH-1211 Geneva 22 Switzerland
www.ilo.org/ipec - e-mail: ipec@ilo.org
CONTACT INFORMATION
ILO Country Office for Viet Nam
48-50 Nguyen Thai Hoc, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel.: (84-4) 3734 0902
Fax: (84-4) 3734 0904
E-mail: hanoi@ilo.org
Website: www.ilo.org/hanoi
ISBN 978-92-2-128399-7
9 789221 283997

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Ministry of Labour, International

Invalids and Social Affairs Labour

Prevention and Elimination

International Labour Organization

ISBN: 978-92-2-128399-7 (Print); 978-92-2-128400-0 (Web PDF)

ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data

Visit our website: www.ilo.org/ipec

Photos: Copyright @ ILO

Printed in: Viet Nam

Photocomposed by: Luck House Graphics

2. Strategies and principles of the Action Programme..........7

3. Performance of the action programme..............................12

4. Results of the action Programme........................................19

5. Opportunities and challenges.............................................22

Acronyms & Abbreviations

DOCST Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism

DOET Department of Education and Training

DOLISA Department of Labour, the Invalids and Social Affairs

ILO International Labour Organization

ILSSA Institute of Labour Science and Social Affairs

IPEC International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour

MOET Ministry of Education and Training

MOLISA Ministry of Labour, the Invalids and Social Affairs

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

OSH Occupational Safety and Health

PPC Provincial Peoples Committee

VIRI Viet Nam Rural Industries Research and Development Institute

1.1 Situation of child

at the beginning of secondary school, with In such a context, a comprehensive

1.2 Objectives of the

of the following three specific objectives: in Lao Cai province.

2. Strategies and principles of the

development. implemented with close linkages and

These interventions were developed and

2.3 Organization structure

Hoa Sua Tourism Vocational Training

Step 3: A workshop on the APs formulation Step 6: A workshop on the development of

Step 7: Profiling of the targeted child labour,

support. In addition, AP implementing and

Step 9: To link and refer beneficiaries to

Step 10: Documentation of intervention

3. Performance of the action programme

3.1 Prevention and A Design, Monitoring and Evaluation of

ness raising activities and

collaborated with other agencies to hold

Professional and capacity training on

On-the-job training for school teachers

As a result, the AP contributed to upgrading

increase income through brocade/handicraft

VIRI has a Center of Research and

Especially, the AP connected livelihood

child labour prevention and elimination Formulation

The AP also worked closely with the

4. Results of the action Programme

4.1 Social awareness and Awareness of children, families and

Previously, few children went

IThis completed intervention model links

The aromatic candle production group can make 10 types of candles

5. Opportunities and challenges

5.1 Opportunities by law for women and 20 for men) as

There are some difficulties in maintaining

on the existing UNICEF intervention As a result, many of the inhabitants of

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