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Dress Code in IIUM
http://www.iium.edu.my/legaladviser/articles-4
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Program Outcomes (PO)
1. Engineering Knowledge (T) -Apply knowledge of mathematics, sciences, engineering fundamentals and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems;
2. 2. Problem Analysis (T) Identify, formulate, research relevant literature and analyze complex engineering
problems, and reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and
engineering sciences;
3. 3. Design/Development of Solutions (A) Design solutions, exhibiting innovativeness, for complex engineering
problems and design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration
for public health and safety, cultural, societal, economical, ethical, environmental and sustainability issues.
4. 4. Investigation (D) Conduct investigation into complex problems, displaying creativeness, using research-based
knowledge, and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions;
5. 5. Modern Tool Usage (A & D) -Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering
and IT tools, including prediction and modelling, to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the
limitations;
6. 6. The Engineer and Society (ESSE) -Apply reasoning based on contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal, cultural, contemporary issues, and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional
engineering practices.
7. 7. Environment and Sustainability (ESSE) -Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal,
global, and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development;
8. 8. Ethics (ESSE) Apply professional ethics with Islamic values and commit to responsibilities and norms of
professional engineering code of practices.
9. 9. Communication (S) -Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community
and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions;
10. 10. Individual and Team Work (S) -Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams
and in multi-disciplinary settings.
11. 11. Life Long Learning (S) -Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
12. 12. Project Management and Finance (S) -Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering management
and financial principles and apply these to ones own work, as a member and/or leader in a team, to manage
projects in multidisciplinary settings, and identify opportunities of entrepreneurship.
Introduction
The objectives of this Course are:
To introduce the student to the digital signal analysis.
To understand the discrete-
discrete-time representation of signals.
To expose the student to the implementation of Discrete-
Discrete-Time
Systems.
To understand the concept, properties and uses of the z
transform
To understand the Discrete Fourier transform, Fast Fourier
transform and their significance
To provide a background to design digital filters that have
specified frequency characteristics.
Apply DSP in many areas of Engineering.
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Assessment/Grading Policy
Quizzes 10%
Midterm Exam 30%
Matlab Assig. 10/%
Final Exam 50%
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Goal of DSP
Reconst.
&
I F
Anti-alias. A/D DSP D/A Anti-
Filter image
(Signal
Filter
Processing
Reconst.
Algorithm) & R
Q Anti-
Anti-alias. A/D D/A
Filter image
Filter
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Islamic Civilization contribution:
Frequency analysis
During the Islamic golden age in the 9th century, an Arab
polymath Abu Yusuf Yaqub al al--Kindi an Iraqi Muslim Arab
mathematician discovered a technique to defeat
monoalphabetic substitution ciphercipher.. The technique exploits
the intrinsic properties of written languages that certain
letters occur more often than the others. others. The statistical
distribution of letters in the ciphertext can be related to
average distribution of letters in the particular language to
find the underlying mapping function or functions
functions.. It was the
most fundamental cryptanalytic methodology known until
WWII.. A book written by Al
WWII Al--Kindi contains description of
first cryptanalysis techniques.
techniques. Arabic phonetics and syntax
gave the first description on frequency analysis Rishlah fi
Istikhraj al
al--Muamma ( A Manuscript on
Messages)..
Deciphering Cryptographic Messages)
It was written 1150 years ago
ago.. It is entirely modern in its scientific
explanations.
methodology and even in its explanations.
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Islamic Civilization contribution:
Frequency analysis
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The Modern Era
Digital Radio (DR): The baseband signal processing is invariably implemented on a DSP.
radio frontend
to user
receive
radio analog-to-digital
baseband data
frequency conversion
processing processing
RF A/D
transmit
from user
control
(parametrization)
Joe Mitola, 2000
Where is DSP
Wireless / Cellular HDD
Voice--band audio
Voice PRML read channel
RF codecs MR pre-
pre-amp
Voltage regulation Servo control
SCSI tranceivers
Consumer Audio
Stereo A/D, D/A DSP: Automotive
PLL Technology Digital radio A/D/A
Mixers Enabler Active suspension
Voltage regulation
Multimedia
Stereo audio
Imaging DTAD
Graphics palette Speech synthesizer
Voltage regulation Mixed--signal
Mixed
processor
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DSP is Everywhere
Sound applications
Compression, enhancement
enhancement,, special effects, synthesis,
recognition, echo cancellation,
Cell Phones, MP3
MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-
Text-to
to--
speech,
Communication
Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo
cancellation,
Cell Phones, dial-
dial-up modem, DSL modem, Satellite
Receiver,
Automotive
ABS, GPS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control,
Parking,
DSP Application ..
Medical
Magnetic Resonance, Tomography,
Electrocardiogram,
Military
Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote
sensing,
Image and Video Applications
DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video
conferencing,
Mechanical
Motor control, process control, oil and mineral
prospecting,
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An Example of biomedical measurement system
Transducers
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Impact of DSP on Modern Living
Cellular/mobile telephony Digital audio
Speech and channel coding Stereo and surround sound
Voice and data processing Audio equalization and
Power management mixing
Multipath equaliztion Electronic music
Medical electronics
Automotive
Critical/intensive care
Digital Audio
monitors
Digital Radio
Digital X-rays
Personal communication
ECG analyzers
systems
Cardiac monitors
Active suspension
Medical imaging
Personal computer
Sound cards
Data storage and retrieval
Error correction/concealment
Multimedia
Modems
700 KB
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MORE APPLICATIONS
The DSP
compresses the
digital signals and
removes
background noise.
www.analog.com/dsp
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Example of DSPs: MP3
MP3 Player
The DSP performs the MP3 MP3 encoding and saves the file to
memory.
the DSP would perform other functions such as volume
control, equalization and user interface.
MP3 is a form of audio compression adapted from the MPEG
format for compressed video
MP3 compresses the original sound by filtering out differences in
the sound signal that the human ear cannot detect.
MP3
MP3 Player ......
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Inside of DSPs
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What is a signal?
flow of information: generally convey information about
the state or behavior of a physical system.
measured quantity that varies with time (or position).
Mathematically, signals are modeled as functions of one or
more independent variables. Examples of independent variables
used to represent signals are time, frequency, or spatial
coordinates.
e.g. electrical signal received from a transducer
(microphone, thermometer, accelerometer, antenna, etc.)
electrical signal that controls a process
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What is a signal? .
What is a signal? ..
A signal can be a function of one, two or N independent
variables
Speech is a 1-D signal as a function of time
An image is a 2-D signal as a function of space
Video is a 3-D signal as a function of space and time
Deterministic and random signals
Deterministic signal: a signal whose physical description in known completely A
deterministic signal is a signal in which each value of the signal is fixed and can be
determined by a mathematical expression, rule, or table. future values of the signal
can be calculated from past values w
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More Example Signals
EEG
Stock price & volume
position
time
DTMF
Video
time time
Types of Signals
Analog Signals (Continuous
(Continuous--Time Signals)
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Continuous & Discrete-
Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous-Time Signals
Continuous-
Most signals in the real world are
continuous time, as the scale is x(t)
infinitesimally fine.
Eg voltage, velocity,
Denote by x(t), where the time
interval may be bounded (finite) or t
infinite
Discrete--Time Signals
Discrete
Some real world and many digital
signals are discrete time, as they
are sampled
E.g. pixels, daily stock price x[n]
(anything that a digital computer
processes)
Denote by x[n], where n is an
integer value that varies discretely
n
Sampled continuous signal x[n]
=x(nk) k is sample time
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How is a Signal Represented?
Mathematically, signals are represented as a
function of one or more independent variables.
variables.
For instance a black & white video signal
intensity is dependent on x, y coordinates and
time t f(x,y,t)
On this course, we shall be exclusively
concerned with signals that are a function of a
single variable: time
f(t)
Signal Properties
signals: a signal is periodic if it repeats itself after a
Periodic signals:
fixed period T, i.e. x(t) = x(t+T) for all t. A sin(t) signal is
periodic.
signals: a signal is even if x(-t) = x(t) ((i.e.
Even and odd signals: i.e. it can be
reflected in the axis at zero). A signal is odd if x(-t) = -x(t).
Examples are cos(t) and sin(t) signals, respectively.
signals: a signal is (real) exponential
Exponential and sinusoidal signals:
if it can be represented as x(t) = Ce at. A signal is (complex)
exponential if it can be represented in the same form but C
and a are complex numbers.
signals: A pulse signal is one which is nearly
Step and pulse signals:
completely zero, apart from a short spike, d(t). A step signal is
zero up to a certain time, and then a constant value after that
time, u(t).
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Processing Real Signals
Most of the signals in our environment are
analog such as sound, temperature and
light, ..etc
To processes these signals with a
computer, we must:
1. convert the analog signals into electrical
signals,, e.g., using a transducer such as a
signals
microphone to convert sound into electrical
signal
2. digitize these signals,
signals, or convert them
from analog to digital, using an ADC
(Analog to Digital Converter)
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Example : Sinusoidal signal
xs (t ) = X s sin(2f s t + s )
Amplitude Phase in radian
(rad)
xs(t) = Xs sin(2 f s t + s)
2
Time in
seconds (s)
xs
0
Frequency in
Hertz (Hz)
-2
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2
t
plot(t,x) 1
hold on
stem(t,xq,'r')
hold off 0
ylabel('x(t), x_q(kT)')
xlabel('t') -1
legend('analog signal',...
'digital (quantized)')
-2
0 10 20 30
t
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Again Deterministic and random signal
0.4777
[s s],'g')
hold off
xlabel('k') 0.2665
ylabel('x_k')
ytick = [0 s m 1];
set(gca,'YTick',ytick) 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
legend('random seq', k
'mean','std')
title('Uniformly distributed samples')
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Random signal in MATLAB
k = 0:1:50;
Normally distributed samples
x = randn(size(k));
m = mean(x); random seq
s = std(x); mean
stem(k,x) 2
std
hold on
plot([k(1) k(end)],
[m m],'r', 0.9008
xk
[k(1) k(end)],
[s s],'g') 0.0305
hold off
xlabel('k')
ylabel('x_k')
legend('random seq',
'mean','std') -2
0 10 20 30 40 50
ytick = sort([-2 s m 2]); k
set(gca,'YTick',ytick)
title('Normally distributed samples')
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DSP System Components
Analog input signal is filtered to be a band-
band-
limited signal by an input lowpass filter
Signal is then sampled and quantized by an
ADC
Digital signal is processed by a digital
circuit, often a computer or a digital signal
processor
Processed digital signal is then converted
back to an analog signal by a DAC
The resulting step waveform is converted
to a smooth signal by a reconstruction filter
called an anti-
anti-imaging filter
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Advantages of DSP (cont.)
Simplicity
Some things can be done more easily
digitally than with analog systems (e.g.,
linear phase filters)
Security can be introduced by
encryption/scrambling
Digital signals easily stored on magnetic
media without deterioration
Disadvantages of DSP
DSP techniques are limited to signals with
relatively low bandwidths
The point at which DSP becomes too
expensive will depend on the application
and the current state of conversion and
digital processing technology
Currently DSP systems are used for signals up
to video bandwidths (about 10 MHz)
The cost of high-
high-speed ADCs and DACs and the
amount of digital circuitry required to implement
very high-
high-speed designs (> 100 MHz) makes
them impractical for many applications
As conversion and digital technology improve,
the bandwidths for which DSP is economical
continue to increase
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Disadvantages of DSP (cont.)
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Digital vs Analog
Digital Signal Processing
Advantages Limitations
DSP Applications
Image Processing Military
Pattern recognition Secure communication
Robotic vision Radar processing
Image enhancement Sonar processing
Facsimile Missile guidance
Satellite weather map Telecommunications
Animation Echo cancellation
Instrumentation/Control Adaptive equalization
Spectrum analysis ADPCM transcoders
Position and rate control Spread spectrum
Noise reduction Video conferencing
Data compression Data communication
Speech/audio Biomedical
Speech recognition/synthesis Patient monitoring
Text to speech Scanners
Digital audio EEG brain mappers
equalization ECG analysis
X-ray storage/enhancement
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Example DSP Applications.
MILITARY
INDUSTRIAL/CONTROL MEDICAL
Secure Communications
Patient Monitoring
Robotics Sonar Processing
Ultrasound Equipment
Numeric Control Image Processing
Diagnostic Tools
Power Line Monitors Radar Processing
Fetal Monitors
Motor/Servo Control Navigation, Guidance
Life Support Systems
Image Enhancement
Historical Perspective
17th century
The invention of calculus
Scientist developed models of
physical phenomena in terms of
functions of continuous variable and
differential equations
Numerical technique is used to solve
these equations
Newton used finite-
finite-difference
methods which are special cases of
some discrete-
discrete-time systems
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Historical Perspective
18th century
Mathematicians developed methods
for numerical integration and
interpolation of continuous functions
Gauss (1805
(1805)discovered
)discovered the
fundamental principle of the Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT) even before
the publication(1822) of Fourier's
treatise on harmonic series
representation of function (proposed
in 1807
1807))
Historical Perspective
Early 1950s
1950s
signal processing was done with analog
system, implemented with electronics circuits
or mechanical devices.first
devices.first uses of digital
computers in digital signal processing was in
oil prospecting.
Simulate signal processing system on a digital
computer before implementing it in analog
hardware,, ex. vocoder
hardware
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Historical Perspective
With flexibility the
the digital computer was
used to approximate
approximate,, or simulate
simulate,, an
analog signal processing system
The digital signal processing could not
be done in real time
Speed, cost, and size are three of the
important factors of the use of analog
components.
Some digital flexible algorithm had no
counterpart in analog signal processing,
processing,
impractical. all-
all-digital implementation
tempting
Historical Perspective
FFT discovered by Cooley and Tukey in
1965
an efficient algorithm for computation of
Fourier transforms, which reduce the
computing time by orders of magnitude.
magnitude.
FFT might be implemented in special-
special-purpose
digital hardware
Many impractical signal processing
algorithms became to be practical
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Historical Perspective
FFT is an inherently discrete-
discrete-time
concept.. FFT stimulated a reformulation
concept
of many signal processing concepts and
algorithms in terms of discrete-
discrete-time
mathematics, which formed an exact set
of relationships in the discrete-
discrete-time
domain, so there emerged a field of
discrete--time signal processing.
discrete
In 2012
2012,, MIT researchers find a way to increase
the speed of one of the most important
algorithms in the information sciences (FFFT)
(Sparse Fourier Transform)
Historical Perspective
The invention and proliferation of the
microprocessor paved the way for low- low-cost
implementations of discrete-
discrete-time signal
processing systems
The mid-
mid-1980
1980s,
s, IC technology permitted the
implementation of very fast fixed-
fixed-point and
floating--point microcomputer.
floating
The architectures of these microprocessor
are specially designed for implementing
discrete--time signal processing algorithm,
discrete
named as Digital Signal Processors(DSP)
Processors(DSP)..
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DSP Functions
Common features of DSP applications
They use a lot of multiplying and adding
operations
They deal with signals that come from
the real world
They require a certain response time
Key DSP operations
Filtering
Correlation
Discrete transformation
Filtering Example
Signals are usually a mix of useful
information and noise
How do we extract the useful
information?
Filtering is one way
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Filtering Example (cont.)
Filtering Equations
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Transform Example
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Transform Equations
N 1 2
j( ) kn
X [k ] =
n=0
x [ n ]e N
,0 k N 1
Correlation Example
Provides a measure of similarity
between 2 signals
Typical application is locating a
known signal
E.g., transmit a signal and see if you
receive it back and also at what time you
receive it back
Radar
Blocked
pipes!
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Correlation Example .
Reflected Signal,
y(n) = x(n-k) + w(n)
0 T
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Correlation Example (cont.)
We receive the following (note the
noise!)
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Correlation Equations
Correlation
x Transmitted signal
y Received signal
rxy Correlation coefficients
rxy [l ] = x[n] * y[n l ], l = 0,1,2,L
n =
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Why do we need DSPs? (cont.)
Digital signal processors can perform
the multiply and the add operation in
just one clock cycle
Most DSPs have a specialized instruction
that causes them to multiply, add and
save the result in a single cycle
This instruction is called a MAC (M
(Multiply,
Add, and Ac
Accumulate)
DSPs aim to minimize cost, power,
memory use, and development time
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Symbols and Notation
Remarks: In general and unless otherwise stated lower case symbols will
be used for time-domain signals and upper case symbols will be used for
transform domain signals. Bold face or underlined face symbols will be
Be generally used for vectors or matrices.
Antialiasing
Filter Pass / stop bands.
1
Sampling rate.
A/D
No. of bits. Parameters. 2
Digital
Processing Digital format. 3
What to use for processing?
See slide DSPing aim & tools
DIGITAL OUTPUT
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Cellular Phone Wireless
Communication DSP System
Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP System Design:
Using the TMS320
TMS320C
C6000,
6000, Prentice Hall, 2001.
2001.
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PCM Voiceband DSP System
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