Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Tendency, Probability
Section 1 Presentation
1. Look and read :
All buildings enclose space
always
Buildings enclose space.
in var iably
Nearly all people live in houses.
People nearly always live in houses.
Most buildings have windows
usually
Buildings have windows.
generally
Many architects work in a design team.
often
Architects work in a design team.
frequently
Some buildings have air conditioning.
Buildings sometimes have air conditioning.
all nearly all most many some a few few very few no
Now say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false
statements.
a) People tend to walk in straight lines.
b) People tend to come together in groups
c) Climate tends not to affect the design of buildings.
d) People tend to sit in the sun when it is very hot
e) People open the windows in their houses when it is cold.
f) People tend to live near their place of work.
g) A tall building tends to be relatively less expensive than a low
building.
h) In a house, the kitchen tends to be situated near the bedrooms.
i) A building with a simple plan tends to be more expensive to build than
a building with a complex plan.
Read these statements about the possibility catastrophes occurring during the
next year:
unlikely
It is highly that an earthquake will cause serious
improbable
damage in Australia.
probable
It is that an earthquake will cause serious damage in
likely
Japan.
A major earthquake will probably occur in Japan during the next six
months.
likelihood
The that a major earthquake will occur in Great Britain in
possibility
the near future is low.
The chances that a major earthquake will occur in Peru in the next five
years are high.
tend to
Buildings collapse during an earthquake if their structural
are likely to
frames are not braced to resist the force of earthquakes.
(i) What observation do you think you could make about buildings in
the above countries?
Section 3 Reading
8. Read this :
The gravitational force on a structure can be divided into dead loads and
live loads. Dead loads can be calculated accurately because they rarely change
Engineers never design a structure so that the applied loads exactly equal
the strength of the structure. This condition is too dangerous because we can
never know the exact value of either the applied loads or the strength of the
structure. Therefore, a number called a factor of safety is used. The safety
factor is defined as the ratio of the probable strength of the structure and the
probable loads on the structure. This factor may range from 1.1 (where there is
little uncertainty) to perhaps 5 or 10 (where there is great uncertainty).
9. Read this :
A survey was made of the weights of 74 vehicles passing over a bridge. The
results of the survey were recorded as follows:
Now complete these sentences predicting average future loads from vehicles
on the bridge :
1 to 1 4
1 to 1 18
1 to 2 30
2 to 2 18
2 to 2 4
Copy the diagram in exercise 9 again and use these results to make another bar
chart.
Now say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false
statements:
There is great uncertainty about the magnitude of the loads that will occur on
this bridge. However, there is more certainty about the magnitude of the
strength of the bridge, i.e. its ability to resist the loads, because it is a simple
structure. The graph of probability against load and strength for the bridge will
look like this:
design load
Safety factor =
design strength
Now match these two graphs with these two design situations. Say when there
is great certainty or uncertainty about loads or strength: