ABSTRACT

The purpose of turbine technology is to extract the maximum quantity of

energy from the working fluid, to convert it into useful work with maximum
efficiency, by means of a plant having maximum reliability, minimum cost,
minimum supervision and minimum starting time. It has been found that a
considerable amount of heat energy goes as a waste with the exhaust of the gas
turbine. This energy must be utilized. The complete use of the energy available to a
system is called Total Energy Approach. The objective of this approach is to use all
of the heat energy in a power system at the different temperature levels at which it
becomes available to produce work, or steam, or the heating of air or water, thereby
rejecting a minimum of energy waste. Development of mixed cycle is the efficient
and effective effort in this direction.
The concept and development of mixed cycle originated from the utilization
of waste heat of thermal power plant. The heat rejected by gas turbine is highly
appreciable as the exhaust temperature varies from 450oC to 650oC depending upon
pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature. This energy goes as a waste if it is
rejected to atmosphere. This waste heat energy may be utilized to produce steam in
a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG).
The steam generated in HRSG may be expanded in steam turbine to
develop additional power based on Rankine cycle. This combination may term as
gas/steam combined cycle power plant. The gas cycle (Topping cycle) and steam
cycle (Bottoming cycle) may use separate generator or a single generator. It is
desirable that the exhaust temperature of gas turbine should be above 570oC
otherwise the steam cycle will be inefficient resulting in lower combined cycle
efficiency.
If the steam generated in HRSG is utilized for process heating the system is
called Co-generation. Co-generation is defined as the simultaneous production of
electrical power as well as heat energy from the same source.
A Mixed Cycle utilizes the two working fluids in one power cycle (gas
turbine) to improve the power output and thermal efficiency. Steam injected cycle
and humidified air gas turbine cycles are the examples of Mixed Cycle.
Since the bottoming cycle used in combined cycle plants needs extensive
cost, so efforts are going on to dispense with it and may use mixed cycle whose
performance is slightly inferior or comparable to combined cycle. In mixed cycle,
major part of steam generated is fed to the combustion chamber, gets heated upto

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turbine inlet temperature (TIT) and expands in gas turbine however the rest part of
steam generated is used for blade cooling, such system is either called Steam
Injected Gas Turbine cycle. In other words, in mixed cycle two fluid streams are
used. Humid air injected (HAI) Turbine Cycle and Humid air turbine (HAT) Cycle
are the examples of mixed cycle.

A steam injected gas turbine cycle is that in which steam generated is fed in to
the combustion chamber. This increases the output and efficiency of Steam injected
cycle as compared to simple gas turbine but less than combined cycle. As a result
of steam injection in combustor NOx emission is less. Some steam injected plants
of small sizes are working in many parts of world.

In humid air injected (HAI) gas turbine cycle plant, an external supply of
preheated, humidified and pressurized air is injected in to gas turbine downstream
of the compressor and upstream of combustor. For producing humid air for the gas
turbine plant a separate electric motor driven compressor train with two stages
intercooling, once through partial boiler (heat recovery steam generator, HRSG)
using gas turbine exhaust as energy input and a steam-air mixer are employed. The
pressure of compressed air through compressor train and pressure of steam
generated are more or less the same. They mix in a mixer and after that they are
preheated in a recuperator (superheater) before being injected in to the downstream
of compressor and upstream of combustor. The gas turbine exhaust passing through
HRSG goes to atmosphere through the stack.
In HAT cycle air exiting the low pressure compressor sequentially cooled
by (i) water recirculated from the saturator bottom (heat exchanger); (ii) make-up
water (heat exchanger), which is mixed with water; (iii) a cooler, dissipating heat to
ambient, allows minimizing the high pressure compressor work also when makeup
water flow is insufficient to accomplish maximum air cooling. A similar sequence
is arranged downstream of the high pressure compressor, where heat exchanger (in
a real plant the three heat exchangers of each line can be arranged in a single
shell).The heat exchanger further heats the mixture of the two steams of water used
for inter-and after cooling can be placed immediately after the compressor or
immediately after the compressor, depending upon the temperature.
Injecting water or steam in to a gas turbine is not a new idea. Water
injection for short periods of thrust augmentation was at one time common in jet-
aircraft engines, although fans commonly serve this purpose today. It is now

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standard practice to inject water or steam into gas turbines to control NOx
emissions.
It has been observed that the combined cycle is superior to the mixed cycle,
however, the gap narrows down with increasing compressor ratio and high value of
turbine inlet temperature. The detailed exergy losses have presented in various
elements of combined and steam injected cycles.

Performance Parameters
There are two types of performance parameters

(1)Independent parameters
Independent parameters for the analysis of the mixed cycle include
Compressor pressure ratio (rpc), compressor inlet temperature (CIT), turbine inlet
temperature (TIT), gas turbine blade temperature (Tb), configuration of mixed
cycle, cooling means, back pressure (Pb), mass flow rate of humid air (mha), steam
inlet temperature (Ts), steam inlet pressure (Ps), single or multiple HRSG
configuration, water air mass flow ratio (mw/a), moisture content (ma/mg), etc.

(2) Dependent parameters

Dependent parameters for the analysis of mixed cycle comprises of gas
turbine efficiency (gt), specific power output of gas turbine (Wp), specific fuel
consumption (sfc), stack temperature(Tstack), mass of steam generated per kg of gas
(ms/mg), coolant flow rate (mc/mg), etc.
The relationship between independent and dependent parameters is given by
Dependent parameters = f (Independent parameters)
The objectives of present research work are followings-

(i) To develop/adopt mathematical models for air, gas and different elements
of mixed gas-steam cycle power plant thermodynamic analysis.
(ii) To construct software based on modeling and governing equation for the
analysis, in C language.
(iii) To do parametric analysis based on first and second laws for various
configurations of mixed cycles power plants.
(iv) To present thermo-economic analysis of mixed cycles.
(v) To plot the results in parametric study forms and design monograms for the
benefit of design engineers.

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 (vi) To do a comparative study of mixed and combined cycle power plants.
(vii) To compare the results with published results for validation.
The present work is to do thermodynamics and thermo-economic analysis of
gas/steam mixed cycle. The first and second law of thermodynamics analysis is
achieved through, mathematical modelings of various elements of mixed cycle and
deriving the governing equations.

The mathematical modelings include the following

(i) Steam and gas modeling

(ii) Compressor modeling
(iii) Combustor modeling
(iv) Cooled and uncooled gas turbine modeling
(v) HRSG modeling
(vi) Condenser modeling
(vii) Dearetor modeling
(viii) Feed pump modeling
(ix) Intercooler modeling
(x) Aftercooler modeling
(xi) Humidifier modeling
(xii) Separator modeling
(xiii) Saturator modeling
The following gas turbine cooling means is considered in the present work.

(i) Internal air convection cooling.

(ii) Film air cooling.
(iii) Transpiration air cooling.
The cooling fluid used is air. The analysis is focused on the following
configurations of mixed cycle

1. Steam injected gas turbine cycle

a. Basic Gas Turbine (SIBGT).
b.Intercooled gas Turbine (SIIcGT).
c. Reheated Gas Turbine (SIRGT).
d.Intercooled-Reheat gas turbine (SIIcRGT).
2. Humid air/gas Turbine (HAT) cycle
3. Humid air injected (HAI) turbine cycle.

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 Based on modeling and governing equations a computer program is
constructed in C language, to do the first law thermodynamics analysis of eight
configurations of mixed gas-steam cycle. With the help of input data, results are
plotted in terms of dependent and independent parameters.
In brief, the present work may be expressed in functional form as follows

(Wgt, gt, sfc, mc/mg, ms/mg, etc.) = f (rpc, TIT, mha/mg, cooling means,
configuration, CIT, mw/a)

Based on modeling and governing equations a computer program has been

constructed in C++ language, to do the first law thermodynamics analysis of
configurations of mixed cycle. With the help of input data, results have been
plotted in terms of dependent and independent parameters.
Following is the brief details of result discussion and conclusion.
Mixed cycle offers high plant efficiency and plant specific work compared to basic
gas turbine cycle. There is an appreciable enhancement in the mixed cycle specific
work (12 to 16%) and efficiency (2 to 4%) over the basic gas turbine cycle but at
the cost of complexity of plant. The performance of SIIcRGT cycle is better than
the all considered configuration. The intercooling pressure ratio plays an important
role on the performance. The stack temperature in steam injected cycle is higher
signifying the less utilization of waste heat energy, however a separate provision of
steam generation in HRSG for cogeneration may serve the purpose. Due to addition
of humid air or steam in mixed cycle power plant upstream of the combustor and
downstream of compressor, uncontrolled NOx emissions are expected to be very
low. CO, unburned HC and SOx are expected to be at or low the current gas turbine
combustor technology.

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