Study of the direction of the harmonic injections in the electrical power systems

R.Azouaou, S.Rabahallah, S.Leulmi

Electrical engineering department, university of Tizi-Ouzou ALGERIA

ABSTRACT

A simple measurement of a harmonic current in an unspecified point of the network cannot detect the transit direction
of this current. The characterization of the harmonic currents flow direction harmonic currents requires a solid criterion,
which will easily identify the real direction of these currents, consider their effects and then attenuate them. The
criterion which seems to satisfy these requirements is that of the harmonic active Ph or reactive Qh powers. In this paper
the criterion of the harmonic active power Ph is developed. It arises from the results obtained that the harmonic active
power consumed by a non pollutant consumer is positive (Ph > O), whereas it is negative for a polluter one ( Ph< 0).
The criterion is also investigated using case studies and mathematical analysis .To validate the computation results,
simulations were carried our under MatlabiSimulink. The results obtained during simulation show that P, is positive
whatever the harmonic currents intensity in the network is for a clean consumer whereas it is negative for pollutant
consumer.
Keywords: Harmonics, Harmonic Soitrces. Harmonic Power Dkecfiori

INTRODUCTION METHOD USED

Whenever significant harmonic voltage or current Assume a measurement of the harmonic power at
distortions are observed in a power system, it is point PCC of an electric installation of a consumer
always useful to find the sources of the distortions. (figure I ) [l].
Correct identification of harmonic source locations
is essential for designing effective harmonic
mitigation means and for determining the
-
PCC

responsibility of the parties involved. The most

common situation that needs harmonic source
detection is to resolve the disputes over who is
responsible for harmonic distortions at the point of
common coupling between a network and a
consumer or bemeen two consumers.
A simple measurement of a harmonic current in an
unspecified point of the network cannot detect the
transit direction of this current. The
Characterization of the harmonic currents flow
direction harmonic currents requires a solid
criterion, which will easily identify the real
direction of these currents, consider their effects
and then attenuate them.
The criterion which seems to satisfy these
requirements is that of the harmonic active Ph or
reactive Qh powers. In this paper the criterion of
the harmonic active power Ph is developed. It a r k s
from the results obtained that the harmonic active
power consumed by a non pollutant consumer is
positive ( P b > 0), whereas it is negative for a
polluter consumer ( Ph < 0).
The criterion is also investigated using case studies
and mathematical analysis .To validate the
computation results, simulations were carried out
under MatlabiSimulink.
The results obtained during simulation show that Ph
is positive whatevet is the harmonic currents
intensity in the network for a clean consumer
whereas it is negative for pollutant consumer.
Figure 1 Harmonic measurement point
- If Ph< 0, the consumer side causes more harmonic
distortion, the direction of the harmonic currents
corresponds to a flow customer to network.
- If Ph > 0, the network side causes more harmonic
distortion, the direction of the harmonic currents
corresponds to a flow network to customer.
For the harmonic order h, one can write:
Ph =vh cos(q,) with vh>o and Ip- 0.
Dephasing p h is consequently the parameter wich is
able to know about the direction of the harmonics
transit because it gives the direction of the
harmonic active power
For an unspecified consumer, one can measure the
current i(t) and the voltage v(0.
The instantaneous power is given by:
p(fj =v(ti.i(t)
The parameters p, v and i being periodic functions
can be developed into Fourier series.
FOURIER SERIES DECOMPOSITION
Current $0 measured being a periodic signal can be
decomposed into Fourier series with two
possibilities:
2
With I , = ,/an i b,'

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And cp. such as cos(cp,) 7d a n
inductances are not taken into account since they
are not involved in calculations o f the active power.
+ 4,- One seeks to find the sign of the active power of
each harmonic (order n), that i s to say the sign of
cos( %I (v) - VI1 (i).

With 11,= ,/=

Non linear load
bn
And q, such as cos(yl,J =

with U,,
'i
= - I(?)cos(not)dt
T"

and b, = 2 jI(r)sin(nwr)iir
To
Our criterion consists to find thc sign of P, ..In the
other hand determining the sign of :
cm ( P n (kl - P,> (i)).
The average power of p (t) at order n is:
r

V , I , cos(nwt-cp.(v))cos(nwt-cp,,(i))dt

- all( -
~ ) . U , , ( ~ I ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ) . ~ ~ ~ l )

~>+6h'(~l)l'''[(~,,~(j"+~~~(~,)l''~-
[aj'(
According to the preceding relations:
VALIDITY OF THE CRITERION [2][3] The denominator is > 0
And numerator is:
The criterion selected to determine the direction of = R(a,(iJ2+ h,(i& > 0
the harmonic currents transit consists in finding the From where P,,> 0 .Hence the criterion is
direction of the harmonic active power flow by checked.
determining its sign. Pollutant consumer
One can examine various of modelling of network The dephasing cosine formulais the same one.
examples and check the direction of the measured The denominator is positive.
active power.
advd =Rr(anV2,WR+o&)
Linear charge (Same formulas with the bn) From where
4 c
R an(Y2)=-(R,.R)/(R,+R). a,(iJ.
b,(vJ=-(R, R)/( R,+R). bn(i$.
And the numerator is negative
= -(RvR)/(Rr+h!).( a,,(iz)'+ b,(iJ?
From where P,,2<0 .Hence the criterion is checked.

SIMULATION
Two network models are simulated (figure 4 and 5 )
R,,,.O.53R

Figure 2 Linear charge circuit Rshunl= IOe-5 R

For this obvious case: Po= R.i2 > U, a linear load
does not create a current harmonics.
Our criterion is well checked.

Association of a nonlinear load

Assume the network voltage sinusoidal.Rr
represents the line resistance, linear charge is
modelled by a resistance R and nonlinear charge is
unspecified and supposed that it creates harmonic Figure 4 :A polluted network model 1
currents. The network capacitances and the self-

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 I I I I

FigureS: A polluted network model 2

SIMULATION RESULTS
The following figures represent the curves of the
voltages and currents of the two customers for
various cases (casel, case 4,case 6 ).The tables
1and 2 represent the various statements of the
currents and the voltages of the nvo customers after
simulation.

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 case 1 2

ICI, (A) 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.52 0 0

-0.9999 -0.966 -0.7716 -0.994 -
c 0scpc Ip
~

0.9466 0.8707 0.9305 0.9332 - -

COSVclnp

IcI(A) 0 0 5 0 7 0 7 0 0
I,,, (A) 0 0 0.465 0 0.48 # 0.3 0 0

COS(PC1D
_ _ -0.4443 ~ -0.598 ~ -0.7355 - -

- cos(Pc1n1, _
_ 0.9991 - 0.9995 - 0.8693 - -

6.Comments and Conclusion:

In this paper, we investigated a means of detecting
the origin of the harmonic disturbances on the
electrical power systems.
. . . . ... . . . . .. . ... The criterion that we retained to detect the
gcnerators of harmonic pollution is that of the
harmonic power sign. We sought to validate our
criterion in simple but quite representative cases.
- In the case where there is only one pollutant on
thc network, the theory shows in this case that with
our criterion, the pollutant will be always detected.
- For the case where there are 2 pollutants these two
customers will be detected like such.
The resufts relating to the cases which we simulated
confirm the points which we evoked previously.
The harmonic disturbance wich comes from the
consumer pollutant propagates towards the clean
consumer.
REFERENCES
[l] Th Dqflandre, "Les harmoniques sur les
case I I 2 3
rkseaux Clectriques"
-~ Editions Eyrolles 1998.
I 1
~~

V(V1 1784.76 1308 I 784.76 2615 1 1571.76 2092 [2] Yang.H, PirotteP, "Assessing the harmonic
emission level from one particular customer"
Proceedings ofPQA ' 94.
[ 3 ]Srinivasan.K."Onseparating customer and
supply side harmonic confributions' IEEE
Transactions one power delivery,vol.112, pp1003-
1012, April 1996.
case 4 5 6
AUTHOR'S ADDRESS
horder 3 5 3 5 3 5
R.Azouaou
V(v) 1571.76 2615 1571.76 5230 3150 5230 Departement d'Electrotehnique,Universitt
de Tizi-Ouzou 15000 ALGERIA
Email: razoiiaotr6??vahoo.fr
I,,, A 4.31 6.77 4.31 13.53 13.53
-0.9553 -03624 -0.8634 0.5092 -0.8096 0.4863
cos cl
cos(D,,,, 0.865 0.9788 0.9136 0.9815 0.9349 0.9901

947