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Asad Abidi
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What is Phase Noise?
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Phase Noise
I Point rotates around the circle with non-uniform angular velocity
(i.e. varying frequency)
I Traces unequal phases per unit time
I Phase and frequency are of course related (t ) = ddt
I Phase defines a trajectory versus time (t), whose variance around
the noiseless straight line trajectory grows
R proportionally with
elapsed time. This is because (t ) = (t )dt
I Nevertheless is stationary, and has a well-defined power spectral
density S (f )
I In this presentation, we will see how to get to S (f )
8
6
4
2
T 2T 3T t
Figure: Oscillation as a rotating point Figure: Phase Noise Trajectory
on a circle
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What Causes Phase Noise in an Oscillator?
I There are multiple sources of voltage and
current noise in an oscillator circuit 2fB
I Noise sources collectively pull the
free-running oscillators frequency, through
injection locking
f0
I This leads to a Lorentzian spectrum around the oscillation frequency
f0 , whose width fB is set by the strength of the total RMS noise
(voltage) relative to the amplitude (voltage) of oscillation A
A2 fB
S (f ) =
fB2 + (f f0 )2
so that, by definition of spectral density, the integrated power under
the Lorentzian is equal to the mean-square voltage of oscillation
Z
A2
S (f )df =
0 2
I We can refer to the spectral linewidth of the oscillation, which
depends on fB and is a measure of phase noise
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Specifying Phase Noise
I In wireless communications, because of how a mixer convolves the
skirts of the Lorentzian with a strong unwanted signal (reciprocal
mixing ), we concern ourselves with these skirts at offset frequencies
fm around f0 , with fm >> fB in almost all practical cases.
I These skirts are defined in units of dBc/Hz as L(fm ) across a 1 Hz
bandwidth, normalized to the mean-square oscillation voltage:
2 fB
L(fm ) =
fm2
I If fB < 1 Hz, then at sufficiently small offsets fm , L(fm ) is > 0
dBc/Hz
ABL
fm (fm)ABL
ffLO fLO f
L(fm ) = 12 S (fm )
S(fm)
L(fm)
fm
0
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Phase Noise is Equivalent to a Voltage Noise
fm +fm
A
aPM A aPM
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A
aAM
+fm
an
+ fm
fm +fm Ac
1
2 a AM +fm
A
aPM 1
2 a AM fm
- fm aAM aPM
Figure: Phasors showing Figure: Phasors showing aPM aAM
PM AM
Figure: Decomposing
single added tone into
AM and PM
Ae j 0 t + 21 aAM e j (0 +m )t + aAM e j ( 0 m )t
x (t ) = Re 1 j (0 +m )t j (0 m )t
+ 2 aPM e aPM e
= Re e j 0 t A + Re aAM e j m t + jIm aPM e j m t
x (t ) = Re (u (t ) + jv (t )) e j 0 t
u (t ) = A + Re[aAM e j m t ]
v (t ) = Im[aPM e j m t ]
Therefore,
x (t ) = u (t ) cos(0 t ) v (t ) sin(0 t )
9 / 27
PLL Based Measurement
DUT
Ref Spectrum
Analysis
Narrowband
PLL
Mix with pure VCO output in quadrature, and then lowpass filter:
x (t ) sin(0 t ) = 4j1 (t )e j 0 t + (t )e j 0 t e j 0 t e j 0 t
= 4j1 (t ) (t ) + . . . = 21 v (t ) + . . . = aPM sin(m t ) + . . .
10 / 27
Delay line discriminator
Spectrum
DUT
T Analysis
Delay oscillator output by T , and mix with itself. Now both inputs to
mixer contain PM, one delayed.
h i
vout = Re (u (t ) + jv (t )) e j 0 t Re 1 + j v (tAT ) e j 0 (t T )
= u (t ) + v (t )vA(t T ) cos 0 T v (t ) u (t )vA(t T ) sin 0 T + . . .
Since Sv (fm ) 1/fm2 the larger the T (the longer the delay line), the
stronger the PM output.
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Jitter
I Effective measurement of phase noise, but in the time-domain
ding Jitter
Associated with fluctuations in the times of zero-crossings of a
I
nominally DC-free periodic waveform
I While (t ) is a continuous random variable, the times of zero
crossings comprise a set of discrete random values {i }
g jitter hasI been
This critical
discretetovariable
determining the performance
is specified by the meanofand
high-speed
variance of its
probability density function (PDF), associated with
systems. Recently, as internal and external data rates of computers which is a
spectral density
eased to unprecedented levels, reducing jitter has become an even
ring highPeriod JitterinFluctuations
reliability in the timeand
high-speed databuses difference between
integrated successive zero
circuits.
crossings of a rising (or falling) edge
f a timing
ts ideal
Ideal Event Timing
a system as a
duced by every
generate,
nals. As a
Jitter Histogram
he amount of (Deviation in Event Timing)
h element of
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ti ti+T
8
(t ) 6
4
i
2
T 2T 3T t
13 / 27
I Thus,
sin2 (f /f0 )
S (f ) = S (f )
(f0 )2
At offsets when S (f ) 1/f 2 , this spectral density of jitter is almost
constant
I To deduce the jitter variance in terms of the oscillators phase noise
spectral density
Z Z
2 sin2 (f /f0 )
= S (f )df = S (f ) df
0 0 (f0 )2
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LC Oscillator
16 / 27
to output noise, but did not consider correlated sidebands (i.e.
I The results of this analysis canAM/PM
fill outsidebands).
the noise factor F in Leesons
The exact approach, however, is a generalized version of
expression for phase noise in any oscillator:
that laid out in [17]. Indeed, in the limiting case of a hard-
switching
F RPinlinearity,
f0 the2above analysis degenerates into that
2kT
L(fm ) = presented [9].
A2 /2 2Qfm
where Q is the quality factor of the LCRP resonator without the
negative resistor
I Dependence on inverse square offset frequency due to exact balance
at steady-state amplitude A between fundamental frequency current
in Rp and in Gm
to output noise, but did not consider correlated sidebands (i.e. components. These AM/PM components can then be ap
AM/PM sidebands). Orthogonal PM noise currents flow through
to (19)an unloaded LC
I
directly & (20).
The exact approach,resonator
however, is a generalized version of Consider again the noiseless oscillator shown in Fig.
that laid out in [17].
I Indeed, in the
In-phase AM limiting
noisecase upsetthis
of a hard-
currents theinstance,
balance, assume
flowthat the external
through the current source,
switching linearity, the above analysis degenerates into that a cyclostationary white noise source [20] (with respect t
parallel impedance of RP and effective Gm = GM0 + GM2
presented in [9]. (a)oscillation frequency).
Phase modulating Wecurrent
case: (i) PM can model
injected this current source
into oscillator;
(ii) Impedance seen
stationary whiteby noise
PM current sourcei , modulated by an arb
source, x
periodic real-valued waveform, w.t/. Accordingly, in will
a time-varying power spectral density equal to
17 / 27
Fig. 5. Differential current source acting on a noiseless oscillator
I At offset frequencies of interest, spectral density of PM >> spectral
density of AM
Fig. 6. looks
I This Squared
likeimpedance seen
a hyperbolic by phase
spectral and amplitude
density modulating
(asymptote at 0), notcurrents
a
Lorentzian! Why?
I Because analysis assumes fixed oscillation frequency, f0 , which is
spectrally concentrated into a delta function. In reality, noise locks
theIV. D ECOMPOSITION
oscillator, R ESONATOR
OF Aover
causing f0 to spread -R EFERRED
a certain spectral width
C YCLOSTATIONARY W HITE N OISE S OURCE
which forms the Lorentzian.
18 / 27
Ring Oscillators
I The ring oscillator is compact in chip area, and easily designed (even
by digital designers). It remains important in applications where
reciprocal mixing with nearby blockers is not an immediate concern.
I Its principle of operation is fundamentally different than of an LC
oscillator; it oscillates because of the delay in a feedback loop, not
because of energy exchange between electric and magnetic fields
I Noise sources modulate the delay in each stage, and thus the total
delay
I White noise in all the FETs of a differential ring oscillator leads to
phase noise of the form:
" ! #
2kT 3
1 1 f0 2
L(fm ) = 4
+ +
I ln 2 Veffd Vefft Vop fm
where I is the tail current per stage, Veff is the effective gate voltage
at balance for the differential pair in each stage and its tail current
FET, and Vop is the differential peak voltage swing (per stage).
I In a collection of delay stages, correlated modulation of the delays
will produce a large phase noise. This happens when the tail
currents are driven from a common node that is modulated by flicker
noise. Ring oscillators display a large 1/f -induced phase noise. 19 / 27
Is the Ring Oscillator a Viable Substitute for the LC
Oscillator?
I Ring Oscillator is very compact (consumes a small fraction of the
area of a small on-chip inductor)
I For its phase noise to be equal to that of a well-designed LC
oscillator at the same oscillation frequency f0 , the relative bias
currents IRO in M delay stages relate to ILC as
VDD
IRO M 8Q 2 I
Vefft ||Veffd LC
IRO 50 Q 2 ILC
f0 2V
= V Sf0 (fm ) = 2V SVC (fm ) L(fm ) = SVC (fm )
VC 4fm2
I This expression specifies the skirts of a Lorentzian spectral density
21 / 27
Oscillators within Phase-Locked Loops
22 / 27
118 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 54, NO. 1, MARCH 2008
Fig. 4. Phase noise contributions for a simple frequency synthesizer.
of 10 dB/decade for the operation frequency of the phase com-
Fig. 5. Frequency
parator. As seen in Fig. 13, this fact has been experimentally
observed. To get a frequency synthesizer with low phase noise,
the phase noise can be analyzed by using a simple frequency
therefore, it is necessary to use a high reference frequency at the
synthesizer architecture, whichphase
cancomparator.
be utilized in broadcasting
terminals. A single loop frequency synthesizer including all the noise PSD of f
IV. CONCLUSIONS
influential building blocks generating the phase noise is shown divider output
A phase noise model that predicts an accurate phase noise
in Fig. 4.
Fig. 10. Measured phase noise characteristics of frequency synthesizer for
spectrum of phase-locked loop frequency synthesizertion to the divid
was pro-
(a) PLL loop bandwidth of 5By simply adding the respective
kHz and (b) PLL loop bandwidth of 10 kHz. posed in this paper. By using the
phase noise power spectralcurve-fitting method, the Thus,
phase the pha
noise spectra of the reference signal source and a VCO were
densities, the output phase noisemodeled PSD as forphase
Fig.noise
4 iscomponents
rewritten of anfrom imated
oscillator with res- by [13]
(4): onator. Based on relation between the frequency modulation
and the phase noise spectral density, the phase noises due to
In case of phase noise model neglecting the resistor noise in the low-pass filter in the phase-locked loop were represented by
the low-pass filter, there are discrepancies in the range of high phase transfer functions to VCO input port.
offset frequency and in the neighborhood of the loop bandwidth Also, the phase noise spectra of phase comparators and fre-
of the frequency synthesizer. At offset frequencies below the quency divider circuits were modeled in the proposed phase
Fig. 12.
loop Phase noisealso,
bandwidth, characteristics of frequency
the previous modelssynthesizers
neglectingand their dif- of noise prediction model.
effects
ferent phase noise contributions.
frequency dividers
Figure: showPLLlow phaseNoise spectra compared with In validity of the proposed phase noise prediction model, the
noiseModel
Figure: Measured Phase Noise 23 / 27
Fig. 11. Measured phase noise spectra and prediction spectra for frequency
Sources of Jitter, and Identifying Them by Measurement
I Jitter can arise in practical systems from multiple sources
I Produces unique histograms, which can be used to diagnose sources
I Jitter can be of two types:
Random Unbounded. Tails in its histogram due to Gaussian PDF.
Deterministic Bounded. Periodic, data dependent, duty cycle distortion,
intersymbol interference.
I Deterministic jitter arises from coupling on to signal lines from:
1. Electromagnetic interference
2. Crosstalk
3. Reflections
I Since random and deterministic effects are independent, the
following relation applies between jitter R and D that comprise the
total jitter
S (f ) = SR (f ) + SD (f )
24 / 27
fDJ fRJ
P
fOJ
Figure: Tail
until an optimal match is found. Then, the bandwidth
fittingcurveto
1 of the matched limitations,
Gaussian
quantify the random or Gaussian component of the distribution. Various curves are fitted against the distribution
asvalue
is used as the RJ well any tail. Figure
asparticular
for that
Figure:
10b showsMeasured spectrum
an FFT with a periodic spike at 52(FFT)
MHz that
This is repeated for both sides of the distribution, and the two RJ values are averaged to get the overall RJ value. contributes 38 ps of jitter. Together, these figures illustrate the
PJ component that could be caused of jitter
DJ components of TJ.
by crosstalk or EMI, and RJ (which
affects long-term system reliability). 26 / 27
1. Anon. (2004, May 5, 2010). Clock (CLK) Jitter and Phase Noise
Conversion. Maxim Integrated Products (App Note 3359), 8.
2. A. A. Abidi, Phase Noise and Jitter in CMOS Ring Oscillators, IEEE
Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 1803-1816, 2006.
3. A. Hajimiri, Noise in phase-locked loops, in Southwest Symposium on
Mixed-Signal Design, 2001, pp. 1-6.
4. Y. W. Kim and J. D. Yu, Phase Noise Model of Single Loop Frequency
Synthesizer, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 54, no. 1, pp.
112-119, 2008.
5. M. Li. (2009, May 5, 2010). Deterministic Jitter (DJ) Definition and
Measurement Methods. Available:
www.ieee802.org3bapublicjan09li 01 0109pdf
6. A. Mirzaei and A. A. Abidi, The Spectrum of a Noisy Free-Running
Oscillator Explained by Random Frequency Pulling, IEEE Transactions
on Circuits and Systems I, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 642-653, 2010.
7. D. Murphy, J. J. Rael, and A. A. Abidi, Phase Noise in LC Oscillators: A
Phasor-Based Analysis of a General Result and of Loaded Q, IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and Systems I, 2009.
8. E. Rubiola. (2009, May 5, 2010). Phase Noise. Available:
www.rubiola.org
9. D. Scherer. (1985, May 5, 2010). The Art of Phase Noise
Measurement. HP Application Notes (Hewlett-Packard), 34. Available:
www.hparchive.com
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