Electrical Machines EMEE 203

CRN: 1251
Laboratory Experiment No. 1
Experiment Title: Series circuit with reactive
components: RC circuit
Objective: On completion of this experiment the student should be able to examine
capacitive reactance; investigate its relationship to capacitance and frequency and
observe the phase shift between the capacitor voltage and current

Lab Instructor: Eng. Rasha Tabasha

Student Names and IDs:

Name ID Total Grade

1 Shatha Mohammed A14000413
2 Meera Ali A00031736
3 Amna Al Ali A13000205
4

Submission Date: 31/01/2017

Report Grade: . / 80

Grading Division
Lab Performance per 20%
Student
Report 80%
Abstract

In a series circuit, that includes a capacitance and one resistor, the goal is to
see the output signal or the capacitor which is not possible therefor the
output signals for both the voltage and the current are generated to compare
between them noting that the output signal or a resistor would be perfectly
like the voltage, as we knew it was leading by 90 degrees we were able to
proof it using calculation and in two different scenarios with two different
frequencies.

Introduction

Capacitive Reactance
The effective opposition offered to current by capacitance is called
Capacitive Reactance. It is measured in Ohms and is denoted by XC where C
is the capacitance and Xc is given by:

X C =1/(2 f C)

In RC circuit, voltage drop across the capacitor lags the current by 90.

Phase Shift
When comparing two sine waves having the same frequency, the difference
between their respective phase angles is called the phase shift and is
expressed in degrees () or radians (rad).
Figure 1 is an example showing how the phase shift between two sine waves
can be calculated.

Figure 1: Typical AC signals with phase shift

Procedure
1. Open the software MULTISIM.
2. Choose place, click on the components needed to assemble the circuit in
figure 2 where R= 470 and C= 0.47uF.
3. Set the source voltage peak to peak to 4V and the frequency to 2 kHz.
Take a screenshot of the circuit.
4. Insert an oscilloscope and use the first channel of the oscilloscope to read
the voltage across the resistor.
5. Use the second channel of the oscilloscope to read the voltage across the
capacitor.
6. Click RUN and use the cursors to measure the phase shift between the
voltage across the resistor and the voltage across the capacitor. Take a
screenshot of the output.
7. Choose measurement probe, voltage, and connect that at the capacitor. Measure the voltage
across the capacitor. Add another probe, current and connect it at the capacitor.
8. Change the frequency according to Table 1.
9. Repeat steps from 6 and 7 and enter all the data in Table 1.
10. Do the required calculations in Table 1. Use the equations below for your calculations:

= ( TT ) x 360
Vc= Vs x (Xc/Z)

Error % = |Experimental Value Theoretical Value|

100%
|Theoretical Value|

Figure 2: RC Circuit [1]

Results and Discussion:
Table 1: Results

Calculation
Calculation from
Measurements from Error%
Theory
Measurements

Error% Error%
Frequency
Measured Measured Measured
Calculated
Calculated Vc
Calculated Error%
Ic
VC T IC Ic Vc

2kHz 1.35 v -125 s 8.01 mA 90 1.36 <-2.8 0.008 0.74% 0% 2.9%

3kHz 0.391 v -85.5 s 8.26 mA 92.34 0.9 <-2.8 0.00825 0.1% 0% 0.12%

Fig1: the circuit with 2kHz and a probe to measure the voltage and current.
Fig2: the oscilloscope output when the input is 2kHz.

Fig3: the oscilloscope output when the input is 3kHz.

 Increasing the frequency causes the Xc to increase, so there is a direct relation
between frequency and Xc.

Increasing the frequency causes the voltage across the capacitance to decrease,
meaning there is an inverse relation between frequency and Vc.

the phase difference between the current passing through the capacitor and the
voltage across the capacitor should be 90 degrees.

Show Your Calculations for 2 kHz:

1 1
jXc: 2 fC = 6
2 (2000)(0.47 x 10 ) = -169.31

1 1 2
C=
Ztotal: jwC = 6
i x 1256637 x (0.47 x 10 ) = -169.31i w= T = 12566.37

Addition in series, = -169.31i +470 = -169.3i +470

1 1
= =0.0005
T: F (2000)

Measurements Calculations:
:

360 T 360 T 360 125 x 10

6

T T = 0.0005 = 90

Theory Calculations:
 Xc
Vc: = Vs x Z

169.31
= 4 x 499.57<0.35 = 1.36 < -2.8

Error% for:
experimental valuetheoretical value
- Vc: theoretical value x 100%

1.351.36
= 1.36 x100% = 0.74%

- Phase:

experimental valuetheo r etical value

theoretical value

9090
= 90 x 100 =0

Conclusion

Weve learned how to use the MULTISIM software to make a circuit and use a digital
oscilloscope to take readings. We not only understood the concept of leading and lagging in the
output signals but were also able to proof it. As well as understand whats the effect of changing
the frequency on other variables.
References
[1] http://hhitesh.blogspot.ae/2007/10/rf-assignments_28.html