ELSEVIER l)~wder Technology 95 ( 1998 | 43-48

Roping phenomena in pulverized coal conveying lines

All Yilmaz, Edward K. Levy *
En('r,tD' Rc.wart'h Center. L('high Unircr~ity. B('thlc;u,m, PA 18015. USA
Received 30 August 1996: accepted 22 April 1997

Abstract

Laboratory experiments were performed to ineasure the c!;araclerislics of a particle rope in a vertical pipe fi)llowing a horizontal to vertical
elbow. The experiments were performed will) pulverized coal and air in a O. 154 m diameter pipe. with average velocities of 29 m/s and air-
to-solids mass flow rate ratios from I to 3, A fiber optic probe was used to determine the transverse variations of pmlicle velocity and
concentration at different axial h)cations downstream of the elbow. Measurements were al.,,o made will) an orilice plate at tile elbow exit and
these show thai the flow palteri,s created by the orifice lead to acceleraled rates of axial dispen'.,,ion of the rope. c~; 1998 Elsevier Science
S.A.

Kcvwm'd,w Ihleumatic conveying: Roping: Flow mixing

I. Introduction and Sommerfeld 191 described measurements with glass

In pulverized coal power phmts, the coal is ground to a line
powder and conveyed hy air tl'm)ugh a network of pipes to
the burners. A variety of two-i'fl)ase Ilow phenomerm can
oCCtlr which lead to nlah,listl'il'~ution arid stratilicationof coal
in the I'fiping system. These Ilow pl'kerr)merm include the
i'u'esence of coal ropes (regions of I'fighly cortcetltntted coal
Ilow ) in both hori/orital and vertical sections anld settling of
coal in long horizontal pipes. The rol'fing phenomenon is
responsil'fle for flow control and nleasurenlerit i')rol'~lems and
it is widely suspected to he a limiting factor it) the ability to
reduce N(), emissions and maintain low levels of' unburned
carbon ill fly ash. Settling el" coal in horizontal pipes places
limits on the minimum conveying velocity, which in turn can
affect flame stability, the formation of NO,. and combustion
elliciency.
Reference tO the formation of" ropes goes hack to papers
published in the late 195()s and early 1960s. The published
work in this area includes both field measurements and lab-
oratory studies I 1-91. Cook and Hurworth 161 measured
distributions of" coal flow and panicle size over the cross-
sections of pipes in power plants and obtained results indi-
caring ropes with relatively coarse particles. Park and Zenz
perlbrmed Itow visualization studies which show the effect
of'elbow and tee-bend design on roping lbrm,'ltion 15 i. Huber
* Corresponding author. Tel.: + I 610 758 4090: fax: + I 610 758.5959:
e-mail: eklO@lehigh.edu
0032-5910/98/$19.00 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved
P l I S 0 0 3 2 - 5 9 1 0 ( 9 7 )033 14-7
heads which show strong effects ol particle sine. wall rough-
hess. conveying velocity, and bend radius on the rope. The
results also show that orientation with respect to gravity is
in)portant. The rope resulting fronl a q()':' elhow in the hori-
zontal phu'le behaves ttifferently from a rope formed hy turn
ing the Ih)w tl'n'ough 9(F t'rorn the horizontal to the vertical.
The present paper descrihes a lahoratory inve.,,tigation of
the roping i'fl'tenon'lenon in a vertical I'fil'~e Iifllowing a hori-
zotltal to vertical elbow. Data showing the strength and rate
of dispersion el' the rope downstream of the elbow are preo
sented and comparisons are made with the slrengt]| ol' the
rope downstream of an orifice located in tl'ie exit rflane t)f the
elhow.
2. Laboratory apparatus
2. I. /:/ow loop
The laboratory Ilow loop consists of two 6. I m long hot'i-
zontal pipes, one 3.4 m It}rig vertical pipe. and two 90 pipe
bends with a bend radius of 1.5 pipe diameters ( see Fig. I ).
The pipes have a 0.154 m intern.'fl diameter. At the end of the
conveying line a cyclone separates particles |'ronl the air Ilow.
Separated coal is fed back It) the feeder hol'~per so continuous
operation is possible. Conveying air is supplied by compres-
sors and air flow rate lbr the test section is measured hy an
orilice meier. A volumetric screw feeder with a variable speed
control is used to measure solids loading in the conveying
system.
 A, )'din.:, E.K. Levy I l)nw~h,r 71,('imoln,~y 95 ~1998143-48

It
|

(1~ Feeder qnd ~cpper

i!
(2") Ro~oryAitl~ck
I .eF -:L
L:=:
(~ Cyclone
Dust Collector
(5~ Pressure Equa!;)ng t,re
E

J
.... i
Fig. I. Sketch of the pneumatic conveying It)ol~.

Table I
I)arlicle ,die distribution of puh, eri/ed coal
.,, I

Diameter ( p,m ) Weight ( ~ )

-,, ,,

> 125 1.5 "~ !I

I()f~125 I !.0
tH)= Ilk5 17,9
75=~,x) 16,7 ' i
6375 13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |).

4,~-63 ~1),t )'zD

~ 4 , ~ 1~),7
r

o)
The measurements described in this paper were perl'ormed
with pulverized coal with the si~e distribution given hy
Table I. The solids aml air Ih)w conditioils are comparal)le
with tho~e encoutltered i)1 power plant~ with air to solids Ih)w
rate ralios (A I1,') in a range of I t() 3, and average air vloc-
itie~ in a n.m~,e~.)1'I,'1;to 30 in/s,
o

2,2, /,'/her Ol)th' l)rol)e I:i~. 2, Fil~er optic measuren|ent ~yqem

Meusurements o1'h~al ~olid~ velocitie~ aud concentration.,,, where I. the retlected light signal intensity, is computed from
were obtained using a liher optic probe i I0-15 I. The probe the voltage wave form tt~ t) as follows:
contains t'our gl:lss iihers, two ot' which are u~ed to transmit !
light into the regk)n of particle gas I|ow (see Fig. 2 ). l.ight
reflected from particle~ near the nrobe lip is transmitted hack
I=
,f tt( t ) dt (3)
(l

along the other two lil-,ers to pholodelector.,,. The velocity of

particles passing by the probe tip is determined u~ing a cross-
correlation technique 116l, The cross-correlation function i.~
computed I"11,)111voltage wavel'orms #~ mid tt: obtained fronl
t~o measurement points in the flow:
I
('l T. 1'1 ~ le~l t lug( t + r) dt
InG)m|alion on local particle concentration is obtained from
t ~ mean values of the signals with and without particles
pre,~nt:
2.3. Ib'nlw calibration
The liher optic prohe wa~ calihratcd for hoth particle veloc-
ily alld concentration measurenlents. The velocity calibration
was obtained by traversing the probe at a known velocity
along the surface of a packed bed of pulverized coal. The
( I ) optical distance was then calculated based on the velocity and
nmximum cross-correlation time ~',,,:,,.The particle concen-
tration calibration was performed in the vertic:d upltow
region of the flow loop with an oriiice plate placed :)t the
outlet o1"the elbow. Suflicienlly t'~rdownstream of th~ 0ritice.
mixing due to the orilice plate provided a reasonabl) uniform
(2) distribution of particle velocity Up and mean signal value/i,
 A. }Vlma:. l-.K. L e v y / P . w ~ h , r 7}'Hm.lo.qv 95 199.'.;~ 4 3 4S 4a

45
15j.r ..................................
z.tD = 17 :
30 [- "="~ 10 F-

15
z/D = 17 5 Pa.1,.4,.__8 i
g
0 ..................... 0 ~ "1' ~ J
,45 [ - --~ 15 . . . . . . .

5
4 o o= o
5 !3 g 4s o
~ is,- .............
P,:~,t's 1 ,.:s,1 2 ~ i z'/D : 9 1

'15 ~ s
> D=9 o ___X_._._.I
=
"G 0 ................. ~ o -J

),." j
") ' " i-" :~
15 o. 5

o o . . . ~. . . J

Fig. 3. Axial and radial nleasurenlenl port locations in the vertical pipe. 45 15 r. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

over the pipe cross-section. Particle velocities Up and mean
signal intensities Ip were averaged over the pipe cross-section
for dilTerent solids loading rates. The particle mass concerF
tration was obtained using the total ptth, erized coal flow rate
rneasured at the feeder and the meat~ particle velocity rneas-
ttred by the probe:
li~,.o,,I
'"' = A t),,
This was then correlated agaii,lsl tile mean signal intensity:
('p = KI~','
It) deh.,rnline the calibration constllnls K at,ld , , Since the I}robe
itlllStlt'e,~ I'~at'licl velocity and conctnlrllliOll Ill a I')oinlt. it
nlUsl be It'avet'sed over Ihe pipe tross-selion It) obu,tin it,lf o r
rnalion oti Ilow t,lrulunilbrmilies. "l'hlis was done using mcas-
ttrernenl porls placed al various Iocalion,,; alotlg Ihe pipe and
around its cirtuml'~retice ( see Fig. 3 ).
3. Results and discussion
Ot,le of the objectives of this study was tt) obtain data on
the hydmdyt~atnics of roping. All of tile experiments
described in this paper were perfortned at a conveying veloc-
ity o1" 29 t'n/s and an air-to-solids mass loading ratio of I.
Fig. 4 illustrates the r,'tdial variations o1' p:u'ticle velocity at,ld
concer~tration at dit'ferent axial locations in the vertical pipe.
These profiles, obt:fined tit axial posilion :/19 ranging I'rom 3
to 17. show the variations el'concentration at,ld velocity along
a diameter in the x-direction as defined in Fig. 3. As they
tuove through the elbow, the particles are I'orced Io the outer
wall ( x / D = 0) due to the centril'ugal effect o1' the elbow. The
higller particle rnass concerllraliort close to tile outer wall at
the lit'st elevatiot,l (=/!) = 3) is tin indication ol'the centrilitgal
effect. This region o1" high concet~mttiot~ is a rope and iL has
substantially lower particle velocities than that of the con-
veying air. Huber and Somrnerfeld [ 9 ] reported Lhat ropes tit
30 10
15 5
z/D=3
0 ' I _ ~ _ . . _ _ 0 _ __-~ ...... L. . . . . . . . . . . .
0,0 0.5 10 00 05 10
xID x/D
Fig. 4. RadM I~rolilc.~ol'partMe xelocilics and parlich." ma.,,,, conccntn~tiol),,
at difl'crent axial Iocaliru).,,;.
tile exit of the elbow have about half tile velocity of tile
(4) conveying air. Particles lose kinetic energy due to direction
change ill tile elbow, resulting fmnl particle-wall and parti-
cle-particle colli,lqtls, As rIley rnove downstrearrl of tIle
(5) elbow in tile vertical direclion, tile panicles it,l tIle n)pe t'~ion
are reltelet'aled. Secorldat'y Ih)ws carry tile pat'licle..,,aroLItll
IIle pipe circurnfet'ence and evenlually to Ihe nlildle section
t)f the pipe where air turbulence disperses the for,.,.
Fig. 5 shows Ihe variation it,l particle mass collcentl'aliott
will1 lime a! differerlt Iocalit)ns ~lh)ng tile diameler at an el-
valiotl of = / 1 ) = 9 . Ra|,Idomly sampled signals exhihi! ft'e.
qttcnt excursions It) h)wcr I'~at'licle concerltt'alion a! all radial
Iocati~ms. "rhe tenlpot'a] Ih,tclualiot,l in pat'lile i,II~iSS concet,l o
Iraliot,l is greatest in tile rnJddle of tile r o p e (.v/I):=~ ( ) , 3 2 ~ ) , IL
is evident that dilTel'ent flow slrtlctLtl'es p r e v a i l at different
radial Iocalions. Fig. 6 shows the rwobability density fttnc-
lions for tIle signals in Fig. 5. It,l the region with Ihle lowest
particle concetlll'alit)ns ( . v / I ) = ().B().~). Ihe very sharp peak
close to zero indicates that tile solids mass Ihtx fluctuates very
little, in conlt'asl, i11 .~/D = ().~2.~. the particle m;.Lss ct)tlcen-
Lt';,LIJOt,lvat'Jes over a wide range even thottg]l ;,i peak prevails
l.II tile lower concenlratJon end.
DJl'ferent ilow pllenonlena occur in the axial as well as in
the radial directiotl d)wnstretinl of tile eil.,v,. Fig. 7 shov.~,,,
the "typical" t e m p o r a l varJiltJon in p a r t i c l e 111ass c o n c e n t r a t i o n
at radM locations where the roping intensity is mosl severe
(see Fig. 4). At = / D = 3. Ihe rope appears a.,, a continuou~
stream 11"Ifigh cotlcerltralion. However. at : / / ) : = 0 loose
agglomerated particles dominate the Ilow Mrtlcture tlS the rope
dissolves. Finally. at the highest elevation ( : / D = 17 ). ll~e
46 A. Yilma:, E.K. L(,vy/ Pow~h,r 7"eclmohJgy05 (199,~)43-48

x/O= 0.104 x/D = 0.325 and z/D = 17

22 22

11
11

O[ I I I I I i
x/D= 0.325
0

d,
A
x/D = 0.325 and z/D = 9
22
g
0 ]dO= 0.416

= 0
.~ x/D = 0.13 and z/D = 3
~ 22
0 I I I I I
x/D = 0.805
22
11

.L . . . . 1I 0 i
0 - "1 " I ~ ~ I I _ .L~_ I

00 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 J2

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

time (S) time (s)

Fig. 5. Panic:h: n)a~s Oll~i)lratiorl variati~n wit It~: ;.11: / I ) = t), l"i~. 7. l)artiq.'Ic mass ~:onccntndion variation will) lime at location.,, near the
middle of dw rope.

50 ~ I D =0,325 and zlD = 17 1

50
x/D = 0,104

50 - o ~ =
$0 0.325 and zlD = 9

v 140
50
t x/D = 0.13 and z/D = 3
25

0 -=-
0
1000 ] x/D = 0,805 0 12 24
500
[
0 --- t
Particle Mass Concentration. cp (kglm 3)
Fig. ~. I:~'s4)ahilitv dc,sily I'u,t:tio,s of signals it) Fig. 7.

rope is almost completely dispersed and the fluctuations in

0 11 22 the particle mass concentration are due to the effect of the
Particle Mass Concentration. cp (ko/m=) flow turbulence on individual particles. Probability density
Fig. 6, lh'~)habilitydensity functionsof signals in Fig, 5 ( :ID = 9 ), functions of the signals shown in Fig. 7 are given in Fig. 8.
 A. Yilma:, I:'.K. Levy I Poweh'r Tedmoh,gy 951199,% 43-48 47

The decrease in particle mass concentration with increasing
elevation is obvious from this figure.
Huber and Sommerfeld 191 studied segregation of glass
beads in a vertical pipe alter an elbow with R/D = 2.54, using
a phase Doppler anemometer (PDA). Fig. 9 shows a com-
(a)
1,5
parison between the present experimenlal data and those of
Huber and Sommerfeld. Fig. 9(a) compares panicle veloci-
ties, while Fig. 9(b) compares particle mass concentrations.
The rope dispersion process appears to be similar in these
two cases, despite the different geometries and flow
conditions.
(b)
As already noted, to obtain particle concentration meas-

1,0
,o I urements, the fiber optic probe had been calibrated in the
vertical pipe of the test loop with an orifice plate (/3=0.7)
installed at the elbow exit. Figs. 10 and 11 show the effect of
0.5 the orifice plate in dispersing the rope and creating a homo-
geneous gas-solid flow. The effect of the orifice on acceler-
0.0 ~ o -
ating the rate of rope dispersion is shown in Fig. 12. The
1.5 I. o quantity co. ,,,,,~ is the maximum particle concentration occur-
ring over the pipe cross-section at any given axial location
1.0 ,.. 10 ,,1
5 zlD=7.5 z/D. The results for/3 = I are for the limiting case of a straight
vertical pipe with no orifice.
0.5
0.0 ~ 0 --- 45

10 [ .... z/D=1.25
1.0 i ~' 3 0 - ~
o.
0.5 I
0.0 ~ . . . . ~. . . . ! . . . .
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 _o
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
x/D x/D
Fig. 9. Con|parJ,~onof Huber and ,%nn|nlerfeld's daw measured by PDA 191 ~_
~. ~s Orifice
and prc,~ent data b v lil~er eq~tic probe. Q No Orifice
Uo=28,Smls j
Itube,' mid Sommerfeld 19 l, Ih'e~cnt study. NF=I. z/D=13 I
,i?,
0 =~_t.._._ I j____l~=====J
U,, 21 m/~ 2t~ m/,~ 0.00 0.25 0,50 0.75 1.00
,,t/l: 2 I X/D
RID 2,54 1.5 I:ig, I I, Particlevlncity di,~tributionin the radi~ildirctinllwith and wilht~tll
i,) 81) mm 154 mm all orilice plate ( ~ ~ 0.7 ),

4 12
= Orifice ca , ~ U0
A/F == ~9 m/s
A
m o No Orifice " ~ . D = 0.154 m
~ Uo =28.5 mls ,~ ~ \ RID =1'5
9
d' ' ' ~..... 1~= 1.00
=- ~"" \ ~ o'~ I~ = 0.82
0

2
m 6 I~.... e \ \ \\\
c- E
O
tJ ", ',\
\\ \\~
m

\ "r~,.? -- ~,
"o .......... ~..=

0 ~ ' 1 .~ I L.~_
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
x/D z/D
Fig. I0. Particlema,~,~concemration distributionin tile radialdirectionwith Fig. 12. Effect of tIle oritic on the rate of axial di.~per~ionof the particle
and withoutan orilice plate (/3 = 0.7). rope,
48 A. )71ma=, !:: K./+t'l'y//!+,wth'r 7'cchmdol+y t)5 f 19V8~ 43-48

8 m n n u ~ ' and t~nclusions time lag whei' cross-correlation function

is n i a x i n l U l l l (s )
Various flow structures prevail ill both the radial and axial
directions in the vertical pipe downstream of an elbow. The
rope disperses owing to the secondary flows generated by the
bend and flow turbulence. An orifice plate can be used to
stx,~d up the dispel|on of the rope. Comparison with recent References
PDA |91 ~asurements suggests that dispersion of the rope
occurs in a similar fashion for the different bend geometries
[ I I R.C. Patterson. Pulverized coal transport through pipes, J. Eng. Power,
(R/D) and flow conditions used in the two studies. The rope 81 I lt,15t.ll 43-54.
iirst moves towards the outer wall and is brought into the 121 R,G. llootlmlyd, Flowing Gas-Solid Su.,,pcnsions, Chapnmn and Hall,
mid-.~ctitm of the pipe by secondary flows, where it is then l.ondon, 197 I.
disper.~d by flow turbulence, 131 G. Zil~sc, "File mass Ilow density distributiola in pncunlalic conveying
The present investigation on liow behavior in the vertical and Ihc inlhlcncc on il of insert,,, in the conveyer duel, I=tq'lschr. Bcr,
VDI Z., Scr. 13, (31 ( 19661.
pipe section is continuing, with emphasis on different orifice
141 ll.M. Bonnet's and J.G, Wright. All in~esligatioll of I~lllxcri#cd fucl
,~re diameters, conveying air velocities, solids Ioadings, pipe delm,,ition in a Itmg horitontal I~ipeline I'~lllo~ving a ~)0 tic,lye
bend radii, and bend designs. horizontal bend, Pr~l. I)lleul'ilalrl,ulsl'ltlrt 4: Ftlullh lilt, (:oil|. I)tleulnatic
Transport of Solids in Pipe,,,, London, UK. 1978, BHRA Fhlid
i-nginecring, Cranlicld. UK.
$. List ofsymbots 151 Y. Park and F. /.ell/, Pressure Io,,,s ill horilontal-to-~crtical upIIow
elho~ s. !)1o. Pneunlalrallsporl 5: Fi fib Int. ('on f. l)neunlalic Transport
oF Solids in Pipcn, l.ondon, UK, IqSO, BHRA Fluid I-ngincering.
A pipe cross-sectional area ( m-' ) Craulicld, UK.
A/F air-to-fuel mass Ilow rate ratio I(~1 I). Cook and N.R. Ihu'aorlh, Recnl rescal'ch oil pukcritcd liicl
C cross-correlation tilnction ( V" scttlcnlcnt ill po~er station pipeline,,, i.llld the signilicance of roping,
Cp particle nlass concentnition. % = th,,,.,llA (}i, Ih'oc. Pncunlatransp~q't 5: Filih lnl. ('tllll. Pncunlalic 'rrannlltlrl of
Solids ill Pipes, I.ondon, UK. It}80, I]HRA. ('ranlield. UK.
( k g / m ~)
171 I). Hoadlc). Tile ,,qnall ,~alc modeling tffdcposils in p.f. pipes, ('I-(;B
( 'it, IlhlA maxiniunl particle concentration within Rcp. No. 'FI~RI)/M/139~N84, Central I!lclricil?, Generating Board.
pipe cross-seciii,,I ( k g / i u ' ) I'K, P),',I4.
l 'l+t I avcnige particle concentration over pipe I S l I).R. Mc('hlsk~. W.J. I-a,,~oil, C,A. (h'eatcd illlll I).ti. (liar,,,, The use
CI'ii~so.~IIilll ( k g l l l l ~1 o/ parlil image %lot.'illllr) Io slud) roping ill rlllllllllli
D pipe diiiiiletcr ( ni ) on~e%,ul. illirl. Pilrl. S%~1, ('lllU'iiCll',, {it 1~}StJI 12~1- 132.
IUl N, I lubcr illld ill|, Solllntllld, ('harlictCl'l/illion t~l' the cros~-,~ectitlllal
#It nieiin ~ittlllil inlllSii), ~villioui i~iil'iich=,~ p~trlil ~tlllt.'qlltl:illhlll di~ll'ihulillll ill I'tlltqllllillh.' OI1%%i1112',%,,1111%
IV) I~o~dcr 'lclinol,. 7ill llliil=l ) Iql., 2111,
IIII nlcan ~i~lliil inllisit), with i)iu'lit,'h~ ,, ( V ) I llll K, (tki, P, lili'iilli%tt, ndl iilld I,,T, I,iili. The iilii,,lll'lllCnl o1' local
I I, lilelin ,~iglilil inlll,dl), cliff err, nee, ~h~igt) ol ~olitl~, Po~dci: Tc~'luiol. IS I 11177i 171,17s.
4, .... /,,, :=0,, ~ v ~ I I I I II, I~iill~t , and II.S. ('iirlilli, ( )pIK'al lihcr pi'ol~ tlali,,,il alllilOlillCr Ibr
K, II c i l l i b r l i l i i l n OliSlilnl,~ in t']q. t 5 ) i~arlicl iliii~lllViillll~ in Iluidi#d bcd~, Al('hl~ l., 28 I Ill,"|2 i (d14 .....
t~tl',J,
0h,,,,~l c o a l liiil,~,~ Ilow I'ai ( k ~ / ~ )
li21 !., Rch ||lid J. I.i, Ml.,;.i~,ilrllil21il ol ',oidaTc in Ihiidi.~d i~cd,~ b) liplical
R PilX~ bend radius i nil i~lobc,,, in I I. lili,,ll, M. lhll'iO alid ,1%.1,I{ii,,~iillilli led,,,. I. ('ircuhilili~
II i, it= ~,oJlage w a v e l o r l n s at t~vo l o c a t i o n s ill glik- i'hiidi/cd Ik'd Tccluiologx III. lll~+,ililllli, ()xlbrd, l iltJ I, pp. I li3-
,'+oiid lhiw ( V ) 170.
U t, pallicle veiocii), ( in/s ) l l31 J,P. Mililtcr, (i,,I, Ilchl~ ;llld K. ,~hiikoill'llidch, Solid iial'lii:k ~chlcit)'
&, nlell,,urlil~.'lll~, ill (I,IL Pouer alid I),l. Nicklin icds, I, Fluidi,'iiihul
COllVCvin7 ah' velocily ! int,,, )
VII, |{ll~illt, t, rillg Iqlundillilln, Ni'~.' York, Iq92, pp. 7(13,:7(it},
i,lverligl2 parih:lc veh~citv ( nl/~, )
lial P M , I Ir1~1"11 ill., Al~llliiltiiln id' Iibcr optic rt'lltilm Ill'tiler',, hi Ihl.,
Iralisv~rs d i s t a n c e s in pipe l'OSs-scclion IliCa~Ul'llllil ill' hl~.'iil ilal'li~.'h2 %1oi1) and llllCt, nlr+.itilln in ga,,,-,,olid
( nl ) Ilox~, llo~ik, r Tchnlll,, Stl i lilil4 i 2,13,,-252,
a x i a l d i s l a n c I ni I 1151 ], liVcrlhcr, I{,t!, I hirlTi,, ||lid I), Reil~ner, Mca~urliilil ii,,hlliqti,~ Ihr
i,,a>,-slllid Ihiidi~dollcd i'ilt:lOl'~, Int. ('hill. I{n~.. Vol. 33 I I I I I tY)3 i
(;reck h'ttet:~ IS-27,
/J I I~!l %%,11, Pl~.,ss, |I,P, I:hllmcr), S,A, "l'ukol,~k)' and W.T. Vcltcrling.
ratitl of ~u'ilicc dianicter to pipe diaiuelcr Nulucrical Recipes: The Arl of Sienlili Conipulillg, Canil~ridgc
3" lime lag hi crossocorrelation lilnClion I s i tlni~cr+,,il) Press, Nea York, ItJSt).